Izifundo Zomlando: Abaholi Bomthetho Omhlophe

Ngo impi yombango ngokumelene amaBolshevik babe ezihlukahlukene amabutho. Kwakuwusuku Cossacks, isizwe, Democrats, monarchists. Bonke ngothi lwabo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi azifani kanjani zabo, ukuba bekunjalo White. Njengoba ayenqotshiwe, abaholi zamabutho emelene ngempela namaSoviet sengafa noma ngizohamba.

Alexander Kolchak

Nakuba ukumelana amaBolshevik ayibanga athishela ngokugcwele, okungukuthi Aleksandr vasilevich Kolchak (1874-1920) ibhekwa izazi-mlando eziningi sibalo esikhulu ukunyakaza White. Yena wayengumbulali isosha professional futhi ezazikhonze Navy. Ngo sokuthula, Kolchak eyaduma njengendlela wamazwe polar kanye nososayensi-yesazi solwandle.

Njengezinye amasosha professional Aleksandr vasilevich Kolchak kwakungokuhlangenwe nakho okucebisayo ngesikhathi somkhankaso Japanese futhi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Njengoba sekunama-the Yesikhashana Uhulumeni, yena kafushane iyiswe USA. Lapho kufika izindaba ezivela ezweni of KwamaBolshevik revolution, Kolchak ebuyela eRussia.

Admiral kufika ku-laseSiberia Omsk, lapho uhulumeni SR ukwenze impi yayo isikhonzi. Ngo-1918, izikhulu wenza umbuso futhi yaqanjwa Kolchak umbusi ophakeme Russia. Okunye abaholi White ukunyakaza wayengazange possessed butho elikhulu njenge-Alexander (esesandleni sakhe yibutho 150,000th).

On izindawo ezazilawulwa Kolchak abuyiselwe imithetho Empire Russian. Ukuhambisa nokusukela eSiberia kuya entshonalanga, uMphathi Ophakeme ibutho waseRussia isihambile kuya iVolga. Sesinamandla impumelelo yakhe sesisondele yaseKazan emhlophe. Kolchak uzamile ukudonsa phezu ngangokunokwenzeka amabutho amaBolshevik, Denikin ukusula eya eMoscow.

Engxenyeni 1919 yesibili, iRed Army yahlasela. White zinhlanga kude eSiberia. umbimbi Foreign (eyayinabantu baseCzechoslovakia izindlu) wanika ugibele isitimela, empumalanga Kolchak SRS. shot Admiral Irkutsk ngo-February 1920.

Anton Denikin

Uma empumalanga yeRussia kwaholela White Army Kolchak oko eningizimu umholi wamasosha ukhiye isikhathi eside kwakungu-Anton Ivanovich Denikin (1872-1947). Wazalelwa Poland, waya ukufunda enhloko-dolobha futhi waba isikhulu abasebenzi.

Denikin bese bekhonza komngcele Austria. Impi Okokuqala Umhlaba ayihlala bebutho Brusilov, bahlanganyela Breakout adumile kanye nokusebenza Galicia. Uhulumeni wesikhashana wenza kafushane Anton Ivanovich induna-Southwestern Front. Denikin asekelwe Kornilov ukuvukela. Ngemva kokwehluleka kwe-kombuso, uLieutenant General waboshwa kafushane (Bykhov esihlalweni).

Ngakhululwa ngo-November 1917, waqala ukusekela Denikin White ndaba. Kanye ojenene Kornilov futhi Alexeyev edala (bese owodwa handedly led) Ukuzinikela Army, okuyinto eyaba umgogodla ukumelana ukuze amaBolshevik e eningizimu yeRussia. Kuyinto ukubheja Denikin amandla Entente, iqale impi ngo-kombuso wamaSoviet emva ukuthula ehlukile eJalimane.

Esikhathini esithile Denikin bangqubuzana ne Don Ataman Petrom Krasnovym. Ngaphansi kokucindezela umbimbi walalela Anton Ivanovich. Ngo-January 1919, Denikin baba umlawuli VSYUR - Armed Forces of Southern Russia. Ibutho lakhe usule amaBolshevik Kuban, Don esifundeni, Tsarina, Donbass, Kharkiv. okuhlaselayo Denikin sika yizinkulumo eRussia emaphakathi.

