Uhlelo "lwe-Tulip". 2С4 "I-Tulip" (240 mm) - ukufakwa komthunzi okuzenzekelayo

Phakathi ubutha ngokugcwele, futhi imisebenzi phambi ukuletha iziteleka umlilo elinamandla isitha usebenzisa ezihlukahlukene missile kanye wezikhali izindlela. Okwakubaluleke ngokukhethekile ukuthi kungenzeka umonakalo esiphezulu uma kuhlaselwa the kahle izivikelo umugqa. Labadubuli we izibhamu, eyenzelwe bazibandakanye ezinde phezu indiza phansi nge trajectory flat le projectile ngokuvamile lokhu akuphumeleli. Afihliwe izinqaba komhlaba avikelekile, ukuze awabhubhise, kuthatha ibhola ezinhle kusukela phezulu. Ngezinye izikhathi kuvela ukuthi engenamsebenzi, naphezu endaweni enkulu ekubhujisweni izici ezishisayo, ngisho simiso volley umlilo.

"Tulip"

Izithombe zalesi nosimende self ezinezinjini kubaneka amasayithi kanye namakhasi izincwadi ngokuqondene sibhicongo eMpumalanga ye-Ukraine. UNgqongqoshe wezokuVikela Valery Geleta, evakashele ePoland, wathi lapho lokhu "zakamuva" isikhali ibekwe anawo nabezempi of emngceleni osempumalanga ngesikhathi ekuhlolweni e zilwe yangempela. Ngokushesha kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi nosimende self ezinezinjini neze izwi lokugcina kwentuthuko lempi nezobuchwepheshe isiRashiya, uphuzwe out of umkhiqizo ingxenye yesine eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. akazange Seziyephi amabutho ahlomile uhlelo "Tulip"? usizo Military kuya "umakhelwane enyakatho" nganoma yini. Ngokusho abasebenzi kokubili DNI (kodwa Mibili kuphela) ukufakwa ethumba ngesikhathi ukulwa nesitha, APU, nalowo phansi nojeke Big, enye Ilovaiskaya kubhayela. Kodwa ukudideka iyanda lapho bekhuluma ngayo chemical ongaqondakali futhi izikhali ngisho zenuzi ezingaba ukudubula nosimende self ezinezinjini bobabili basolwa ngokudlala. Ezinye izenzakalo ungazange waqinisekisa ukuthi uvalo lwezazi Ukrainian ekomkhulu Ato. Nokho, umbuzo uyasala njengoba ukuthi ngezizathu kwakufanele afinyelele siphi isiphetho lowo kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa nabezempi izikhali zembubhiso, futhi yini babe uhlelo "Tulip"? Ingabe ngempela umbono wesabeka kangaka? Yini okukhethwa kukhona? Kuzinjongo idaliwe futhi nini? Yini ekubhujisweni kungaba empeleni ukukhiqiza, ngamanye amazwi, yiziphi idatha Tactical futhi technical? Ngenxa kukhulunywa kaningana emaphephandabeni nakuthelevishini lolu hlobo isikhali kufanele ekususeni umgubuzelo ekusithekeni ngemuva okuyinto ezifihliwe wezikhali uhlelo "Tulip".

