Lapho emuva 1330 Bertold Shvarts, indela German eyathola neziqhumane Propellant izakhiwo, yena ngicabange ukuthi kungaba ngukhokho unkulunkulu entsha - unkulunkulu impi.
Umsuka wezikhali
Ukuvula indela isicelo ngokushesha ezindabeni zezempi, futhi ngokushesha ayelapho ezindaweni ezimbili ukuthuthukiswa izikhali, lapho ngokuphonsa izakhiwo neziqhumane ezisetshenziswa. Eyokuqala yalezi kwaba ukudala engasindi izingalo ngesandla esincane, kwesibili - ukukhiqizwa kwezibhamu. Ukuvela namavolovolo ayizange kwaholela ukudalwa uhlobo olusha amabutho. Bamane ehlome ekhona, esikhundleni elihamba nabamahhashi neminsalo ukukhanya javelins - imicibisholo. Kodwa ukubukeka izibhamu bakha ibutho elisha, okuyinto eRussia nabo babizwa ngokuthi "umlilo ingubo", nokuthi umhlaziyi Italian Niccolò Tartaglia izingalo ezihlongozwayo ukubiza wezikhali, lapho ukuhumusha kusho "ubuciko sokudubula." Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lesi amabutho wabonakala kahle ngaphambi kuvulwa indela isiJalimane, nge kokusungulwa iqhubezele imishini lokuqala - ballista. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, unkulunkulu impi wezikhali kwaba ngokunembile nge ukudalwa nezibhamu.
Ukuthuthukiswa uNkulunkulu ka War
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amasosha akuyona emi namanje, kanye wezikhali is hhayi kuphela ngcono, kodwa futhi izinhlobo ezintsha ekhombisa: howitzers, ezigqulweni, amaningi iziqhumane nabanye. Ngo amabili wezikhali ekhulwini wabusa ngempela izimpi. Futhi ekwakhiweni kwamathuluzi athuthukile kanye wezikhali nezinhlamvu.
izinhlobo amagobolondo
Igobolondo lokuqala, elikhiphe yesitha, Kayisilutho ngaphandle itshe ezivamile, i-ballista elishajekayo. Ngokwethulwa izibhamu, baqala ukusebenzisa itshe ekhethekile, bese nengaphakathi metal. Ayesebenza ekulahlekelweni isitha ngenxa energy kinetic etholwe ngesikhathi kokudubula. Kodwa ngisho nambili AD leminyaka e China sasebenzisa projectile kuqhume, i-methane isitha by catapult. Ngakho-ke, isiphakamiso ukwenza core ozwakala impahla alufakwa ngaphakathi akuyona eside ukufika. Ngakho kwaba khona wezikhali projectile alufakwa. Yena uletha umonakalo ebalulekile ngenxa yamandla ukuthi kugqamuke amalangabi futhi bahlakazwa kwangasala okuseceleni okubukhali. Ngemva ukubukeka Okuqondiwe armored yokulwa nazo ekhethekile udibi ukubhoboza, ukubhoboza kanye nezinhlamvu ezuziwe yasungulwa. umsebenzi wayo kwakuwukuba namabhomu ukungena zempi futhi kulimaze imishini kanye nezisebenzi ukuthi kukhona emkhathini zabronevom. Kukhona futhi okubalulekile injongo amagobolondo: ukhanyisa, incendiary, amakhemikhali, nezinye-ze yamaBhunu. Okusanda kuyanda guided Temphi Letitichumane siyiswe, okuyinto bona ulungise indiza yayo hit ngokunembe kakhudlwana okuhloswe.
amagobolondo Concussive
Kwamabhomu agqitshwayo limelela icala alufakwa (alufakwa) okuyinto uletha umonakalo sijikijelwa amagagasi ukushaqeka, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nemikhiqizo ukuqhuma (amanye amabhomu, isibonelo, ukuvumela amandla omlilo sokukhishwa enobuthi). projectile Iziqhumani cishe ngeke lisetshenziswe ifomu okumsulwa. icala Iziqhumani ibekwe endaweni umzimba wensimbi okuqinile uyakwazi withstanding umfutho ophakeme ku kwathela. Ngakho-ke, ngo-ukuqhumisa alufakwa igobolondo amafomu inqwaba izinsalela. Lokhu izinhlamvu owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi ephezulu alufakwa projectile (CFC). Iningi wezikhali nezinhlamvu kukhona nje CFC.
eziyingozi
Kusukela ngaleso nokubhidliza FFS ezivamile kunzima ukuqinisekisa ukuhlakazwa iyunifomu izingcezwana eziyizinsalela, yasungulwa ngo-amagobolondo ephezulu alufakwa oluxube ngomumo abatelekile. Lolu hlobo munition ibizwa ngokuthi "eziyingozi" (behlonipha umsunguli, isikhulu British uHenry Shrepnela). siphumelela kakhulu lapho uphephula ezingeni ukuphakama kwamamitha amaningana lisemhlabathini. Modern izinhlamvu submunitions baye enezimpiko ifomu imibhoshongo, evumela ngisho hit kancane Okuqondiwe zempi.