VSYUR zinhlanga e Novocherkassk. Denikin wasuka lapho waya eCrimea, lapho ngo-Ephreli 1920 ngaphansi ukucindezela kwabaphikisi idluliselwe amandla akhe ukuze Petru Vrangelyu. Lokhu kwalandelwa sokuhamba eYurophu. Ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe Jikelele ubhale memoir, "Tindzaba ku Nezinkinga Russian", lapho wazama ukuphendula umbuzo kungani wahlulwa ukuhamba White. Ngo nempi yombango, u-Anton Ivanovich vinyl kuphela amaBolshevik. Wenqaba ukusekela uHitler wagxeka abahlanganyeli. Ngemva kokunqotshwa-Third Reich Denikin salandelwa nendawo yokuhlala futhi zayiswa US, lapho afela khona ngo-1947.

Lavr Kornilov

Umhleli umbuso kuhlulekile Lavr Georgievich Kornilov (1870-1918) wazalelwa emkhayeni Cossack isikhulu, okuyinto kunqunywa umsebenzi lakhe lempi. Njengoba isikhulu ukukhalipha, wakhonza ePheresiya, Afghanistan naseNdiya. Kule mpi, yena lathunjwa Austrians, isikhulu esegijimela ekhaya.

Ekuqaleni Lavr Georgievich Kornilov wasekela uhulumeni wesikhashana. Izitha eyinhloko Russia, wacabanga Kwesokunxele. Njengoba inxusa amandla eqinile, waqala ukulungiselela imibhikisho emelene nohulumeni. mashi Zakhe Petrograd kuhlulekile. Kornilov nabasekeli bakhe wayeboshwe.

Nge ukuqala Okthoba Revolution, jikelele wadedelwa. Waba umkhuzi lokuqala Zinikele Army eningizimu yeRussia. Ngo-February 1918, Kornilov wahlela Okokuqala Kuban (Ice) lweminyaka ukuze Yekaterinodar. Lo msebenzi uye abe edume. Zonke abaholi ukunyakaza White esikhathini esizayo uzama ukuba amaphayona. Kornilov ukuthi kabuhlungu ubulawe ngesikhathi amabhomu Ekaterinodar.

UNikolai Yudenich

Jikelele UNikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich (1862-1933) wayengomunye impumelelo ojenene Russian ekulweni eJalimane futhi kuncike kubangane bawo. Wayehola ubhoko Caucasian Army ngesikhathi izimpi zalo ne ngokuvukela uMbuso WaseTurkey. Kwake kwathi ngo-amandla, Kerensky wathumela umkhuzi sokwesula.

Nge ukuqala Okthoba Revolution, Nikolay Nikolaevich Yudenich besahlala ngokungemthetho Petrograd. Ekuqaleni kuka-1919, kusetshenziswa imibhalo kokuzihlanganisa wathutha eFinland. Umhlangano ekhatsi Helsinki Russian iKomiti wamemezela kuye induna.

Yudenich ukuxhumana Aleksandrom Kolchakom. Ukudidiyela izenzo zabo ne-Admiral UNikolai, wazama ukuba acele ukusekela Entente futhi Mannerheim. Ehlobo lika-1919, wathola iphothifoliyo kukaNgqongqoshe neMpi kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi, North-Western uhulumeni elasungulwa Revel.

Ekwindla ka Yudenich ihlelwe emashini elibangise Petrograd. Ngokuyinhloko, ukunyakaza White kulwiwa lasetshenziswa emaphethelweni lizwe. ibutho Yudenich sika, kunalokho, wazama ukukhulula dolobha (ngenxa uhulumeni kwamaBolshevik kuhanjiswe ku Moscow). Wathatha Tsarskoye Selo, Gatchina wafika Pulkovo eziphakeme. Trotsky wakwazi ukudlulisa ngezitimela Petrograd ukuqinisa kuka nullified yonke imizamo ukumbamba edolobheni emhlophe.

Ekupheleni kuka-1919 zinhlanga Yudenich Estonia. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa lapho thutha. Sekuyisikhathi jikelele wachitha eLondon, lapho yavakashelwa uWinston Churchill. ukunqotshwa Svyknuvshis, Yudenich bazinza France ngesula ezombusazwe. Ngo-1933, waze washona ngo-Cannes kusuka isifo sofuba yamaphaphu.