Ekushintshashintsheni emgqeni party

Umlando yentuthuko post-yimpi ye-Soviet uhlelo wezikhali self ezinezinjini ugcwele idrama, futhi ngakho-ke ithakazelisa kakhulu. Ngemva kokuthi i-impumelelo umxhwele Soviet missile ubuchwepheshe, ukudalwa abathwali InterContinental ballistic futhi kwethulwa satellite kuqala ubuholi wezwe lapho sibhekene uNobhala Okokuqala iKomiti Central we CPSU , NS Khrushchev sekukhona umqondo wokuthi izibhamu kokudubula projectiles - ". Stone Age" samuntu usuku langaphambilini, Ukubeka umholi weqembu wazama phikisana, kodwa, unikezwa intukuthelo yakhe abukhali, wakwenza kunalokho timidly, okwaholela ekubhujisweni sekuyaphela zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa wezikhali isihlangu ngaphandle Amabutho esitha. "Ngaphansi Knife" bonke babengaphansi izibhamu ezinkulu-osezingeni, ngisho yempi ku bekene ezifakiwe. Kodwa kwakukhona ngentuthuko ... Ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi CB impi B. Shavyrina yakhelwe M-240 240 mm ezigqulweni, okuyinto ngo-1951 saya ku-chungechunge. Umlilo achubeke at ibanga 8 amakhilomitha, futhi spetszaryadom futhi kuze kufinyelele 9.7 km. Mina (projectile nge amaphiko) kuhlaziywe 130 kg, kube kufakwa le breech emgqonyeni, like izibhamu. lusizo yakhe engokomfanekiso kuye kwaholela kuvalwe ukukhiqizwa ngo-1958.

Ngemva ukususwa kusuka kokuthunyelwe of "uNobhala Jikelele, le umenzi wezimangaliso," ubuholi obusha usebuyele umqondo yokudala ezinkulu-osezingeni izimoto wezikhali ukulwa. Ngefa ifa neminyaka yempi ecindezelekile isampula. Empini zanamuhla, SU-100 futhi SU-152 ubengase khombisa kwesiphetho lusizo ephelele futhi yisikhathi.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, iButho Lempi Lase- eVietnam isicelo M-109 howitzer ensimini, okubangela umonakalo amabutho Viet Cong. Shot kubiza Treasury US ngaphezulu ngemali ephansi airstrike noma Salvo nangomcibisholo, futhi umphumela akuyona bakhiphe elezinga eliphansi.

Design bureau wahlanganyela wezikhali, wanikezwa umsebenzi ngokushesha isinqumo leKomiti Central futhi uMkhandlu woNgqongqoshe on ukuthuthukisa entsha wezikhali izinhlelo zokuzisiza ezinezinjini. Ngo sixties sekwephuzile we laseKharkov Tractor-tank ifektri kwadingeka ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze uqale ukukhiqizwa 2C2 "uhlobo lwembali enephunga elimnandi" 122mm, Volgograd ukwenza 122-milimitha "Violet" futhi esifundeni esise-Ural, ubuhanjelwe amasampula amabili. Aba "Acacia" (self-eyayimfuqa howitzer 152mm) nodaka uhlelo "Tulip". Zinjalo izimbali.

Izinkinga chassis

Kokwamukelwa sokuthuthukiswa isampula eziyingqayizivele izikhathi, izisebenzi KB, eholwa Yuriem Tomashovym, owayeke wacabanga nge bangaki izinkinga eyobhekana. Nokho, ngaleso Perm Machine-Isakhiwo Plant yaqanjwa VI Lenin (manje "MZ"), babengesabi nobunzima, futhi njalo ixazululwe yonke imisebenzi enzima, futhi babebaningi. Kufakazela mayelana ukuba nezeluleko ezinhle futhi ukukhalipha onjiniyela Soviet uthi izitifiketi amashumi-copyright etholwe inkambo 2S4 iphrojekthi "Tulip".

