Izincwadi Omar Khayyam izinkondlo, amazwi behlakaniphile futhi izingcaphuno

Omar Khayyam Izincwadi kuze kube namuhla kubhekwa phakathi best izincwadi emhlabeni. Abaningi izingcaphuno zakhe zisetshenziswa ezimweni ezahlukene. Ngemuva Omar Khayyam Rubaiyat (quatrains ziye esakazwa e-Middle East), okuyinto kubhekwa ngochwepheshe eziningi aphakeme, washiya nabafundi abaningana.

biography

Omar Khayyam Nishapuri - sezibalo, isazi sefilosofi, isazi sezinkanyezi futhi imbongi odabuka yasePheresiya. Izincwadi Omar Khayyam liyabonakala emhlabeni wonke, kodwa emlandweni it is hhayi kuphela njengendlela umlobi ezaziwayo. Uye washiya uphawu okuphawulekayo Aljibhra. Ngegalelo lakhe mathematics yokuthi wadala indlela entsha ukuxazulula cubic zibalo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, wasebenzisa izingxenye conic.

Yiqiniso, ngaye encwadini edume kakhulu Omar Khayyam mayelana nenjongo yokuphila nothando. Waba adumile e-Iran Afghanistan sibonga ukudala ikhalenda obizwé inembe kunazo. Abalandeli Khayyam baba ososayensi adumile ababe abafundi bakhe.

ebuntwaneni

Wazalwa Omar Khayyam Rubaiyat okuyinto ukufunda cishe zonke, Meyi 18, 1048. Kuyinto lapho kwazalelwa khona emzini Nishapur, esemgwaqweni nezinye izifundazwe yase-Iran. Izincwadi Omar Khayyam wayenesithakazelo zisencane, futhi njengoba wayeyindodana kuphela nasekhaya, ubaba azama ukumnika imfundo engcono. UPapa Khayyam wasebenza beshiya isiminyaminya nesiphithiphithi sasemadolobheni. Wabuye ubelokhu indodakazi kaJayiru, ogama lakhe lalingu-Aisha.

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, umfana waqala sina ahileleke ngefilosofi, izibalo nesayensi yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi. Naphezu yobudala bakhe abasha, wayazi ngobunyoninco ngekhanda ngokuphelele.

Ngezinye neminyaka eyishumi nambili ubudala waqala ukutadisha ngesikhathi madrassa wendawo (esikoleni Islamic). Famous uthando izinkondlo lokubhala Omar Khayyam awukaqali okwamanje. Watadisha ngenkuthalo kakhulu futhi iziqu inkambo umthetho Islamic, nemithi, kokuba udokotela ngenxa yalokho bafaneleka.

intsha

Naphezu kunjalo, wathola iziqu zobudokotela, Khayyam lanquma ukuqhubeka nezifundo. Waqala ukutadisha umsebenzi zezibalo abaningi abadumile.

Eminyakeni yokuqala wesazi sefilosofi, kamuva owabhala a aphorisms behlakaniphile kakhulu futhi izingcaphuno, kwaba sesikhathini Seljuk ukunqoba-Asia Ephakathi. Phakathi nale nkathi, kwashona lenqwaba ososayensi. Mayelana nabo Khayyam wabhala esethulweni komunye izincwadi zakhe, lapho eqala ukubhala Rubaiyat.

Omar Khayyam eminyakeni eyishumi nesithupha wayeshonelwe uyise nonina, owafa ngesikhathi nalolubhubhane. Indlu ukudayiswa, kanye workshop, ngakho waya Samarkand. Ngaleso sikhathi, idolobha iyona amaningi ngomqondo yesayensi eMpumalanga. Lapha waqhubeka nemfundo yakhe kwelinye izikole Muslim. Nokho, ukukhuluma kaningana mpikiswano, u-Omar yabhekisela yena, futhi kwanqunywa ukuba amise uthisha.

Ukuhambisa Khayyam

Nokho, Samarkand, Omar Khayyam, owabhala aphorisms behlakaniphile kakhulu futhi izingcaphuno ibambezeleke iminyaka emine kuphela. Mangisho ukuthi ngenkathi iningi ososayensi e ezihambayo njalo. I stop esilandelayo okwakuseduze layo umuzi eBukhara, lapho Khayyam baqala ukusebenza onalo izincwadi. Lapha wahlala iminyaka eyishumi kanti oye wakwazi ukudala azibhala ezine eembalweni, kanye ezinye izinkondlo ngothando.

Omar Khayyam e 1074, wathola ithuba ukuthuthela emzini Isfahan. Mina wammemela Malik Shah I. Lapha waba umeluleki obungokomoya balabo Sultan. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wamiswa umqondisi we Observatory, okungenye yezinkundla ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi lapho waqala ukufunda isayensi yezibalo ngaphezu ukufunda izinkanyezi, futhi ngokushesha aba ngempela adumile kulesi sikhundla. Ukusebenza neqembu abanye ososayensi, Khayyam athuthukile ikhalenda elanga, okuyinto kwaba esinembile ngaphandle Gregorian. Ngemva kwalokho adala ngayo amatafula yezinkanyezi, ezazihlanganisa ikhathalogi kancane izinkanyezi.

