Peloponnesian War: izimbangela ukungqubuzana Athens futhi Sparta

I Peloponnesian neMpi - empini, eyayintula nemiphumela elimaza kakhulu, phakathi Empire Athene, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Delian Symmachus, kanye Peloponnesian League eholwa Sparta. On ke kukhona ubufakazi eziningi zomlando ababephila ngesikhathi, kodwa umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwazo "Umlando" kaThucydides. Iningi amahlaya of Aristophanes, lapho chwaneka ezinye ojenene nemicimbi zabhalwa phakathi nalesi sikhathi.

E-Athene Sparta - ezimbili ezinamandla lizisho - babehlangene ngesikhathi Izimpi yamaGreki Persian (iminyaka 499-449 BC.). Ukulandela ukubaleka yamaPheresiya, Athens anda ithonya labo hhayi kuphela e-Aegean nesifunda Black Sea, kodwa futhi zazifuna ukuthatha zonke yaseGrisi.

Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi Peloponnesian War yagqashuka ngenxa yokwesaba Sparta emandleni okwandisa ase-Athene, okuyizinto xaxa futhi eziceze kakhulu nezimbangi zazo. Bobabili uthi angako futhi wayengasishaya indiva imithetho endala elihamba ukulwa. Asekelwe cishe 200,000 helots owayesebenza amapulazi kanye Massena Laconia iSparta ukubeka hoplites owayenolwazi ukuqeqeshwa okuhle kakhulu yamasosha. Bakhandwa eyaziwayo yesibindi sabo, amakhono empini bengahlomile futhi isu okuhlaselayo kokusunguliwe, ngokuthi ukwakheka ndlela yokuhlasela yokuhlanganisa izihlangu. Lelisu ezintsha ube yimpumelelo kakhulu ngesikhathi Battle of Marathon e-490 BC futhi Plataea e 479 BC, ngemva kwalokho impi yamaGreki asendulo yaphela ngo uzowanqoba namaPheresiya.

Emva ukubaleka Persian, Athens akayekile usebenzisa Emkhunjini wabahlaseli, kunalokho, baye kakhulu anda imikhumbi yabo. Kuphakanyisiwe ku intela ngaphansi kwesizwe lizisho esisogwini ziqhingi ogwini -Aegean Sea, inqubomgomo isibe uhlobo "amaphoyisa ezinhle", elengamele abangaphansi umbimbi. Eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo aluthola elikhulu e inyunyana (noma Delian Symmachus njengoba ebusayo eyinhloko kwaba esiqhingini Delos).

Okunye uthi ehilelekile inyunyana, kuyinto ethembela ngokuphelele Athens, futhi kungagcini kuphela imali iminikelo. Kancane kancane abe yengcebo ezivamile okulahlwayo kuphela amaphrojekthi Athene kunokugxila ezintweni lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela Ionian nezilwandle Aegean kubahlaseli okunamandla ubuso pirates namaPheresiya efanayo. Pericles ngokuvamile wahlupheka yengcebo kusukela Delos e-Athene, imali zaqala ukusetshenziswa ukuze sikhokhele ukwakhiwa olunzulu olwenziwe kubo, ikakhulukazi, Parthenon.

Sparta kokukhathazeka wabukela njengoba isimo, Confederated, zisakwazi izimoto zabo, Athens yaphenduka umbuso zasolwandle. Ukwandisa amandla abo, bakwazi inselelo Lacedaemonians, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-iSparta, umholi welinye umbimbi, sekuyisikhathi eside okuyinto kwasala kuphela amandla ezinkulu abantu ebuthweni lempi eGreece. Sparta nabasizi balo, ngaphandle waseKorinte, wakwazi ukulwa amabutho phansi. Kodwa kwakukhona impi enamandla esinganqobeki ngempela. Ngakho, imibuso emibili abakwazanga ukubamba impi ewujuqu futhi ukuqeda ingxabano "ngalusuku lunye."

I Peloponnesian impi waqala ngenxa Inombolo yezenzo ezithile phezu ingxenye Athens, ngenxa lapho sizana of Sparta wahlupheka. imikhumbi Athene uvinjelwe eKorinte yakha ikoloni ngo neCorfu, ngaphezu, umbuso uthethe unswinyo kwezomnotho ngokumelene Megara, okungase abe yinhlekelele kubo.

I Peloponnesian neMpi, eyaqala ngo-431 BC, yathatha ingqikithi yeminyaka engu-27, nge kuthula eneminyaka eyisithupha endaweni ethile phakathi nalesi sikhathi, futhi saphela ngokukhululwa yokubuyiswa Athens 404 BC. Enye yezimbangela kwesikhathi eside kokunqotshwa amandla okukhulunywa kwaqubuka okungalindelekile Inhlupho 430, zabulala Pericles hhayi bangaphasi kwekota yezakhamuzi. Cishe sekungamashumi amathathu eminyaka of kuyimpi kwaholela ucabanga zombuso, amabutho uphelé amandla futhi demoralized.

Peloponnesian neMpi yaphela nge ekunqanyulweni kwe khona Athene amandla asolwandle. Sparta nabasizi balo baye baphendukela Pan-Hellenic inhlangano enforcers yonke indawo umthetho oligarchic.