I netivimba main babengamakhulu amabili: eziningi isisindo uhlelo nokubuyiselwa engakaze yenziwe nodaka. imoto zilandelwa, okwakubekelwa wayeqondeni isicelo, kwaba enganele esithwele umthamo, ke bangaqhubeka amathani 21.4 (okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi kakhulu). "Tulip" uhlelo Nokho, kuhlaziywe ezingaphezu kuka amabili nesikhombisa. State-wide umkhakha ukuzivikela nokubambisana iye yasiza ukuxazulula le nkinga. CB "Transmash" usefake kwadingeka imoto RK Sokuqalisa "Umbuthano", okuyinto wanquma ukusebenzisa, okwenza izinguquko ezidingekayo kwesakhiwo. Njengoba ezothatha isikhundla injini 400-amahhashi nesilingo esinamandla kakhulu (520 hp) axazulula inkinga okwandayo ukuphila ngesivinini nasenkonzweni 3,000 5,000 km), ngoba umlilo "Tulip" izinhlelo bebelokhu impi yangempela, ukuhambisa ngaphezulu futhi ngokushesha kunokuba iziqhumane. Awukwazi baphikisa ngokuthi chassis waya KB Yu Tomashov eseqedile, kwakufanele kakhulu iguqulwe ngu esikhundleni ku-80% we izakhi zilandelwa isizinda, kodwa izinzuzo kusukela ngokubambisana neNhlangano ababasebenzisayo akunakuphikwa.

Yileso ukubuya!

Ngesikhathi sesivivinyo, owokuqala sibonelo yokulinga yokuvivinya "Rzhevka" kabili elikhulu kwakhala. balandela Okwesithathu. Isizathu - esindayo duty igagasi elinamandla wadala isimiso "Tulip". Super onokwethenjelwa futhi super-ezinzima imishini lempi yaphuka ukubuyela air strike. I ipuleti ukwesekwa esisogwini izindlu, aqhephukile, nophethiloli amathangi ngayinyomfoza ngayiphosa njengoba ephepheni. Igalelo sasinamandla kakhulu, kwakulinganiselwa at angu-450. kungathatha phezu umhlaba kuphela, ngakho-ke umcabango wokuthi Ukugcizelelwa uzimele umshini kwadingeka ukuba uyekwe. ephakamisa akhethekile ukwehlisa iyunithi drive wokubacindezela lwenzelwe, ngokubeka emgqonyeni e-isikhundla labadubuli.

Ngakho imizamo okuningi kwabasiza. Phakathi ukuhlolwa ngesikhathi indawo eduze Kaliningrad enamandla kakhulu howitzer inganono 152 mm ubukhulu ayikwazanga kubangele umonakalo elisemqoka kuya pillboxes ukhonkolo, kuyilapho hit yabo yokuqala abhubhise isimiso of "Tulip". Izikhali, okufakazela ekulenzeni libe namandla futhi waba nokwethenjelwa sebengenwe ekukhiqizweni. Ngo-1969, amakhophi amathathu ezakhiwa, kanye isampuli yalugunyaza iminyaka emibili.

isiqu

Ukuqhubeka - izinga okuhle ngawo wonke izikhali. ubuchwepheshe Mature futhi kungase kutholakale idatha yomsebenzi osizayo enamathiselwe imodeli nokwethenjelwa, esinciphisa lezimanga ezingadingekile ngesikhatsi kokuhlinzwa. Kuqhubeke futhi uhlelo izici umlilo emgqonyeni "Tulip" ukuwugcina ngokuphelele izimfanelo umkhiqizo M-240, ithuthukiswe ngonyaka penultimate we impi ngaphansi kobuholi N. Kalachnikova futhi S. N. Dernova, ayifake isevisi ngo-1958. Perm Machine SKB umise towed "inzuzo nosimende", okusho awukwazi ukususa ngokuzimela (ugandaganda edingekayo), kodwa kwadingeka ezingeni lelisetulu firepower. Yena uyala breech, eyasebenza njengodonga esangweni nesibaya-up. Lapho 1967 waqala ukuklama uhlelo, "Tulip", isikhali wathola chassis yayo nezinye amayunithi eziningi, wasinikeza neliphelele kunalelo, kodwa futhi ukubaluleka ke liye lenyuka (kuze ruble Soviet ayizinkulungwane 200).

