"I-Tunguska" (isimiso sokulwa nomshayeli wezindiza nesistimu yesibhamu): incazelo, izici eziyinhloko

Njengoba izindlela zokuhlasela kwe-air of the probable adversary zaqhubeka ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha, kwakudingeka izinhlelo ezintsha zokuvikela umoya. Ngayinye indlela yokulwa nezinjongo ezihamba ngezindiza yayinezinzuzo zayo, kodwa ayizange iyenze ngaphandle kwamaphutha. Omunye wemizamo yokwakha isikhali sonke esingakwazi ukubhubhisa imigomo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, ukuhamba ngamazinga ahlukene, kwakuyi-Soviet TPRK "iTunguska." Mayelana nalokho okufihliwe ngemuva kwegama lekhodi nokuthi yiziphi izinto ezidingekayo ukuze zibukeke enkonzweni, lesi sihloko sizoxoxwa.

I-rocket noma isibhamu se-antiaircraft?

Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20, le missile yaba yindlela esemqoka yokuzivikela emoyeni. Izinzuzo zayo zabonakala ngesikhathi kwenzeka isigameko esidumile ngo-1960, lapho indiza yocingo, ehamba ngendiza engapheli, yadutshulwa phansi yi-Soviet air defense. I-rocket inejubane elikhulu kunazo zonke izikhali ze-artillery, futhi liphakeme. Nokho, ine-drawback enkulu - intengo, kodwa ngemuva kwayo, uma kukhona umbuzo wokuphepha kwemigqa yomoya, akufanelekile ukuma. Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-80, iSoviet Army yathola uhlelo lwe-miscle e-2c6 ebizwa ngokuthi "Tunguska", inhlanganisela yeselula ehlanganiswa kokubili izikhali ze-missile nezikhali. Amathuba anjalo, ahlanganisa "amabili ngaye", ngaleso sikhathi ayengenaso uhlelo lokuzivikela emoyeni emhlabeni. Ukuze kutholakale isidingo esiphuthumayo sezikhali ezinjalo, ukuhlaziywa okuphawulekayo kwezingxabano zamasosha zanamuhla, okwenzeka ngaleso sikhathi, ngenhlanhla, kwamanye amazwe ezweni lethu, kwakudingeka.

Ukuhlangenwe nakho ekusebenziseni i-SZU nomqondo jikelele we "Tunguska"

1973, eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Phakathi neMpi Yom Kippur, izikhulu zezempi zaseSoviet zasiza emazweni ase - Arab abathintekayo empini, kuhlanganise neGibhithe.

Ngo-Okthoba 15, iziteshi zokulandelela zaseGibhithe zabika ngeqembu lama-"Phantom" ase-Israel elisondela oLwandle iMedithera, olunezindiza eziningi. Bahamba endaweni ephansi, bewela iNayile Delta.

Isitha kwakuyizindiza zaseGibhithe. Ngakho-ke abagibeli bezindiza base-Israel bazama ukugwema ingozi yokudubula phansi imicibisholo ye-Soviet eyenziwe e-Soviet ekwazi ukushaya izindiza ezindizayo ezinqenqemeni nasezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, kodwa zazingamangalisa. Phakathi kwezindawo eziningi ezisezindaweni zokuhlangana komfula wasendulo olwandle, abaseGibhithe babeka izinyathelo zokulwa nezindiza ezithi "Shilka" emigqumeni yezimoto, ezihlaba ngokuqondile izindiza kanye nama-fuselages "amaFantom" namathanga abo okusheshayo okudubula. Lezi ZSU zazinama-radar yazo kanye nama-othomathikhi ahle kakhulu, ezasiza ekuqondiseni umlilo okubhekiswe kulo, futhi zisetshenziselwa amabutho aseNyakatho yeVietnam ngenkathi ecindezela ubudlova baseMelika. Ngomqondo othile, umlandeli wakhe wayenguZSU "Tunguska". Amasistimu e-missile wokuzivikela emoyeni abe nemingcele emkhawulweni ophansi wezinga eliphezulu, nezinyathelo eziphikisayo zokulwa nezindiza - emkhawulweni ongaphezulu. Futhi e-USSR banquma ukuhlanganisa amakhono alawa amabili izinhlobo zokulwa nezindiza kuhlelo olulodwa.

