U-Elena Glinskaya: izinguquko (itafula). Ukuguqulwa kwezimali kuka-Elena Glinskaya kanye nesimo sakhe

Izinguquko zika-Elena Glinskaya zenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo lapho umbuso osemusha waseRussia ushintsha indlela yawo, ulahlekelwa imiyalo engasebenzi ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa.

Ubuntu buka-Elena Glinskaya

Ngomnyaka ka-1533, uMkhulu uDuke Vasily III wafa ngokuzumayo. Umkakhe wokuqala wayengakwazi ukuzala ingane. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, waphetha umshado wakhe wesibili, naphezu kokuthi kwakungqubuzana nemithetho yesonto. Umkakhe wesibili kwakungu-Elena Glinskaya. Njenganoma yikuphi umbuso, ekubuseni kweMoscow, lapho kungekho khona indlalifa, umbuzo wokulandelana kwamandla wavuka ngokuphawulekayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, impilo yomuntu wombusi yaba yingxenye yokuphila kombuso.

U-Elena wazala uBasil, amadodana amabili - u-Ivan no-Yuri. Omdala wabo wazalwa ngo-1530. Ngesikhathi sokufa kukayise wayeneminyaka emithathu kuphela ubudala. Ngakho-ke, umkhandlu wobukhosi wawuhlanganiswa eMoscow, owahlanganisa amakhanda avela emindenini ehlukahlukene ethandekayo.

Ibhodi lika-Elena Glinskaya

Ekhanda likahulumeni kwakungu-Elena Glinskaya, unina wenkosi encane. Wayesemncane futhi egcwele amandla. Ngokomthetho kanye nesiko, u-Elena kwadingeka adlulisele amandla indodana yakhe lapho efinyelela eminyakeni yobudala (iminyaka engu-17).

Nokho, lo regent wafa ngo-1538 eneminyaka engu-30 ubudala. Kwakukhona amahemuhemu eMoscow ukuthi ubuthiwe yizinsizwa zamaShuisky, ezazifuna ukuthatha wonke amandla emkhandlwini kanye nabo. Noma kunjalo, izimbangela eziqondile zokufa azikacaciswanga. Iziphathimandla zenye iminyaka eyishumi zadlulela emantwini. Lesi kwakuyisikhathi sokuphazamiseka nokuthukuthela, okwakuthinta umlingiswa wenkosi yesikhathi esizayo.

Noma kunjalo, phakathi nesikhathi esifushane sikahulumeni, u-Elena wakwazi ukusebenzisa izinhlelo eziningi zombuso ezacelwa ukuba zithuthukise ukuphila kuleli zwe.

Ukulungiswa kokuguqulwa kwezimali

Ngo-1535 inguquko engakaze ibe khona yenqubo yezimali yaqala, yaqaliswa ngu-Elena Glinskaya. Ukuguqulwa kuye kwakudingeka amashumi ambalwa eminyaka. Ngaphansi kuka-Ivan III noVasily III, inhloko yaseMoscow yayithatha inqwaba yamakhosi amasha (i-Novgorod republic, i- Pskov, i-Ryazan, kanye nokunye). Isifunda ngasinye sinezimali zayo. AmaRubles ahlukene ngehlelo, i-coinage, amasheya ezinsimbi eziyigugu, njll. Ngenkathi izikhulu ezisebenzayo zazizimeleyo, ngamunye wazo wayenezinhlamvu zakhe futhi echaza inqubomgomo yayo yezezimali.

Manje wonke amazwe aseRashiya ahlakazekile azithola ephethe amandla eMoscow. Kodwa ukungabikho kwemali kwaholela ekubhekaneni nokuhwebelana kokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe. Ngokuvamile, ababambe iqhaza ekuthengiseni babengenakukwazi ukukhokha ngenxa yokungabikho kwemali yabo. Le chaos ayikwazanga ukuhlala ngaphandle kwemiphumela. Kulo lonke izwe babamba abanobugebengu, owakhukhula emakethe ngesisekelo sokuqamba. Kwakukhona izindlela eziningana zomsebenzi wabo. Enye yezintandokazi kwakuwukusoka kwezimali. Ngomnyaka we-1930, inani lemali elisezingeni elincane lasongela. Akuzange kusize futhi kubulawe izigebengu.

Okuyinhloko kwezinguquko

Isinyathelo sokuqala sokulungisa isimo sezezimali kwakukuvimbela ukubhaliswa kwemali (ilungelo lokuxosha) izindawo zangaphambili zamahhala lapho insimu zabo zazikhona khona. Okuyinhloko yokuguqulwa kwezimali kuka-Elena Glinskaya ukuhlanganiswa kwayo yonke isimiso semali.