I sibonelo kwaba ngesiRashiya elula kodwa ethembeke kakhulu futhi enembile, futhi ehambisana namasiko kazwelonke. kudivayisi ukufinyela ekwakhiweni kwakukhala ibhungane, umshini kwaba ifakwe indlela isikulufa kuhloswe, imicibisholo odluliselwa isikhundla labadubuli, isidladla shvornevoy, compensators, plate isizinda (kuye, ekugcineni, futhi kwadingeka abuyiselwe), kanye emehlweni. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, umlilo kungaholela ngu amakhilomitha eziyisishiyagalombili, futhi ngo-1953 lokhu ibanga lancipha 9.7 km ngezithukuthuku imiphumela yesikhathi eside ezayo projectile ekhethekile enezimpiko.

Isiqu lokhu nosimende esindayo futhi ifa izinhlelo, "Tulip", eyamukelwa Army lamaSoviet laqala ngo-1971.

izinhlamvu ezikhethekile "daredevil"

Amandla okubhubhisa lezi zikhali uhlukile phakathi izigqulo. Ukuze ukulayisha edingekayo indlela ekhethekile. Uphondo lapho ukuqhuma kudala projectile izibhamu 2C4 "Tulip" enesisindo 130 kg ukuqhuma has a ububanzi of 10 amamitha. Icala evamile yakhiwa ezimbili amakhilogremu of TNT. Lena ngamandla amakhulu, kodwa ngaphandle ukuthi, ngoba ukunqotshwa ngempumelelo ilitshe liyadingeka nokunemba. Ukuze uthuthukise ke kudinga isiqondiso uhlelo olukhethekile, esihlinzeka ithuba e-indiza ukulungiswa. Yokutholwa ngo-1982, kwenza kwaba nomfutho omkhulu olunembile ikakhulukazi "daredevil" (1K113) ngongqimba ezincane ngaphandle kwenkokhiso (69 kg), kodwa ifakwe i ayisishiyagalombili-side okuqinile-rocket thrusters. Lokhu izinhlamvu ezikhethekile, okuyinto hybrid ye igobolondo wezikhali, futhi missile inezidingo control unit yayo, kanye rangefinder pointer. isiqondiso ukulungiswa Kwenziwa okukhanyisa nge ugodo laser. imishini operation isikhathi imizuzwana engaphansi kwemithathu, ukuthi akabashiyi yimuphi ithuba lokusinda isitha nge ngisho imishini kunazo obusezingeni uyakwazi impi ngogesi futhi iqondiswa ukuphazamiseka kagesi.

Ezinye izinhlobo kwezimayini

"Daredevil" nenhloso yayo yasekuqaleni kwaba projectile eyenzelwe ukuhlasela izimoto zempi. Lokhu akuzange kuvimbele ukusetshenziswa kwaso ngezinye imisebenzi, efana nokulinyazwa, okuyinto usezuze Okubaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi sempi Afghanistan. Ukubukeka isikhali ayikaziwa umphakathi, ukuthi wenzeni, uhlelo "Tulip" - ezempi. Photo of a akuxhomekile elilinganiselwe Soviet Army amasosha nezikhulu wafuna ngokwabo kugcizelele isizinda esigqulweni omkhulu, kunezinto ezingabazisayo emkhakheni ukucwaninga ngezizathu izinto ekusithekeni. Akumangazi-ke ukuthi kwakungenjalo. Ukusetshenziswa lolu hlobo isikhali awuzange ikhangiswe. Arsenal izinhlamvu, okuyinto lingashajwa 2S4 nosimende "Tulip" ahlukahlukene. Ukuqhumisa amacala ethulwa cluster "Ama-nerpa" ku ukuqhuma okuyinto ehlakazekile ephezulu alufakwa izakhi ZOF16 futhi incendiary "Sajda" uyakwazi napalm futhi ngashisa zonke izinto eziphila endaweni ka cishe 8000 square metres. m.