Izinhlobo, ukuguqulwa namagama

Lezi zinkimbinkimbi zaqala ukusebenza neSoviet Army ngo-1982, ngokushesha nje emva kokuba u-Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant iqale umkhankaso wokuqala wokuhlola izimoto. Kusukela ekuqaleni, le phrojekthi yayinezintambo eziyimfihlo, echaza ezinye zezinto ezingafani phakathi kwamakhodi, izinombolo kanye nezinhlamvu ezabekwe emithonjeni evulekile. Ngezinye izikhathi amagama omshini 2C16 ("Tunguska"). Uhlelo lwe-anti-aircraft lwe-missile lwe-2C6 oluhle kakhulu, ngokusobala kwakukhona i-typo, nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi i- "16" nayo ingenye uhlobo. Ukuphelela kwemishini yezempi kwenziwa njalo, lokhu kuyindlela evamile kuyo yonke amabutho ezwe. Ngo-1990 kwavela "Tunguska-M". Uhlelo lokulwa ne-cannon-missile uhlelo lwangaphakathi futhi lwamukelwe uhlelo olusha lokulawula uhlelo olufaka umtholi we- laser, "umngane nomunye" umtshina, futhi isitshalo samandla sasihlotshaniswa yiyunithi yamandla esisizayo.

Ukusebenza kwesikhathini sesimanje sekuthuthukile ngemuva kokuwa kweSoviet Union ezinzima ezingu-90. Umphumela waba yi-cannon-missile complex "Tunguska-M1", incazelo efinyeleleka kakhulu, ngenxa yokuthi lokhu kuguqulwa kwasithunyelwa, ikakhulukazi eNdiya. Ikhodi esetshenziswe kaningi i-2K22. Lona ukubizwa kwefektri uhlelo lwe-Tunguska missile. Uhlelo lokulwa ne-canon-missile uhlelo lune-NATO "negama" - "Grison SA-19".

Amehlo e-elekthroniki nobuchopho

Kusuka egameni lezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kucacile ukuthi isibhamu sayo sinezinto ezimbili - izikhali zokulwa nezikhali zokulwa nezikhali. Zombili lezi zakhi zinezinhlelo zokuqondisa ngabanye, kodwa ama-radar anikezela ulwazi mayelana nesimo sezulu, ajwayelekile (ngezigaba ezimbili). Yilawa "amehlo" afuna isisindo kwimodi eyindilinga. Usesho lwezinkampani luhlinzekwa yisiteshi esiphezulu, kanti uma kungenzeka ukuxhumana okubonwayo, ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuvula kuyamukeleka.

Uhlelo olusha kakhulu alukwazi nje ukucacisa izindiza zalo noma lomunye umuntu , kodwa futhi nokubika ngokuthembeka ubuzwe balo kude kube ngu-18 km.

I-2C6 (noma i-ZRPK 2S16) I-Tunguska ingakwazi ukulondoloza amathekisthi emoyeni ngezibalo eziningana (ukungahambisani nendawo, ukuxhumanisa ezintathu, ukuxhumanisa okubili kwe-angular) usebenzisa idatha ye-radar yayo noma ye-radar yangaphandle. Ikhompiyutha eyakhelwe ngaphakathi iwenza izibalo ezidingekayo. Ukuguqula indlela ethile yokuphatha ukuhambisa noma ukudubula kuzenzakalelayo, kuye ngokuthi izinga lokulinganisa kwe-elekthronikhi nezinga lokuphazamiseka. Uma izibalo ezizenzakalelayo zingenakwenzeka, umlilo ulawulwa ngesandla.

