I-biocenosis iyinkimbinkimbi yezinto eziphilayo ezihlangene

I-Biocenosis iyinhlangano eyakhelwe ngokomlando yezitshalo, izilwane, isikhunta kanye nezincane ezincane ezihlala endaweni eyodwa (umzimba noma umzimba wamanzi). Ama-biocenoses akhiwa ngokwawo noma ngaphansi kwethonya lomuntu.

I-Biocenosis, njengegama, iphakanyiswa nguKarl Möbius ngekhulu le-19. Ukuba khona kwe-biocenosis kungathathwa yizici zombili zezinto eziphilayo kanye nama-physico-geographical. Ukwakhiwa, isakhiwo se-biocenosis, izici zalo kuxhomeke ezintweni ezihlukahlukene, ezivela ezimweni zezulu futhi ziphela ngokubunjwa kwenhlabathi. Ezindaweni ezahlukene ukubunjwa kanye nezici ze-biocenoses ziyahlukahluka.

Noma yikuphi i-biocenosis iqoqo lezinto ezingokwemvelo ezinokubunjwa kwazo. Ngakho-ke, ake sithi, i-biocenosis yehlathi elibandayo lizohluka kakhulu ehlane, okungukuthi, inani lezinhlobo ze-biocenosis zama-tropics luyoba lukhulu kunalolu daba. Ukwakhiwa kwezinto eziphilayo ze-biocenoses nakho kuthonywe izici zomlando. Isibonelo, imiphakathi endala inezinhlobo eziningi kunezintsha.

Ukwehla (isakhiwo sendawo ye-biocenosis) yindawo ecacile ye-phytocenosis ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi komhlaba nasemhlabeni. Isakhiwo se-biocenosis sinengxenye yomhlaba kanye nendawo engaphansi komhlaba. Zonke izingxenye ze-biocenosis zibonakaliswa ngezibonakaliso ezahlukene: ezemvelo, izimbali, i-morphological, njll Ukuhlanzwa kubonakala kahle emahlathini lapho kumelelwa khona:

• I-Woody tier;
• I-Shrubby;
• Utshani obushukela;
• I-tier of mosses nama-lichens.

Ngombhalo wezingxenye ze-biocenosis kukhona:

• Okulula;
• Inkimbinkimbi.

I-biocenosis iyinkimbinkimbi yezinto eziphilayo, lapho kunezixhumanisi ezihlala njalo, okuthiwa ukudla noma i-trophic. Ngesisekelo sabo, kwenziwa amaketanga okudla. Isakhiwo se-trophic se-biocenosis sikhombisa ukuvela kwezixhumanisi zokudla kulezo zimo lapho izidalwa zezinhlobo ezithile zizondla ngokwazo ngokuphila kwezinye izinhlobo noma imikhiqizo yomsebenzi wabo obalulekile. Ubuhlobo obunjalo bubizwa ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile. Ukuxhumeka okuqondile kubunjwa ngenxa yokumunwa yizinto eziphilayo zenye izinhlobo zabamele abanye. Ubuhlobo obungavamile buyakha ngenxa yokuncintisana kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zokudla.

I-biocenosis isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Kungaba nezinguquko zesikhathi esigcwele kwesinye isiqondiso, okuholela ekuhleleni kabusha izici zayo, futhi kungaholela ekuguqulweni kwe-biocenosis eyodwa nomunye. Inqubo enjalo ibizwa ngokuthi ukulandelana. Impumelelo ihlukaniswe yaba yimpumelelo nesekondari. Ukuphumelela okuyinhloko kuvela ensimini engazange ibe khona nanoma iyiphi i-biocenosis. Ukuphumelela kwesibili kuvela endaweni yokunyamalala noma ukubhujiswa kwe-biocenoses. Isigaba sokugcina sokuphila kwe-phytocenosis kuthiwa yi-climax. Impumelelo ivame ukuhlukaniswa ngezihlobo ezilandelayo:

• I-Syngenesis (izinguquko ezibangelwa ukuxhumana kwezitshalo);
• I-Endoecogenesis (izinguquko ezenzeka ngenxa yomsebenzi obalulekile we-phytocenosis ngokwayo);
• I-Exoecogenesis (izinguquko ezibangelwa izimbangela zangaphandle ze-phytocenosis yezici zemvelo).

Lezi zinhlobo zihlukaniswe zibe:

• I-Climatogenic;
• I-Edaphogenic;
• I-Zoogenic;
• Anthropogenic.

Ngaphansi kwethonya lama-suksesses, i-phytocenosis eqinile ingabuyiselwa noma isakhiwe noma, ngokuphambene, iqondiswe kabusha.

Izici eziyinhloko zemvelo zibangelwa ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo ngokusho kokusabalalisa kwamazinga okushisa amancane kanye nesimo sezulu. Njengoba ibanga elivela e-equator landa, izindawo zemvelo ziyashintsha. Ezindaweni zemvelo, kunezimo ezibizwa ngokuthi i-extrazonal kanye ne-intrazonal, ezithathwa ngethonya losizo, izinto eziphathelene nemvelo kanye nezinye izici.

Abanye abalobi bathi imingcele ecacile phakathi kwamaqembu okutshala. Kodwa kukhona nombono wokuthi ikhava yezitshalo inokuqhubeka okuthile.