Alexey Kaledin

Lapho Okthoba Revolution Kwagqashuka, u-Aleksey Maksimovich Kaledin (1861-1918) wayeyisikhulu kwezinhloko zamaviyo Don. Ngalesi okuthunyelwe wakhethwa izinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi izenzakalo Petrograd. Emadolobha Cossack, ikakhulukazi Rostov, kwaba uzwela uziqinise Socialist. Ataman, ngokuphambene, wabona KwamaBolshevik revolution zobugebengu. Wathola izindaba ezingezinhle ezivela Petrograd, wanqoba amaSoviet Don uMzimba.

U-Aleksey Maksimovich Kaledin eziqhutshwa Novocherkassk. Ngo-November, kwafika nomunye jikelele emhlophe - Mikhail Alekseev. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, Cossacks isisindo sakhe lenyuka. Abaningi bakhathele ababuya empini ngokucace basabela KwamaBolshevik iziqubulo. Abanye kwakungekaNkulunkulu uhulumeni kukaLenin abathathi hlangothi. Inzondo kuya Socialists ababengazange balwe cishe akekho.

Ukulahlekelwa ithemba ukuxhuma nge kokugumbuqelwa Uhulumeni Yesikhashana, Kaledin waya izinyathelo ezinqala. Wamemezela ukuzimela kwe-Don uMzimba. Ukuphendula lo ukuvukela Rostov amaBolshevik. Ataman, kanye nokusekelwa Alekseeva, yena wacindezela isitatimende. Ngezinye Don igazi lokuqala elachithwa.

Ekupheleni kuka-1917 Kaledin wanika selihanjiswa ukuze kwakhiwe i-anti-kwamaBolshevik Zinikele Army. Ngo Rostov uvele amabutho amabili ngokulinganisa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwaba esimhlophe Zinikele Army ojenene, ngakolunye - the Cossacks wendawo. Kwakamuva nozwela ngokwengeziwe ukuze amaBolshevik. Ngo-December, i-iRed Army matasa Donbas futhi eTaganrog. amayunithi Cossack, Okwamanje, ukubola ngokuphelele. Eqaphela ukuthi abangaphansi kwakhe siqu ungafuni ukuba alwe ngamandla Soviet, Ataman kwadingeka wazibulala.

ataman Krasnov

Ngemva kokufa Kaledin Cossack eside besho nokusho amaBolshevik. Lapho amandla Don Soviet yasungulwa, amasosha front-line izolo ngokushesha kwaba zonda abomvu. Kakade-May 1918, kwaqubuka ukuvukela e-Don.

New Ataman we Don Cossacks nguPetru Krasnov (1869-1947). Phakathi nempi eJalimane nase-Austria, naye, njengamanye ojenene abaningi white owaba nengxenye abadumile Brusilov ukuphumelela. Ukuze amaBolshevik ezempi njalo aphathwe semidlalo. Nguye ngemiyalo yezikhulu Kerensky bazama ukubathena amandla Abasekeli Lenin Petrograd, lapho inguquko Okthoba nje kufezeke. ibutho elincane Krasnov matasa Tsarskoye Selo futhi Gatchina, kodwa ngokushesha amaBolshevik ezungezwe futhi disarmed kuye.

Ngemva ukwehluleka yokuqala kaPetru Krasnov wakwazi ukudlulela Don. Ukuba emelene ngempela namaSoviet Cossack isikhulu, wenqaba ukulalela lo Denikin futhi wazama ukuba siphishekele Inqubomgomo ezimele. Ikakhulukazi, Krasnov isungule kobungane nobudlelwane nge amaJalimane.

Kuphela uma ziklabalasa sokunikela, Ataman angawodwa walalela Denikin Berlin. UMbusi we Zinikele Army esingeside ukubekezelela umlekeleli ezingabazisayo. Ngo-February 1919, ingcindezi evela Krasnov Denikin waya Yudenich ibutho e-Estonia. Ukusuka lapho efudukela Europe.

Njenganoma eziningi zabaholi White ukunyakaza, ekudingisweni, owayeyisikhulu Cossack Ataman ukuphupha kumeshi. Inzondo we amaBolshevik bamphushela ukwesekwa kaHitler. AmaJalimane benza Krasnov inhloko yalawa Cossacks ku ehlasela izindawo Russian. Ngemva kokunqotshwa-Third Reich, eBritish ekhishwe uPyotr Nikolayevich USSR. ESoviet Union lapho ngaquliswa icala, ngagwetshwa ukuba ukufa. Krasnov wabulawa.