Ngo 1092 wafa Sultan, owayenguyise nomvikeli Khayyam. Ngokushesha u-Omar usolwa ngokunukubeza abathanda ifilosofi, futhi kwadingeka ukuba ayeke Isfahan. Nokho, waqhubeka nokubhala izinkondlo kanye Rubaiyat.

Omar Khayyam: ukuphila ngemva Isfahan

On enkathini yokugcina yokuphila Omar Khayyam is impela kancane, kanye mayelana esengumntwana nangesikhathi usakhula ezaziwayo. Ngokwemibiko ethile, isikhathi esichithwa e Merv.

Phakathi nale minyaka engu waqhubeka nokubhala izinkondlo ngothando futhi iyini injongo yokuphila. Nokho, ngenkathi kwabaningi sekuyinto hhayi kuphela isazi sezibalo esidumile ngezinkanyezi, kodwa oyisihlubuki. Ifilosofi ukudalwa Omar Khayyam izibalo wacasuka kakhulu Islam, ngakho ubudlelwano bakhe ngomfundisi sawohloka kakhulu.

Ngenxa yokungavumelani usosayensi kwadingeka benze pilgrimage eside naseMecca. Ngaleso sikhathi wayesefile kakade eziningi zeminyaka. Ikakhulukazi esikhathini kwathatha nezindawo ezingcwele kungase kudonse ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Ngaleyo minyaka, okwesikhashana wahlala eBaghdad.

Ngokusho al-Bayhaqi, owayeneminyaka eduze izinkondlo aseMpumalanga, e-kweminyaka yokuphila kwakhe Khayyam wayenolaka olubi, kanye nemisebenzi ezincane yamjabulisa abalandeli babo.

Buyela Nishapur

Esikhathini esithile ekuphileni Omar Khayyam unqume ukubuyela Nishapur. Lapha wahlala kwaze kwaba izinsuku zakhe zokugcina. Washiya ngokuvamile kakhulu. Nakuba Omar Khayyam wayeneminyaka engaba ngamashumi ayisikhombisa. Ngokwemibiko ethile, wasebenza njengoba uthisha esikoleni sendawo futhi kwadingeka indilinga lencane, ehlanganisa abafundi. Ngokuvamile babeqhuba imihlangano nge zefilosofi nososayensi, kanye mpikiswano wahlela. Ngokusho ososayensi abaningi, Khayyam akazange ufuna ukuqala umndeni. Kwaba njalo ngempela, akakuthandanga ekuphileni komkhaya, izingane kungukuthi losalela emuva. Ngemva kokuphila kwakhe, washiya "Garden of Love" futhi neminye imisebenzi eminingi.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Omar Khayyam wafa Disemba 4, 1131. On izikhathi zakhe zokugcina zokuphila kuphela emazwini ngomunye wabantu ayephila nabo eyaziwa. Ngokusho Beyhaki, Khayyam ngenkathi ufunda enye yezincwadi wazizwa ukufa okusheshayo. Ngaleso sikhathi wayeneminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili ubudala. Wafaka incwadi eceleni futhi lolu hlaza izihlobo nabafundi futhi bahlela intando. Ngemva kwalokho, akasebenzisanga ukudla noma amanzi. Ngo imizuzu embalwa nje ngaphambi kokufa Omar Khayyam wayesenesikhathi sokufunda umthandazo.

kwezesayensi

Yiqiniso, abaningi Omar Khayyam yaziwa imisebenzi efana "I Elixir of Love. The best izinkondlo Persian". Nokho, ngaphezu izincwadi, yena waba wahlanganyela emsebenzini yathela impela ngokwesayensi.

wezibalo

Omar Khayyam ungumnikazi imisebenzi eminingi ehlobene wezibalo. Ngokwesibonelo, "A Treatise kunobufakazi izinkinga algebra futhi almukabala" uyakufanelekela futhi isixazululo of zibalo. Izigaba zokuqala izindlela khona ukuxazulula zibalo quadratic, eyabonakala ngisho nangaphambi kwalokho. Nokho, Omar Khayyam akazange abheke ukuthi kwesibalo cubic uyakwazi ukuba izimpande ezintathu ezinhle zangempela. Noma kunjalo, kuze kube Cardano amafomula wehluleka ukufinyelela, kodwa Khayyam babekholelwa ukuthi bathole isisombululo uzobe kudingekile esikhathini esizayo.

Esethulweni lo msebenzi, usosayensi wanikeza incazelo algebra. Lo mqondo ngomunye wabokuqala emlandweni futhi kunikeza umbono walokho lokhu isayensi.

"Amazwana izinkinga esethulweni sencwadi ka Euclid" - omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu Omar Khayyam. Ngiqeda ukubhala kuyo 1077. Umsebenzi siqukethe izincwadi ezintathu. Eyokuqala yayizimisele ilungelo yokuqala, futhi eyesibili neyesithathu - imfundiso yokuziphendukela ubudlelwane kanye olinganise. Encwadini yokuqala wethula postulate V of Euclid, kodwa switched ke okulingana lula.