Izikhali

Isibhamu sokuzivikela ngokuzivikela "Shilka" (ZSU-23-4) sabonisa ukusebenza kwayo okusezingeni, kodwa ngasekupheleni kwe-70s i-TTX yayo yaphela ukwanelisa amasosha aseSoviet. Izimangalo zihanjiswe ngokuyinhloko ekulinganiseni okungenele (22 mm), okwenza kube nomonakalo omncane wokulimala. Izibhamu ZRPK 2S16 "Tunguska" ezinamandla kakhulu, amashumi amathathu-millimetri, nenombolo yabo yayingxenye, yayinezinkomba ezimbili. Lokhu kunjalo nje uma kungcono kakhulu, kodwa kungcono. Ububanzi bomlilo bunyuke kusuka ku-2.5 kuya ku-8 km, futhi ukuqina komlilo, naphezu kwenani elincane lemibhobho, lenyuka kusuka ku-3.4 kuya ku-5 nxazonke ngomzuzu.

AmaRobethi

Isikhali esiyinhloko senkimbinkimbi yi-missile eqondiswa ngezindlela ezimbili 9M311. Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu. Isiteji sokuqala yi-fuel enamandla, okuyinto igobolondo elincane elincane eligcwele ugesi. Ingxenye yesibili, eqondisa ngokuqondile ihlose, ayinayo injini, ihamba njengegobolondo yamagundane ngenxa yesikhukhula esitholwe ngesikhathi sokusheshisa, kodwa singalawulwa yi-generator kagesi esesigabeni somsila. Ukuxhumeka kwe-missile ngokuthunyelwa kokulawula kuyindlela ebonakalayo, ehlinzeka ngomzimba ongenamzimba wokuzivikela. Isiqondiso senziwa kwimodi yomyalo womsakazo othomathikhi ngokusetshenziswa kwamafrekhrikhi encwadi, asetshenziswe ngaphambi kokuqaliswa ohlelweni lwezokuvikela lwe-Tunguska missile. Isistimu ye-missile kanye nesibhamu yezibhamu yizifunda zayo azibandakanyi ukutholakala komshini noma ukuvuselelwa kwe-missile. Ukuze kunqotshwe okuqinisekisiwe, ukushayisana okubhekiswe kulitshe akudingeki, lo fuse uzoqinisekisa ukwandiswa kwezinto ezithinta induku ebangeni elifunayo kumodi ongenayo yokuxhumana. Abaqalisi abayisishiyagalombili.

I-Chassis

Ukuhamba kwamakhemikhali okuvikela emoyeni endaweni yangaphambili, okuyiyona eyinkimbinkimbi eyenzelwe ngempela, akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwe-chassis enamandla, enokwethenjelwa futhi ephakeme esheshayo enekhono eliphakeme lokuhamba ezweni. Ukuze ugweme udoti olungadingekile, kunqunywe ukukhweza uhlelo lwe-2K22 lwe-aircraft missile kanye ne-cannon ohlelweni lwesitokisi esingaphansi kwe- GM-352 yeyunithi eyakhelwe ngaphambili "Osa". Ijubane lemoto elikhuphuka emgwaqweni omkhulu liyi-65 km / h, ezimweni zomgwaqo noma ezindaweni ezisezingeni eliphansi ngokwemvelo (kusuka ku-10 ukuya ku-40 km / h). Injini ye-diesel V-46-2S1 enekhono lama-710 amalitha. Nge. Inikeza i-angle yokuphakamisa ye-35 °. Ukumiswa kwamathrekhi womkhondo wethrekhi womkhondo ngabanye, nge-drive ye-hydropneumatic, ehlanganisa ukulungiswa kokuphakama kwe-hoist phezu komhlaba.