Ivan Romanovsky

Umkhuzi Ivan Pavlovich Romanovsky (1877-1920) kuya nenkathi wasebukhosini uhlanganyele kulelo ilwa neJapane naseJalimane. Ngo-1917 asekelwa isitatimende Kornilov futhi Denikin wayekhonza nge ukuboshwa edolobheni Bykhov. Ngemva kokuthuthela e-Don, Romanovsky nengxenye ekwakhekeni kweNhlangano ihlelwe anti-kwamaBolshevik amabutho kuqala.

Jikelele Denikin waqokwa iPhini futhi uqondiswa abasebenzi bakhe. Kukholakala ukuthi Romanovsky kwadingeka ku kumqashi wakhe nemtselela lomkhulu. Intando Denikin babeze bazethe igama elithi Ivan Pavlovich umlandeli wakhe uma kwenzeka i ukufa ezingalindelekile.

Ngenxa neqondile yabo Romanovsky ephikisana nezinye izinduna eziningi zamasosha e Dobrarmii, sabe VSYUR. ukunyakaza White eRussia ngelakhe ambiguously. Lapho Denikin, Wrangel kuphumelele, Romanovsky kwesokunxele konke okuthunyelwe labo futhi babuyela Istanbul. Edolobheni elifanayo wabulawa uLieutenant Mstislavom Haruzinym. Shooter, naye wakhonza e-White Army, wachaza isinyathelo sakhe ngenxa yokuthi vinyl Romanovsky VSYUR behluliwe impi yombango.

Sergei Markov

I Zinikele Army Sergey Leonidovich Markov (1878-1918) waba yiqhawe ihlelo. igama lakhe lathiwa ibutho namabutho ezinemibala. Mark waziwa ithalente lakhe Tactical futhi isibindi sakhe, wabonisa zonke empini ne iRed Army. Amalungu eqembu iWhite ukunyakaza ne novalo ethile iphathwa ukuze inkumbulo lokhu jikelele.

Umlando Military Markov inkathi wasebukhosini evamile ke iphoyisa. Yena iqhaza emkhankasweni Japanese. On the front isiJalimane, wayala induna ibutho sokuzingela, bese waba inhloko yalawa izintonga ka izimpi eziningana. Ehlobo lika-1917 Markov asekelwe Kornilov kanye kanye nezinye ojenene White esizayo kokuboshwa e Bykhov.

Ekuqaleni kwempi yombango, amasosha iyiswe eningizimu yeRussia. Wayeyilungu abaqamba Zinikele Army. Markov wenza umnikelo omkhulu ndaba mhlophe Ice Mashi. Ngobusuku buka-April 16, 1918 kwaba neqembu elincane lezisebenzi zokuzithandela wathatha Medvedovku - a sesitimela ezinkulu, lapho izisebenzi zokuzithandela wabhubhisa Soviet isitimela armored, bese kuqubuka we encirclement waya woshushiso. ukulwa Umphumela waba yinsindiso ibutho Denikin sika, abente kokuhlaselwa akuphumelelanga Ekaterinodar futhi sisonqenqemeni ukunqotshwa.

Markova feat wamenzela iqhawe mhlophe futhi isitha azifungela le Reds. Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva, i-General abanamakhono waba nengxenye Kuban okuhlambalazayo. Ezungeze idolobha Shablievki ingxenye wahlangana amabutho aphakeme lesitha. Ngomzuzwana kwesibhamu ngokwakho Markov uvele evulekile, lapho ibahlomisé iphuzu observation. Ngokusho yokuma umlilo wavulwa kusukela iRed Army isitimela armored. Eduze Sergey Leonidovich amabhomu yamila, okuyinto kumbangela isilonda ofayo. Ngemva kwamahora ambalwa, Juni 26, 1918, ibutho lezempi ufile.

Petr Vrangel

Petr Nikolaevich Vrangel (1878-1928), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Black Baron, wayevela emndenini ihloniphekile futhi iletha babevela ehlangene Baltic amaJalimane. Ngaphambi kokuba abe isosha, wathola imfundo ubunjiniyela. Nokho, unxanela kwezempi, yena lanqoba futhi uPetru waya lokuyofunda trooper.

Debut umkhankaso Wrangel kwaba ilwa neJapane. Phakathi Okokuqala Umhlaba, wakhonza e-Horse Guards. Kulomcimbi nezigigaba eziningi, isibonelo ngalolo battery ethumba German. Uma ngezihluthu ningizimu-ntshonalanga, isikhulu waba nengxenye abadumile Brusilov ukuphumelela.

