Yisiphi isizathu sokudinga ukuguqula uhlelo lokugunyazwa? Ukungalungi okuyinhloko kokuphathwa kwe-oda

Ifomu elihlelekile likahulumeni yisenzakalo esiyingqayizivele emlandweni we-statehood yaseRussia. Lesi simiso sathuthuka ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili futhi sasibaluleke kakhulu ekuqiniseni isimo samaRashiya. Yini eyenza isidingo sokuguqula uhlelo lokuhleleka, kungani lahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwalo - funda ngezansi.

Ukuvela kwama-oda

Ukwenziwa kohlelo lokuphatha ngokuhlelekile luwela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15. Ukungahambisani kwezenzo zeziphathimandla zendawo akukwazanga ukuqinisekisa ukulawula okuqhubekayo kukahulumeni ezindaweni ezikude nasezindaweni ezikude. Lezo zikhungo ezazisungulwe ngaleso sikhathi azikho imithwalo yemfanelo ecacile . Ngesikhathi sobudlelwane obungavamile nabangenasiphakathi phakathi kwezindawo ezihlukahlukene zezinhloko zokuqashwa, "imiyalo" yavela okwesikhashana, okunye okubizwa ngokuthi "amadidi" noma "izindlu." Imisebenzi yabo yaqondiswa ukuze kugcwaliseke omunye noma omunye umyalelo wegunya eliphakeme. Ngokujwayelekile izikhulu zanikeza lokhu noma leyo oda - "oda" - kumakhwenyana abo ukuze abulawe futhi alawulwe. Inkulumo ethi "ukuba umyalo" ngalesi sikhathi yayihlose ukuqondisa ngqo i-oda le-Prince futhi iqaphe ukuqaliswa kwayo.

Imisebenzi yama-oda

Ukuthi imisebenzi yemithetho yokuqala yaphazamiseka kakhulu, kuboniswa ngamaqiniso alandelayo:

- ukuvela ngokuzenzekelayo kwemilayezo ehlukahlukene ngesikhashana esifanele;

- amadokhumenti angenayo ayebhekiswe kubantu abathile, hhayi, empeleni, esikhungweni;

- indlela yokwenziwa kwemithetho yayisekelwe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "umkhuba wezomthetho", ngakho-ke, kwakungekho isisekelo somthetho jikelele esidingekayo ekugcwalisekeni kwemithetho ecacile futhi engaqondakali, ngakho-ke ukuphumelela kokubusa kwezwe kwahliswa.

Lesi yisizathu esiyinhloko salokho okwenze isidingo sokuguqula uhlelo lokuhleleka.

Imiyalo yokuqala

Izikhungo zokuqala ezinezimiso zombuso ezichazwe ngokucacile noma ezicacile zavela phakathi nekhulu le-16. Uhlelo lokuphatha lwe-Prikaznaya ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XV-XVII. Kungenziwa ngezigaba ngokuhambisana nezici zokusebenza, izizinda noma izigaba.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-oda

Esigabeni sokuqala kungathiwa yizinqumo ezaziphethe isigodlo nezindaba zezezimali. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko i-Order Palace, eyayibophezele ukuphathwa kwesikhulu, wayilawula lawo mazwe nabantu ababengabhekene nokusekela impilo yendlu yesigodlo. Ukuhlelwa kwe-Grand Treasury kwakungenxa yokuqoqwa kwezintela eziqondile futhi kwakha imali, I-Sleigh Order yayingamele izindlu zezikhulu nezindawo zokuzingela njalonjalo.

Isigaba sesibili sibhekene nemibono yokuphathwa kwezempi kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwezigaba ze-prince. Yakha ama-oda Streletskiye, Bronnye, iPushkarskie, Inozemnye nabanye.

Isigaba sesithathu se-oda sasikhethekile ikakhulukazi emsebenzini wezokwehlulela. Umyalelo wendawo wawubandakanyeka ekubhekiseni impahla, uKholopiy, uRazboyny (kamuva - uSyskoy) wayephethe amajele namacala obugebengu, futhi umyalo weZemsky wenza amaphoyisa nokuqondisa amacala phezu kwabantu baseMoscow.

Iqembu lesine yiziphathimandla zendawo. Inombolo yeziyalo zesifunda nezendawo zakhula nenani lezindawo ezixhunywe eRussia. Ngakho-ke, kukhona imiyalo ye-quaternary - uRyazan, uVladimir, uDmitrov, futhi kamuva - iSiberia, iRussia encane nabanye.

Isigaba sesihlanu esiphethe iziphathimandla ezikhethekile . Isibonelo, kwakukhona uMyalelo weMatshe, owayephethe ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamatshe nezakhiwo, Yamskaya, ophethe izinto zokuposa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwakukhona imiyalo yeBhuku, i-Aptekarsky, i-Posolsky nabanye.

Iqembu lesithupha lemithetho laliphethe izindaba zesonto. Lokhu kuhlanganisa i-Monastic Order, iNkantolo yamaPatriatriki kanye nabanye.

Phakathi kwama-oda ahlukene, ubudlelwano bwakhiwa ngokuzenzekelayo, ukusatshalaliswa okucacile kwemithwalo yemfanelo akuzange kwenziwe. Imiyalo ethile ayikwazanga ukunikeza izikhombisi kwabanye. Ukulawula lobudlelwano, ama-oda ahlanganisiwe, angahlukaniswa abe ngumyalelo omkhulu kanye nemiklomelo eminingana. Ngakho-ke, i- ambassador order kuya kuma-70 ekhulwini lama-17 yaqala ukulawula phezu kweMalorossiysk ne-Novgorod. Ukuqedwa kwamandla alokhu noma lo myalelo kwakungapheli: ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kungabuye kuzalwe njengeziko elizimele elinomsebenzi othile.

Ukukhokhelwa kwemali

Uhlelo lwezokuhleleka oluhlelekile lwaluxhaswe ngokuyinhloko. Ezimweni zamanje, izimali zithathwe endaweni ethile, lapho izintela zikhokhwa khona, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, izimali zingadluliselwa kwezinye iziyalo, noma intela ekhethekile ingadalwa. Umthethonqubo wokugeleza kwemali wenziwa yimilayezo enjenge-Order of the Grand Treasury, i-oda lokuqoqa imali eceliwe nokunye. Enye impendulo yombuzo walokho okwenze ukuba isidingo sokuguqula uhlelo lokugunyaza kungaba ukugxila ngokweqile kokugeleza kwemali nokungahambisani nezenzo zamakhodi ahlukahlukene.

Izinguquko zikaPetrovsky

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isimiso somyalo eRussia saqala ukusebenza "ngokwazo," sifuna izinsiza eziningi, futhi bonke abanomthelela omncane. Ukuguqulwa kukaPetru I ngithathe esikhundleni se-oda esingekho emthethweni ngamakholeji ahlukene emisebenzini yawo ecacile, ukuhlukanisa okucacile phakathi kwamagatsha omthetho, aphezulu kanye namacala omthetho. Konke okwakuthiwa isidingo sokuguqula uhlelo lokugunyaza, bekufanele kube into yesikhathi esedlule, kanye nokwethulwa kwamafomu amasha okuphatha afika eRussia ngokufika kwe-tsar-reformer.