The Crew

Ukuvikelwa kwabasebenzi kunikezwa izikhali ze-bulletproof nokulwa nokuhlukaniswa kwehholo eliphethwe yilo lonke. Isihlalo somshayeli sisemgqeni wemoto, ngaphandle kwakhe, abanye abantu abathathu embhoshongweni weselula (umlawuli wamaphoyisa, umqhubi we-radar kanye nomshayeli webhayisikili) yi-crew of system ye-Tunguska missile. I-anti-aircraft missile kanye ne-cannon eyinkimbinkimbi ithatha ishintsho esimweni se-8 imizuzwana, ukubuyiswa kwayo (usebenzisa umshini okhethekile okusekelwe ku-KamAZ-43101) kuthatha imizuzu engu-16.

Isikhathi esinjalo sidinga ukuqeqeshwa okuhle kakhulu nokuqeqeshwa okuphakeme, okufezwa umsebenzi wokuqeqesha oqhubekayo.

Abadali benkimbinkimbi

Amazwi akhethekile afanelwe umklami omkhulu wesistimu - A. Shipunov, V.P. Griazev, owadala izibhamu, noV.M Kuznetsov, oyisiqalo esiyinhloko e-rocket projectiles, okusebenza ngayo imizamo ethi "Tunguska". Uhlelo lwe-anti-aircraft kanye ne-cannon uhlelo lwabangelwa ukubambisana kwamabhizinisi amaningi ase-USSR. I-chassis yomkhumbi yakhiwa eMinsk, esitshalweni se-trekta, izinhlelo zokuqondisa zahlanganiswa futhi zahlushwa ngokuthi "I-Signal", i-optics - eLeningrad LOMO. Ezinye izinhlangano zesayensi nezokukhiqiza zeSoviet Union nazo zahlanganyela kulo msebenzi.

Izikhali zempi zenziwa eTula, amaqoqo akhishwe eKrov ("Mayak").

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwesicelo

Okwamanje awekho isimiso esiphezulu sokuvikela uhlelo lokuvikela izindiza emhlabeni kuneTunguska. I-anti-aircraft cannon-missile system, noma kunjalo, ingakaze isetshenziselwe injongo yayo ehlosiwe. Ngesikhathi sokulwa e-Chechen Republic, kwakusetshenziselwa ukushisa umlilo emigomeni yomhlaba, kodwa ngaleyo njongo kukhona izinhlobo ezikhethekile zemishini nezinhlamvu. Ukuvikelwa kwezikhali ze-2K22 kwakunganele ukuqhuba impi yezwe. Ngemuva kwezinhlelo eziyishumi nambili zezinhlelo ze-Tunguska-M1 zokuxoshwa zathola ukulimala okuyishumi nanhlanu (ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yemigqa ye-RPG), umyalo waba nesiphetho esinengqondo mayelana nokusebenza kabi kwezikhali zokuzivikela emoyeni ngezimo zempi yama-guerrilla. I-Consolation ingaba ukungabikho kokulahlekelwa kwabasebenzi.

Isakhiwo senhlangano

Izakhiwo ze-Tunguska-M zokuzivikela emoyeni zenzelwe ukubhubhisa izinhloso eziyinkimbinkimbi njengama-helicopter kanye nemicibisholo ehamba ngezinyawo. Empi enamandla, umshini ngamunye onjalo ungenza izinqumo ezizimele, eqondiswa isimo sokusebenza, kodwa ephumelela kakhulu inikezwa uhlelo lweqembu. Ngenxa yalokhu, izakhiwo zomyalelo wezempi ezifanele zihlelekile.

Ku-platoon ngayinye equkethe izinhlelo ezine ze-Tunguska missile, uhlelo lokulwa nomshayeli we-aircraft kanye ne-cannon uhlelo oluhlelwe yi-Rangier post-command post, umlawuli, okwakhiwa, ngokubambisana ne-platoon ehlomile nge-Strela SAM, iyunithi ekhudlwana - i-missile ne-artillery antiaircraft Ibhetri. Kanti, amabhethri ayaphansi kwesakhiwo sokuhlukanisa noma sokulawula.