Ingabe umlando we-Intanethi uqediwe?

Emuva emashumini angamashumi ayisithupha ekhulwini lama-20, i-Agency for Advanced Research Projects (ARPA) ngaphansi koMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-United States yasungula inethiwekhi yokuqala, eyayiyisibonakaliso se-inthanethi eyaziwa manje emhlabeni wonke. Inethiwekhi eyakhiwe, ebizwa nge-ARPAnet, yayilinga, futhi yadalwa ukusekela ucwaningo emkhakheni wezempi. Isimiso esiyinhloko se-ARPAnet kwakungenzeka nganoma isiphi ikhompyutha nganoma isiphi isikhathi ukuxhuma nanoma iyiphi enye ikhompyutha exhunywe kuNethiwekhi. Ngakho indaba ye-Intanethi yaqala.

Kusukela ngoDisemba 1969, ama-four node asevele esexhunyiwe kwinethiwekhi, esebenzisa i-NCP (Network Control Protocol) protocol yokudlulisela amaphakethe wedatha. Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, umsebenzi waqala ekudaleni i-protocol yamanje ye-TCP / IP, lapho inethiwekhi ye-ARPAnet yokuhlola yamemezelwa ngo-1975 njengomsebenzi osebenzayo.
Ngakho-ke, umlando wokudalwa kwe-Intanethi uqale ngenethiwekhi ye-ARPAnet, inhloso yentuthuko eyayiqale ithuba labo bonke abahlanganyeli bezokuthuthukiswa kwezempi hhayi kuphela ukugcina ukuxhumana kumakhompiyutha, kodwa futhi ukusebenzisa ndawonye izinsiza zazo zonke amakhompyutha amancane ayekhona ngaleso sikhathi, asezindaweni ezihlukene zezwe.

Lezi zifundo ezizoqhubeka ziye zaheha amaqembu amaningi ocwaningo kanye nabacwaningi ngabanye uDARPA abaye baqhuba imihlangano eminingi yokuxhumanisa. Umlando wokudalwa kwe-intanethi uphinde ukhombise ukuthi ekuxhumaneni nasekuphathweni kokuthuthukiswa kwezivumelwano ze-inthanethi, ukulungiswa okukhethekile neqembu le-Intanethi yokuPhathwa kwe-Inthanethi kudalwe, okwabe sekukhona kuze kulungiswe kabusha kwi-Inthanethi Umsebenzi Group ngo-1983. Isidingo sokwakha leli qembu sitholakala ukuthi abaningi abacwaningi sebevele babambe iqhaza kumsebenzi we-TCP / IP.

Izivumelwano ze-TCP / IP ngo-1983 zase zamukelwe njengezimiso zempi e-United States. Ngemuva kwalesi sinyathelo esibalulekile esithonya umsebenzi umlando we-Intanethi owaqala ukuthuthukisa kuwo wonke umhlaba, wonke amakhompyutha e-ARPAnet, abizwa ngokuthi amaSpects, aqala ukudingeka asebenze kuphela nalezi zinhlelo. Kwakungaleso sikhathi ukuthi i-intanethi isetshenziselwe futhi, ebhekisela kokubili inethiwekhi ye-MILNET eyodwa, eyingxenye engavumelekile ye-DDN (Defence Data Network), futhi entsha, yehliswe kakhulu ngobukhulu i-ARPAnet. Ngakho-ke, umlando we-intanethi uhlobene eduze nenethiwekhi ye-ARPAnet, eye yaba yisibonelo se-Internet yanamuhla.

Ngo-1985, umlando we-intanethi emhlabeni wonke wathola isinyathelo esisha: ngesisekelo se-ARPAnret, kwakhiwa inethiwekhi entsha, ebizwa ngokuthi i-National Science Foundation NETwork (NSFNET), noma iNethiwekhi ye-National Science Foundation, lapho izikhungo ezinkulu zokucwaninga eziyisithupha zazikhona, IMelika futhi ifakwe ama-supercomputers anamandla. Inethiwekhi entsha, ebizwa nge-Internet TCP / IP noma i-Intanethi, yadala ukusiza abacwaningi abavela emanyuvesi ahlukene eMelika ukuba bathole izinsiza ze-computing ezixhunyiwe kwinethiwekhi ukuze wonke unjiniyela nososayensi kuleli zwe bakwazi ukuxhumana kwinethiwekhi eyodwa, futhi kakade ngo-1985 Inombolo yezinhlangano ezixhunywe kwiNethiwekhi iye yanda ngokuphawulekayo.

Izikhungo eziningi, kuhlanganise nezemfundo nezentengiselwano, zithole amathuba amakhulu okushintshanisa idatha, egcwele ubuchwepheshe obusha. Inamba enkulu yamakhompyutha axhunyiwe kwinethiwekhi yabangela ukulayisha ngokweqile kwamanethiwekhi nokulawula amakhompiyutha, ngakho-ke ngokushesha imigqa yocingo yasheshe yaqala ukusetshenziswa ngenhlangano yenethiwekhi.

Izinguquko eziguquguqukayo ngokuphelele ezakhiweni ze-Inthanethi zenzeke ngo-Meyi 1993, lapho esikhundleni senethiwekhi yomgogodla, okuthiwa "amaphuzu okufinyelela" noma ama-NAP aqale ukusebenza, lapho amanethiwekhi amancane angasese angasetshenziswa khona. Ngakho-ke, inethiwekhi ye-NSFNET, eyayiyinhloko, ivaliwe, ihlinzeka ngendlela yokwakhiwa kwe-NAP, eqinisweni, yaphenduka i-Inthanethi.

Noma kunjalo, ukukhula kweqiniso kwe-Intanethi kuhambisane nokufika kweWebhu - i-World Wide Web noma i-WWW, ngokusekelwe kobuchwepheshe obusha obusebenzisa amadokhumenti e-hypertext, okuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bakwazi ukufinyelela kunoma yiluphi ulwazi oluthunyelwe kuwebhu. Ubuchwepheshe beWeb WWW yiyona nsizakalo esemqoka ye-inthanethi, ngokungafani nenkonzo yangaphambilini yokufinyelela ama-supercomputers akude aseTelnet.

Njengamanje, umlando wokudalwa kwe-Intanethi usuphelile. Ukuphelela kwenethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke kuqhubeka futhi kungenakugwema. Isibalo sabasebenzisi kanye nezidingo zabo sikhula, okuholela ekukhuleni kweNethiwekhi, izinkinga ezintsha, ukucinga izixazululo zabo nokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe. Manje, njengoba kuboniswe umlando we-Inthanethi, iNethiwekhi isetshenziselwa ochwepheshe kuphela, kodwa futhi nabafundi abaningi, izingane zesikole kanye nabanye abantu emhlabeni wonke abafuna ukuhambisana nezikhathi.