Ngalesi sikhathi, inani labathengisi baseYurophu landa, okuyinto eyahamba ngokunethezeka ekuhwebeni ezimakethe zaseMuscovy. Ezweni kwakukhona izimpahla eziningi ezingavamile kwabathengi baseNtshonalanga (amafurs, izinsimbi, njll). Kodwa ukukhula kwezokuhweba kwakunqotshwa yizingxabano ezinhlamvu zemali zangaphakathi ngaphakathi kweMoscow. Ukuguqulwa kwezimali kuka-Elena Glinskaya kwakufanele kulungiswe lesi simo.

Ukuqhubeka kwenqubomgomo kaBasil III

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izinyathelo zokushintsha inqubomgomo yezimali zaxoxwa ngisho nangaphansi kukaVasily III. Isikhulu sasihola inqubomgomo yangaphandle esebenzayo (walwa neLithuania, eCrimea, njll). Izindleko zezempi zahliswa ngokuzibopha izinga lemali, lapho isabelo sezinsimbi eziyigugu sehla. Kodwa uBasil III wafa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ngakho-ke, ukuguqulwa kwezimali kuka-Elena Glinskaya kwenzeka ngezimo ezingalindelekile. I-Princess iphumelele ngokuphumelelayo nomsebenzi wayo ngesikhathi esifushane. Lokhu kungachazwa kuphela ukuthi wayengumsizi osebenzayo ezindabeni zikaVasily lapho esaphila. Yingakho u-Elena Glinskaya eyazi zonke izimo nezinyathelo ezidingekayo. Ingxabano ngaphakathi kwe- Boyar Duma kanye nomkhandlu wesigungu awukwazanga ukuvimbela umbusi osemusha.

Ukuqaliswa kwezinguquko

NgoFebruwari 1535, isimemezelo sakhishwa eMoscow ngokushintsha kwezimali. Okokuqala, zonke izinhlamvu zemali ezindala ezazenziwe kuze kube yilolu suku, zaba yize (lokhu kwakuhilelekile kokubili amakhokhithi angaphansi kwekhwalithi kanye nemali yekhwalithi efanele). Okwesibili, imali entsha yafakwa ngesisindo sesigamu sesigamu. Ukuze kube lula kokubala okuncane, izinhlamvu zemali zaphinde zenziwe kabili kalula (ama-gram ayi-0.17). Babizwa ngokuthi polushkami. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, igama lomsuka wesiTurkey "wemali" lenziwe ngokusemthethweni. Ekuqaleni wasatshalaliswa phakathi kwamaTatars.

Nokho, kwakukhona nokubhuka, okuhlanganisa ukuguqulwa kwezimali kuka-Elena Glinskaya. Ukukubeka ngokufishane, i-Veliky Novgorod ezinye zezingxenye zenziwa. Kwakungumuzi owawuyinhloko-dolobha yomthengisi. Abahwebi abavela kulo lonke elaseYurophu beza lapha. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yokulula, izinhlamvu ze-Novgorod zathola isisindo saso (izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zesigamu). Babonisa umgibeli owayehlomile ngomkhonto. Ngenxa yalokhu, lezi zemali zaqala ukubizwa ngokuthi i-kopecks. Kamuva leli gama lasakazwa lonke elaseRussia.

Imiphumela

Kunzima ukugcizelela izinzuzo zokuguqulwa kuka-Elena Glinskaya, okulukhuni kakhulu ukuchaza okwesikhashana. Basiza izwe ukuba lithuthe esigabeni esisha sokuthuthukiswa. Uhlelo olulodwa lwemali luhlinzekela futhi lusheshisa ukuhweba. Ezifundazweni ezikude, izimpahla ezingavamile zaqala ukuvela. Ukulahlekelwa kokudla kuye kwehla. Abahwebi babecebile futhi batshale inzuzo yabo kumaphrojekthi amasha, bakhulisa umnotho wezwe.

Ikhwalithi yezinhlamvu zemali ezenziwe eMoscow zithuthukisiwe. Phakathi kwabathengisi baseYurophu, imali yaseRussia yaqala ukuhlonishwa. Ukuhweba kwezwe langaphandle kwavulwa, okwavumela ukudayiswa kwezimpahla ezingavamile emhlabeni wonke, okwenza inzuzo ebalulekile kumgcinimafa. Izinguquko zika-Helena Glinskaya zanikele kulokhu konke lokhu. Ithebula libonisa izici eziyinhloko zalezi zinguquko, hhayi kuphela kwezezimali, kodwa nakweminye imikhakha yomphakathi.

I-Lip Reform

Indodakazi ka-Elena Glinskaya, okwakungapheli ukuguqulwa kwemali, futhi yaqala ukuguqula uhlelo lohulumeni basekhaya. Ukuguquka kwemingcele yombuso nomyeni wakhe kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi ukuhlukana kwangaphakathi kokuphatha kwangaphakathi akuzange kusebenze. Ngenxa yalokhu, u-Elena Glinskaya's lip uguquko lwaqala. Lithinta ukuzimela komphakathi wendawo. Isichazamazwi esithi "labial" livela egameni elithi "ukubhubhisa". Ukuguqulwa kwaphinde kwafaka ubulungiswa bezobugebengu esifundazweni.