Kwamabhomu agqitshwayo ngokumelene zempi
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-40-yalolucwaningo ka XX leminyaka in UK yasungulwa projectile alufakwa ukubhubhisa isitha izimoto zempi. Wawunodonga izindlu enezindonga nomzimba omncane, lapho wabekwa icala obhubhisayo a detonator nge retarder. Lapho ukuxhumana mncane metallic zempi emgodleni uquleke isicaba nemvunulo yempi kukanye nani BB, lathumba enkulu endaweni kungenzeka. Ngemva lo msebenzi waqalwa ngumuntu detonator kanye ingalimaza iziqhumane. Lokhu kwabangela crew kanye ukuhlulwa izindlela zabronevom yangaphakathi isikhala izingcezwana nokusha ungqimba phezulu zempi. Lolu hlobo libizwa ephezulu alufakwa squash ikhanda. Nokho, nge obhekwe Ukuvikelwa ashukumisayo nokwehluka zempi, kwatholakala kuphumelele. Okwamanje, la kweminsalo enkonzweni kuphela ezweni lazo - e-UK.
Fuses amagobolondo kuqhume
I fuse lokuqala izinhlamvu ephezulu alufakwa kwaba ntambo evamile ukuthi ephakamayo lapho ixoshe kusuka isibhamu ubhidliza BB okuqalwe emva kwesikhathi esithize. Nokho, ngemva ukubukeka izibhamu rifled neziqhumane ukuma oyindilinga, okuyinto yibhange isikhathi sokubonana phambi isithiyo leli cala, kwakukhona fuses eshaywayo. inzuzo yabo itholakala lokuthi ukuthi ukuguguleka BB kwenzeka ngokushesha ngemva kokuthintana isithiyo. Ukuze ukubhujiswa izinqaba eshaywayo fuses ifakwe retarder. Lokhu kwavumela ukuba nezinhlamvu, kuqala ukungena izithiyo, kanjalo kakhulu okwandisa ukusebenza kwawo ngempumelelo. Izindwangu ibhomu nge ngaphezulu omkhulu fuse umzimba enezindonga ewugqinsi (ngokuvumela, ngenxa energy kinetic, engena ijule ezindongeni amaphuzu umlilo eside) wathola projectile betonoboynymi.
Phela, lapho besanda kuqala WWII amathangi KV- 2 usebenzisa 152-milimitha amagobolondo betonoboynymi balwa ngempumelelo nge zempi German. Lapho injected medium noma ukukhanya ithangi igobolondo German ngenxa yesisindo sayo, kuqala ukubhubhisa imoto, ngadabula umbhoshongo, bese yamila. Ububi eshaywayo fuzes ukuthi lapho kukhishwa enhlabathini okunamathelayo (isib, ixhaphozi), abazange ukusebenza. Le nkinga ibingaqeda detonator akude ivumela ukuqhuma izinhlamvu at ibanga elithile kusukwa umgqomo isibhamu. Okwamanje, lolu hlobo detonator esetshenziswa cishe yonke CFC. It ivumela, isibonelo, labadubuli of tank kwaqhuma ngesikhathi emoyeni Okuqondiwe (ezinophephela emhlane).
Combat ukusetshenziswa projectiles kuqhume
amagobolondo High-eziyiziqhumane - uhlobo eyinhloko izinhlamvu esetshenziswa yesimanje wezikhali izinhlelo. Zisetshenziswa ukubhubhisa ezivikelweni, umonakalo nencithakalo ezahlukene ukulwa kwemathiriyali, izingalo zakhe, nezisebenzi. Ngosizo lwabo, amavesi kuthiwa bashaya u ku minefields futhi izakhiwo ubunjiniyela ukuzivikela. Ngokwesibonelo, esikhathini sokugcina ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe kweSoviet self ezinezinjini wezikhali ukufakwa MIS-152, kusetshenziswa 152-mm projectile ephezulu kuqhume, ngempumelelo wabhubhisa bunkers German ku le Seelow Heights, kuka intuthuko we 1 no 2 Guards Tank Army Katukova futhi Bogdanov esenyakatho-mpumalanga Berlin. Ngisho nasezimweni ezikhululekile kungenzeka enamandla kakhulu izikhali ezingekho enuzi namuhla (RZSO "Twister") bakha isisekelo izinhlamvu rocket amagobolondo ephezulu alufakwa 9M55F okuyinto lapho sigameko wavele ulinganiswa izikhali zembubhiso.