Yonke imisebenzi ebhalwe Omar Khayyam, wenza banikela ngendlela ebalulekile wezibalo. Izindatshana azibhala abaningi abalandeli ziye zasiza ekuvuleni imithetho emisha kanye postulates.

astronomy

Ngesikhathi ngihlala kwa-Isfahan, Khayyam iphethwe yi- iqembu lososayensi. Ngalezo zinsuku, edolobheni uye wakhonza njengeNkosi indawo ehamba phambili ekuthuthukiseni yesayensi. Malik Shah, imali eningi esabelwe isayensi. Leyo nkathi emlandweni we Seljuk isimo kungenziwa ngokuthi okungcono.

Eminyakeni emihlanu yocwaningo Omar Khayyam engenza ikhalenda entsha, okuyinto libhekene olunembile ikakhulukazi. Esemthethweni ekuthandweni kwayo okwenzeka ngo-1079. Injongo eyinhloko yale ikhalenda kwaba usuku yokubopha ekuqaleni komnyaka ngesikhathi sokulingana kwemini nobusuku Vernal. Waqala ngokuthi "Jalali 'behlonipha Sultan. Isikhathi lwenyanga ekhalendeni kungaba kusuka amabili nesishiyagalolunye kuya ezinsukwini ezingamashumi amathathu nambili. Konke kwakuxhomeke entry kwelanga ku uphawu ezithile zokuma komkhathi. Kwathiwa ezihlongozwayo ukushintsha igama izinyanga nezinsuku, kodwa lokhu kwakwenqatshelwe akazange imile izimpande, futhi kwakuhambisana nokungabi igama uphawu zamanje zezinkanyezi.

Ngesikhathi ukuphila Omar Khayyam eYurophu esetshenziswa likaJulius. Kusukela iphuzu ezinkanyezi umbono, kwaba kahle. Ikhalenda adalwe Omar Khayyam, unembe baningi ngisho nangaphezu kwezinwele ikhalenda likaGregory, okuyinto esetshenziswa Europe kamuva. It is ifaniswe ngokunembe kakhudlwana, ngesikhathi sokulingana kwemini nobusuku Vernal.

Omar Khayyam umsebenzi waba isisekelo sezinguqulo ukudalwa ikhalenda entsha Iranian, owaqala ukusebenza ngo-1079. Ngawo lowo nyaka wazakhela ikhathalogi, ezazihlanganisa uhlu eyikhulu izinkanyezi.

Rubaie

Phakathi nokuphila Omar Khayyam wayaziwa nangokuthi isazi okukhulu. Kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi wabhala izinkondlo achaza isimo sakhe sengqondo ukuze indoda, uthando, ulwazi, kanye nokunye. Abalandeli zezinkondlo Oriental lahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningi aphorisms nezingcaphuno. Kodwa izimbongi ngokuvamile isibaluli imisebenzi yabo Omar Khayyam. Futhi isibalo imisebenzi eyabonakala ngaphansi kwegama Khayyam, sikhulela njalo. Ngo zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili inani imisebenzi ashiwo isazi yasePheresiya, lidlule ayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu.

Thina wabhala izinkondlo ngaphansi kwegama Khayyam eziningi ukubalekela ukushushiswa ngenxa abathanda ifilosofi. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuqonda ukuthi kungakanani ngempela quatrains wabhala Omar Khayyam, kunzima kakhulu. Ochwepheshe abaningi baye bazwakalisa umbono wokuthi, mhlawumbe, isazi yasePheresiya futhi ngabhala nenkondlo. Abanye abacwaningi baye bacabanga ukuthi Omar Khayyam wabhala kusukela ezingamakhulu amathathu ukuba anamakhulu mahlanu Rubaie.

Isikhathi ngokwanele eside ukhohliwe. Kuphela ngemuva kwa-1800 okuqoshiwe Omar Khayyam wawela imbongi kusukela UK, owathatha kuze ukudluliswa yabo. ngokushesha Rubaie yatha- omkhulukazi phakathi abafundi. Ngenxa wonke amavesi asencwadini umsebenzi isazi Persian ziphinde zikwazi amehlo.

Aphorisms, izingcaphuno kanye izinkondlo

Emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva, umsebenzi Omar Khayyam ephethwe ukuthandwa omkhulukazi phakathi abafundi. Kunzima ukukhetha ivesi elithile.

Gqamisa, mhlawumbe, singakwazi ucaphune idatha Omar Khayyam:

• Omunye ngoma Ekuhlakanipheni yami:
  "Ukuphila kufushane - ngakho ake intando yakhe!
  Ngobuqili ukusika izihlahla,
  Kodwa unquma uqobo - lapho isiphukuphuku "!
• Kuyini khona ngemva kwesihenqo ebumnyameni oldness
  Ekubhuleni udidekile izingqondo.
  Lapho ibhidlike nge kwesihenqo ukuphahlazeka
  Sibona konke njengoba thina babenza iphutha.