Ngokusho kwemibono yamakhosana kuleli zwe, kubonakala sengathi ama-lobby awakhiwe kuwo ama-labwalkers. Imizimba enjalo yayizoqala umsebenzi edolobheni ngalinye le-volost. Umdala we-labial angaqhuba icala labaphangi. Leli lungelo likhethwe kubanikazi bokudla abavela ngesikhathi sokukhula kweMongameli waseMoscow. U-Boyars, owayehlala ngaphandle kwenhloko-dolobha, akazange abe nje ababusi. Ngezinye izikhathi amandla abo ayingozi kakhulu esikhungweni sezombangazwe.

Ngakho-ke, ukuguqulwa kwaqala ku-self-government wendawo, okwaqala ngu-Elena Glinskaya. Izinguquko zaphinde zazisa izifunda ezintsha zendawo (izindebe), ezihambisana nensimu eyayingaphansi kokuqondiswa kwababusi bezinhloko. Kwakuhlukaniswa ngokusho kwamacala obugebengu. Akuzange kuqedwe ama-volosts avamile, ahambisana nemingcele yokuphatha. Izinguquko zaqala ngaphansi kuka-Elena futhi zaqhubeka nendodana yakhe u-Ivan. Emingceleni yekhulu le-XVI yezindebe nama-volosts ahlangene.

Izinguquko ku-self-government wendawo

Abadala babakhethwa emasimini wendawo. Babelawulwa yi-Duma, eyahlangana enhloko-dolobha, kanye ne-oda lokuphanga. Leli gungu lokuphatha lalibhekene namacala obugebengu, ukuphanga, ukubulala, kanye nomsebenzi wamajele kanye nababulali.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla phakathi kokuphathwa kwendawo kanye nezinkantolo kuye kwandisa ukusebenza komsebenzi wabo. Futhi kwakukhona iposi lebial tselovalnik. Wakhethwa phakathi kwabahlali abacebile futhi kwadingeka asize umdala emsebenzini wakhe.

Uma icala lobugebengu lingazange lihlolwe endlini ye-labile, lathunyelwa ku-Robbery Order. Zonke lezi zinsuku zilokhu ziphuza isikhathi eside, kodwa zivele ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho imithetho ka-Elena Glinskaya. Izinguquko ziholele ekutheni abathengisi nabahambi baye bavikeleka emigwaqeni. Uhlelo olusha luwusizo ekwenzeni ngcono izindawo zaseVolga, ezihlanganisiwe ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Ivan the Terrible (Kazan no-Astrakhan khanates).

Futhi, izindlu ezinomsoco zasiza iziphathimandla ukuba zilwe nemibhikisho ephikisana nohulumeni phakathi kwamazwe. Njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, izinguquko kwakudingekile nje ukushintsha uhulumeni wasekhaya, kodwa futhi nokulwa nokudla. Ukushiywa kwalesi senzakalo esiphelelwe yisikhathi kwenzeka kancane kancane, lapho abahluleli baka-Elena baqala ukuvuselela umthetho we-zemstvo. Ngenxa yalokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abaphathi abamisiwe bathathelwa esikhundleni ngabakhethi ababazi isifunda sabo kangcono kunabakhethwe eMoscow.

Umsebenzi wama-tubes labial

Ukubukeka kwezindlu zokuzikhandla kanye nokuqala kokulwa okuhleliwe nokulwa nobugebengu kwakuwumphumela wokuqonda ukuthi noma yikuphi ukuphulwa komthetho akuyona indaba yangasese yomuntu ohlukunyeziwe, kodwa kubhekene nokuqina kombuso. Ngemva kukaHelen Glinskaya, izinkambiso zobugebengu nazo zavuselelwa ku-Sudebnik indodana yakhe. Umdala ngamunye we-labial wathola abasebenzi abasebenzi (tselovalnikov, okweshumi, njll). Inani labo lithembele ebukhulu bomlomo kanye nenani lamagceke okuhlala kule ndawo.

Uma ngaphambi kwalapho abahlengikazi bebanjelwe kuphela inqubo yokuphikisana nokushushisa, abadala benza izinyathelo zokuphenya kanye nokuphenya (isibonelo, ukuxoxa nabafakazi, ukuthola ubufakazi, njll). Leli yizinga elisha lezinqubo zomthetho, okwenza kube lula ukulwa nobugebengu ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuguqulwa kuka-Elena Glinskaya kuye kwaba yinto engakaze ibe khona kulo mkhakha womphakathi.