Bhakti eNdiya

Bhakti njengoba inhlangano yenkolo kwaqala endulo, kodwa ithuba zekhulu XIV-XV. uzophawula waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi kwayo, okwenza libukeke njengendandatho Umthala sabashumayeli abanamakhono, ezinye izici ezintsha emfundisweni. Ngokuqinisekile, Islam, Sufism ngokukhethekile, unikele ngenye umfutho ukuvuselelwa umcabango nomphakathi, ikakhulukazi yenkolo. Kodwa wadlala indima kanye nokuthuthukisa amadolobha, okwandisa kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni, kakhulu inkanuko yobulili lapho kumiswa uthi Muslim, ungqimba engenhla izinduna abase sigxile ekuphileni ezisemadolobheni. Basedolobheni, ababazi, abathengisi, futhi paupers, ngokusobala edinga imibono yabantu, ebugqilini imicikilisho esiqinile futhi ubuHindu nobuSulumane, futhi ziqondiswe zonke izingxenye sabantu. Lesi sidingo ngokwengxenye kubangela izinxushunxushu emizini, ukuvela eziningi Muslim, amahlelo wamaHindu, namahlelo, abanobunye izakhi zalo bagomele ka ubuHindu Islam, okuyinto kwakuvame ivukela izicukuthwane namaphini mullahs. Lesi sidingo ngokwengxenye kubonakala ekubukekeni ezindaweni ezahlukene India abashumayeli bhakti.

Ramananda (ngasekupheleni XIV -. The ekuqaleni kwekhulu xv) wamemezela isidingo yokuncishiswa sehlelo futhi buthakathaka imithetho lombhalo. umsebenzi wakhe wokushumayela, kuqalile eningizimu, bese niqhubeka Varanasi. Akazange adale isikole esikhulu abalandeli, kodwa omunye wabafundi bakhe, Muslim Kabnr (xv c.), Developed ukufundisa nomthelela ukusakazeka kwalo. Ukuphindwa nokudumisa igama likaNkulunkulu, yanoma yiziphi amagama yayo Kabir - ngqo kakhulu futhi ayindlela kuphela yokwazi ukuthi uphinde uhlangane naye kuNkulunkulu. Ukuhambisana imithetho lombhalo futhi wamaHindu amasiko Muslim akunandaba. Continuer yezimfundiso Kabnra Nanak (1469-1539) wafundisa e Punjab. Abalandeli bakhe amaSikh (abafundi) baye basekela umphakathi, okwakuqabukela kuphela ikhanda yabo (guru), kodwa imibhalo yabo ( "Adi Granth"), eyabhalwa ngokukhethekile yasungulwa kule zamagama (gurmukhn), ngisho nenhloko-dolobha yalo (Amritsar).

Sikhism, wafundisa ukuthi uNkulunkulu munye, ayinakho igama fomu. Izwe kuyimpi phakathi kokukhanya ekuqaleni amnyama. Lokhu umzabalazo okwenzeka umphefumulo womuntu. Sikhism neyaziwayo umbono wamaHindu of karma (retribution izenzo ezidlule) kanye Samsara (ukuphindukuzalwa), kodwa akazange avume lapho uhlelo lombhalo wamemezela hhayi kuphela ukulingana kwabo bonke phambi kukaNkulunkulu, kodwa futhi ukulingana komphakathi emhlabathini. I Sikh sayalwa ukuba sibe nezinhloli ukuqhuba, ukuphila ibhizinisi, unakekele umkhaya wakho nenhlalakahle yalo lonke umphakathi, ukuvikela kwabo ukholo umphakathi kuqala up in ezingalweni. Imvelo yelinyenti Sikhism landa ngesikhathi, ngemva okweshumi Nanak Guru Govind (1675- 1708) waqeda guru Institute wasinika amandla ukuze umphakathi (Khalsa) ngokuvamile unikwa bonke amaSikh igama Singh ( "ngonyama") futhi uguqulwe wonke umphakathi ua impi esimweni.

Okunye izinkomba Bhakti ongenayo ubukhulu efanayo. Ngo Gujarat, ekhulwini xv. kwaba umshumayeli eyaziwa Narasimha Mehta, Kashmir - Lalla. Ngo Bengal Orissa wafundisa Chaithanya (1486-1535). Wakhuluma uthando nokuzinikela kuNkulunkulu, ukulingana kwabo bonke phambi kwakhe, wathatha emphakathini wonke - amaHindu namaSulumane, Brahmins futhi abakhishwa inyumbazane. Ngo Maharashtra, lesi sikole siye ithuthukiswe Pandharpur bhakti. Ukuze yayingaphansi Dzhianeshvara futhi Namdev (XIII-XIV eminyaka.), Screen Nath futhi Tukaram (xv-XVI eminyaka.), Ramdas (XVII leminyaka.). Emkhakheni mathura udumo wajabulela Ashram (sezindela) Valla- bhachari okungeyentatheli omunye wabasunguli be-izinkondlo Hindi -Sur Das (xv-XVI eminyaka.). Umlandeli we bhakti kwaba imbongi omkhulu futhi Hindi tulsi Das (1532-1624), sidlule ulimi lasendulo inkondlo "Ramayana". I mithila nomunye imbongi oluvelele Vidyapati Thakur (xv c.), Yikuphi kubhekwa njengendlela mithilskoy zakudala futhi Bengali izincwadi. E Rajasthan, kwaba umfundi odumile Kabir, Dadu umshumayeli (1544-1603). Umsunguli we izinkondlo radzhastha- njengenkulumo Krishna poetess Mirabai (XVI leminyaka.). Kanye imisinga kuqhathaniswa olukhulu Bhakti khona ngaphezulu olandelanayo. Lesi sakamuva imelelwa imisebenzi imbongi tulsi Das, ingamenqabelanga sabaphathi lombhalo ngakho nakanjani, njengabanye abashumayeli abaningi bhakti.

I zamagama wamaHindu futhi Muslim ukuvela hhayi kuphela umsebenzi izimbongi bhakti. Ube engumlobi njalo kwezobuciko - izakhiwo, Umdwebo (miniature), umculo, umdanso. indima enkulu XIV-XVI eminyaka. kule nqubo iye eyadlalwa sultanates sincane, Breakaway Delhi (isimo Benga- uLeya, Jaunpur, Gujarat, Malwa), lapho indima element alien lalilincane kunalokho enhlokodolobha yase North India, futhi lapho iqembu elibusayo wema eduze phezulu amaHindu. Ngo XVI- XVII eminyaka., Lapho Mughals, futhi izinkantolo kakade padishahs isiko wamaHindu imzuzele enendawo eqinile.