Kodwa ngaphandle kwenkokhiso evamile, ingasetshenziswa futhi ekhethekile. Ngokwesibonelo, Tactical okwami amandla enuzi e kilotons ezimbili (3VB4) noma i-neutron ( "umgubuzelo" noma "resin"). Mayelana Temphi Letitichumane siyiswe chemical akwaziwa, kodwa uhla ukulwa nokusetshenziswa e asebenzayo-jet uhlelo kwezidingo kuze kube amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi kusikisela ukuthi kungenzeka enjalo.

Yikuphi okungcono: "Tulip" noma MRL?

Ukuze akhulule iziteleka omkhulu ekumelaneni nesitha nesikhathi izingxabano ngamazwe zeminyaka yamuva emazweni amaningi, avame kusetshenziswa MLRS "Grad" BM-21. Kulesi simo, inani elikhulu izinzuzo, kuhlanganise izindleko iphansana, ubulula nokwethenjelwa ngamandla amakhulu okubhubhisa kusimo, kodwa okubi Sebenzisa kuhlinzwa isiteleka "Grad" abakwazi. amagobolondo zako ziyizindlela zingalawuleki, akukho amadivayisi ukulungiswa yendlela aklanywe ngayo kungaqali, kodwa ngokuvamile akuyona ukuphela kwalesi simiso yadalwa. Uma ufuna hit endlunkulu, ukuxhumana maphakathi noma ezinye izinto ezincane, kungcono ukuba sibhekane nale nosimende umsebenzi "Tulip". amaningi kwethulwa rocket uhlelo lusebenza ku endaweni, amagobolondo yayo "abayizimpumputhe". Ukuze uqhathanise izindlela ezimbili ukuze sinye siyafanana umlilo ukucindezelwa umsebenzi kungenziwa emelelwa nenkemba angababulali. Noma yimuphi zalezi zinhlobo izikhali bladed kungase kudingeke, kodwa ngamunye wabo - isikhathi sabo.

Ngezinga elifanayo, "Tulip" akuyona lincane kakhulu amathuluzi ngongqimba ezinkulu ezifana nezinhlamvu, One Shot ngomzuzu, okuyinto ngokushesha kunokuba sibonelo M-240 izikhathi eziyisihlanu. Lokhu kufezwa ngokusebenzisa rotary ukushaja indlela eyingqayizivele, kusungulwe Yu Tomaszów.

Kulezo zimo lapho nangomcibisholo omkhulu kanye wezikhali ukulungiselela, kunzima ukusebenzisa ngezikhali ezingcono ezifana "Tulip". amaningi iziqhumane "iSiphepho" (noma "Castle") ziyosebenza zebanga (kufika ku-40 km), futhi nenombolo ekhishwe iyunithi amagobolondo isikhathi.

Afghanistan

Ngemva ayehlasela Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, kobuholi ezempi akazange sisheshe sizazise bezikhali lesi sikhali. Esinye sezizathu Inhloso kulolu zihlanganisa ukuntuleka umkhuba futhi ukudubula amakhono ezintabeni, lapho amazinga amaphuzu labadubuli kanye nemigomo yazo ihluke kakhulu. Kwadingeka ukuba ngifunde ngokuhamba impi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu baba nomuzwa wokuthi njengoba impi emikhulu efana ngeke, namabutho ngokushesha, ngemva usizo emfushane futhi ngempumelelo ukubuyela e-USSR. Kube nezinkinga zokuthutha in abampofu umgwaqo enamadwala imishini esindayo kangaka, uhlelo "Tulip". Nokho, esigqulweni, kwaba ziphoqa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Of 588 izibhamu ekhiqizwa ngaphambi 1988, empini Afghan, ubuhanjelwe amayunithi 120 kule nqubo. Isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ezivamile ephezulu alufakwa kwehlukana amagobolondo, kodwa kwezinye izimo, ngesikhathi edingekayo ukunemba okuphezulu ukunqotshwa wezikhali wasisebenzisa "Braves" laser ukulungisa, ematfuba hit ngqo ku umgomo imitha emithathu okuza ku-90%. Of Ikakhulukazi ukubaluleka uhlelo "Tulip" labawatfolile esifundvweni nobe izindawo lokushaya ebiyelweyo ifakwe ngesikhathi izinqaba noma ukubhujiswa mayini emihumeni. Wawunodonga ukubaluleka ngokucacile wendawo. I eziqhelelene impahla main esetshenziswa amabutho emelene nohulumeni ukuze kwakhiwe izinqaba e-Afghanistan babe rocks argillaceous itshe athambe kahle ukuthi bashona a 122-mm howitzer amagobolondo, ezingalotshwanga ephukile, ngokufanele, akazange umonakalo ngempela ukuba abavikeli. Art. uhlelo "Tulip" bukhicite yayo 240-milimitha 130-kilogram okwami ekubhujisweni enamandla kakhulu. Futhi uma ucabangela ukuthi amandla amaningi kuhlangene ukunemba okuphezulu komlilo, iyasiza yalezi zikhali ibonakala ngempela kunengqondo. Afghanistan kwakunjalo lokuqala ukulwa layo ukusetshenziswa. Kodwa, ngeshwa, hhayi zokugcina.

