I-China Ephakathi: ukuqala komlando wombuso omkhulu.

Igama elithi "i-China ephakathi" ayaziwa kahle uma kuqhathaniswa neYurophu yaseYurophu, kusukela emlandweni wezwe kwakungekho ukuhlukaniswa okucacile kube yizikhathi ezithile. Kucatshangwa ngokuyinhloko ukuthi kwaqala ngekhulu lesithathu BC kusukela ekubuseni kweQin Dynasty futhi kwaphela iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili kuze kube sekupheleni kombuso we-Qing.

Umbuso weQin, owawusezingeni elincane elisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwe, lathinta izindawo eziningana emiphakathini yaseningizimu nasentshonalanga, ngokulandela imigomo yezepolotiki ecacile ehlose ukuqinisa amandla. Ngo-221 BC kwakukhona ukuhlanganiswa kwezwe, ngaphambi kokuba lokhu kuqukethe izindawo eziningi ezihlakazekile ze-feudal kanye ne-historiography ebizwa ngokuthi "i-China yasendulo". Umlando kusukela manje uhambe endleleni ehlukile - ukuthuthukiswa kwezwe elisha elihlanganisiwe laseShayina.

I-Qin yayiyiyona eyathuthuka kakhulu emphakathini phakathi kwamazwe aphikisanayo kanye nempi enamandla kunabo bonke. U-Ying Zheng, owaziwa ngokuthi umbusi wokuqala weQin Shihuandi, wakwazi ukuhlanganisa iChina nokuyibuyisela ibe yizwe lokuqala eliyinhloko nenhloko ye-Xianyang (eduze kwedolobha lanamuhla lase-Xi'an), ekuqedeni isikhathi seMpi Yombuso, eyadlula amakhulu eminyaka. Igama ogunyazwe umbusi lalihambisana negama lenye yezinhlamvu ezibalulekile kanye ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wezinganekwane - uHuangdi noma uMbusi Omnyama. Ngemva kokukhishwa kwakhe, u-Ying Zheng wakhulisa udumo lwakhe. "SiyiMbusi Wokuqala, futhi izindlalifa zethu zizobizwa ngokuthi uMbusi Wesibili, uMbusi Wesibili, njalonjalo ezinhlobonhlobo ezingenakubalwa zezizukulwane," usho kanje. I-medieval yaseChina e-historiography ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi "inkathi yobukhosi."

Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, u-Qin Shihuandi waqhubeka nokwandisa umbuso EMpumalanga naseningizimu, ekugcineni kufinyelela emingcele yaseVietnam. Umbuso omkhulu wahlukaniswa waba ama-junks angamashumi amathathu nesithupha (izifunda zamasosha), ezabanjelwa ngokubambisana ngabaphathi babantu kanye nezinduna zempi ezazilawula omunye nomunye. Lesi simiso sasiyisibonelo kubo bonke ohulumeni baseDinas kuze kube sekupheleni kombuso we-Qing ngo-1911.

Umbusi wokuqala akazange ahlangane kuphela ne-China ephakathi. Waguqula isichazamazwi samaShayina, wamisa ifomu lawo elisha njengendlela yokubhala esemthethweni (izazi-mlando eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi lokhu kungukuguqulwa okubaluleke kakhulu kukho konke), kuqinisekiswe uhlelo lwezisindo nezindlela kulo lonke izwe. Lokhu kwakuyisimo esibalulekile sokuqinisa ukuhweba kwangaphakathi kwemibuso ebumbene, ngayinye yawo yayinezindinganiso zayo. Phakathi nenkathi yokubusa kweQin Dynasty (221-206 BC), izikole eziningi zefilosofi, ezazifundisa ngezinga elithile imibono yobukhosi, zaqedwa. Ngo-213 BC yonke imisebenzi equkethe imicabango enjalo, kuhlanganise nomsebenzi kaConfucius, yashiswa ngaphandle kwamakhophi agcinwe eMtatsheni Wase-Imperial. Abacwaningi abaningi bayavumelana nesitatimende ukuthi kwakuyisikhathi se -Qin Dynasty ukuthi igama lombuso lavela - eChina.

Ukubukeka kwaleso sikhathi kwaziwa emhlabeni wonke. Phakathi nokucwaningwa kwezinto zakuvubukulo endaweni yokungcwaba kombusi wokuqala waseShayina (hhayi eduze ne-Xi'an), owaqala ngo-1974, kwatholakala izibalo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyisithupha (amaqhawe, amahhashi). Bamele ibutho elikhulu elilinde ithuna likaQin Shihuandi. Ibutho laseTerracotta liyingxenye yezinto ezivubukulwa kakhulu futhi ezithakazelisayo kunazo zonke eChina. Ngamarekhodi olandelanayo, ukumbelwa kombusi kwachazwa njengendlela encane yombuso wakhe ngezinkanyezi ezidwetshiwe esihlahleni, ngokugeleza kwemifula evela ku-mercury. I-Qin Shihuandi ibizwa ngokudala i- Great Wall yaseChina. Ngenkathi yeQin, izindonga eziningana ezivikelayo zakhiwe emngceleni osenyakatho.

I-Middle Mein China yaqala ukwehla nokwanda kwezokuhweba kwe-opium yaseYurophu, eyayiyimbangela yokuhlaselwa emphakathini futhi ekugcineni yaholela e- opium wars (1840-1842, 1856-1860).