Phakathi Februwari Revolution Petro wanxusa ukuthumela amasosha Petrograd. Ngalesi uhulumeni wesikhashana ukususa kuye kusevisi. Black Baron iyiswe dacha eCrimea, lapho waboshwa amaBolshevik. Wohlanga olukhulu wakwazi ukusinda sibonga kuphela ukuncenga umkakhe.

Ngokuqondene Aristocrat kanye umsekeli yokubusa kwamakhosi, ngokuba Wrangel White Iphuzu laliwukuthi isikhundla kwangabi bikho ophikisayo e kulwiwa. Wazihlanganisa Denikin. umlawuli wamabutho ngakhonza zaseCaucasia Army, kwaholela ukuthunjwa Tsaritsyn. Ngemva kokunqotshwa White Army uma sekuqhubeka le mashi ku Moscow Wrangel waqala ukugxeka kumqashi wakhe Denikin. Ingxabano kwaholela Ukuhamba okwesikhashana Jikelele e Istanbul.

Ngokushesha Petro ebuyela eRussia. Entwasahlobo ka-1920, wakhethwa induna yebutho Russian. isizinda waso kwakuyindishi eCrimea ukhiye. Enhlonhlweni kwaba yindawo yokugcina kwempi yombango emhlophe. Wrangel ibutho kwawona ukuhlaselwa eziningana amaBolshevik, kodwa ekugcineni kuhlulekile.

Ngo ethunjiwe, Black Baron wahlala eBelgrade. Wasungula ephethwe i EMRO - Russian Military Union ke ulithumele omunye wezikhulu omkhulu uNikolai Nikolaevich. Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, ukusebenza wobunjiniyela, uPyotr Wrangel kuhanjiswe ku Brussels. Elapho ebulawa isifo sofuba ngo-1928.

Andrew Shkuro

Andrey Grigorevich Shkuro (1887-1947) kwaba bomdabu owazalelwa Kuban Cossacks. Eseyinsizwa waya bomkhankaso igolide ukuphena eSiberia. Esalwa Kaiser sika eJalimane Shkuro wadala bayibutho labashokobezi sibambe ngelika "Abangamakhulu Wolf eyodwa."

Ngo-October 1917, Cossack wakhethwa ku Kuban ephalamende lesifunda. Ukuba monarchist by ngokuqiniseka, yena omubi asabela ngayo izindaba eza emandleni amaBolshevik. Shkuro aqala ukulwa commissars obomvu, lapho abaningi abaholi ukunyakaza White engakabi nayo isikhathi akuveza athi angama. Ngo-July 1918, u-Andrew G. neqembu lakhe waxosha amaBolshevik kusukela laseStavropol.

Ekwindla ka Cossack wema ngasemnyango inhloko yalawa ibutho lokuqala Officers ka Kislovodsk ke - zaseCaucasia Cavalry Division. Chief Shkuro kwakungu-Anton Ivanovich Denikin. E-Ukraine, amasosha waphula ihlukane Nestora Mahno. Wabe esethatha iqhaza kwemashi eMoscow. Shkuro wayemlwela laseKharkov futhi Voronezh. Kulomuzi, umkhankaso wakhe waminza.

Ihamba kusuka ibutho Budyonny, uLieutenant General lifikile Novorossiysk. Ukusuka lapho bahamba ngomkhumbi baya eCrimea. Ngo ibutho Wrangel Shkuro ngingebe ubanjwe on ngenxa ezingqubuzana Black Baron. Ngenxa yalokho, induna ezimhlophe ekudingisweni ngisho nangaphambi ukunqoba okuphelele iRed Army.

Shkuro wahlala e-Paris futhi eYugoslavia. Lapho Impi YeZwe II iqala, njengo Krasnov, asekelwe amaNazi empini yawo yokulwa amaBolshevik. Shkuro kwaba SS Gruppenführer futhi kule umthamo elwa alezi zishoshovu eYugoslavia. Ngemva kokunqotshwa-Third Reich, wazama ukuba singangeni ngenkani endaweni elalihlala British. E Linz, Austria British Shkuro ekhishwe kanye izikhulu eziningi ngaphezulu. Ukaputeni White ngaquliswa icala kanye Petrom Krasnovym futhi isigwebo sokufa ngokungafanele.