Chechnya neminye imikhankaso wezempi

Phakathi kwezinye zezimpi eziningi lesifunda ukuthi ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union kwabheduka ngokushesha ngemva kokuwa kwayo, ayingozi kakhulu isimo Russian namathemba ahambisana nako kwaba empini Chechen. Yaqala kabi kakhulu, futhi lwenziwe nokusetshenziswa cishe zonke izinhlobo izikhali, ngaphandle nalezi leze ka proportionality. Futhi benza impi inkulumo-ze. Ngemva kokubhujiswa sokuhlala kwakhe Dzhokhar Dudayev usegxeke amasosha kahulumeni e ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi. Eqinisweni, Yiqiniso, akukho amabhomu e-athomu Army Russian is hhayi kabusha. Lesi sigodlo wadubula uhlelo "Tulip". Nokho, ifotho amanxiwa, kungaba ngesikhathi esithile elula inkulumo-ze umfanekiso le nguqulo ye izenzakalo. Mina wafohla Uphahla, iphansi zonke izibuya iqhume, esikhiqiza ukubhonga esabekayo emiphongolweni.

Phakathi nekhulu lesibili Chechen umkhankaso, izikhali ngokunemba zazisetshenziswa kakhulu ngaphezulu. 2S4 "Tulip" izinyanga zokuqala ezimbili isitha wadubula ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane imizuzu, kuhlanganise 60 laser-alungisa futhi 40 cluster.

Wezikhali kanye uhlelo nosimende "Tulip" uhlukile, alinaso analogue emhlabeni ezindabeni zezempi. Into ethi ayifane is lokuzama ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II ukudala baseMelika, kodwa iphrojekthi ngokushesha, "simisiwe" ngemva onjiniyela baye nazo eziningi nobunzima, futhi ngemva amaJalimane ecela umaluju, nePentagon ayisenandaba ukuqhubeka isigaba nosimende self ezinezinjini esindayo.

I "Tulip" Yiqiniso, nobubi obuthile. Umshini sinzima, encwadini yakhe ethi kunalokho okunemibandela kusukela mass zomculo kuphezulu kakhulu. Amatilosi, ehlanganisa abantu abahlanu uma kwenzeka ukungqubuzana oqeqeshwe kahle sihlome anti-ukuketula iqembu kusho isitha izoba nobunzima. Ochwepheshe uqaphele uhla ngempumelelo elincane (ngaphansi kwama-10 km ukuze akhe amagobolondo ezivamile futhi kuze kufinyelele amabili asebenzayo-esisheshayo), okuyinto siba sibi izimo kwesicelo spetszaryadov (okuyinto akukenzeki empilweni yangempela).

Nokho, akuyona ngaphandle nemiphumela ethile engathandeki ubuchwepheshe. Futhi nje, "Tulip" is hhayi kukhiqizwa kusukela 1988.