Izikhali Ezingabonakali-Lukhulu grade plutonium: ukusetshenziswa, ukukhiqizwa, kabusha

Isintu njalo search of imithombo entsha amandla ongaxazulula izinkinga eziningi. Kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi, aphephile. Ngakho, ngokukhethekile, sisetshenziswa kabanzi namuhla yenuzi sikhungo nakuba ikwazi ukuthuthukisa nje owawudinga ezinjalo wonke amandla adingekayo kagesi zisekhona usengozini ofayo. Kodwa, ngaphezu ukusetshenziswa amandla enuzi izinjongo zokuthula, amanye amazwe emhlabeni baye bafunda ukuyisebenzisa, futhi kwezempi ngaphambili, ikakhulukazi ngenxa ukudalwa sezikhali zenuzi. Lesi sihloko kuzoxoxwa ngesisekelo izikhali ezibhubhisayo ezinjalo, ogama lakhe - izikhali-grade plutonium.

Ingemuva

Kuleli fomu metal compact liqukethe okungenani 93,5% 239Pu IKhompyuthaYami. Izikhali Ezingabonakali-Lukhulu grade plutonium owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi ngakho ukuze enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba ukuhlukanisa kusukela "umfowabo ophendulayo." Ngomqondo onabile, inkulumo plutonium njalo kwakheka ngokuphelele yimuphi enuzi, okuyinto yena, uyagijima uranium ongaphakeme-ahlanganiswe noma yemvelo, equkethe, esikhathini esiningi, le IKhompyuthaYami 238U.

Sebenzisa emkhakheni lempi

Izikhali Ezingabonakali-Lukhulu grade plutonium 239Pu - ngesisekelo izikhali zenuzi. Kulokhu, ukusetshenziswa isotopes ngezinombolo mass 240 kanye 242 asihlobene, ngoba ukukhiqiza eliphezulu kakhulu neutron isizinda okwagcina kukhinyabeza ukudalwa kanye nomklamo ephezulu ukusebenza umthwalo zenuzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, plutonium isotopes 240Pu futhi 241Pu kukhona kakhulu ezincane isigamu-ukuphila kuqhathaniswa 239Pu, Nokho plutonium izingxenye kakhulu eshubile. Kuyinto kule uxhumano e yenuzi isikhali onjiniyela bephoqeleka ukuba wengeze izakhi ezengeziwe zokususa ukushisa okweqile. By the way, 239Pu okumsulwa umzimba ukufudumala. Umuntu angeke alithole kodwa acabangele yokuthi imikhiqizo ukubola isotopes esindayo is phansi izinguquko abayingozi eheleni crystal we metal, futhi kungokwemvelo reconfigures izingxenye plutonium, okuyinto ekugcineni kungabangela ukwehluleka okuphelele kwazo idivayisi yenuzi alufakwa.

Ngokwengxenye enkulu, zonke lezi zinkinga zinganqotshwa. Futhi, practice, sesiyiqedile ngokuphindaphindiwe isivivinyo of iziqhumane ngesisekelo kuba "ophendulayo" plutonium. Kodwa Kufanele kwaziwe kodwa ukuthi sikhona yini isikhali senuzi akuyona isikhundla lokugcina kuhlala compactness zabo, ongaphakeme lomgwaqo isisindo, ukuqina kanye nokwethembeka. Kule ndaba, basebenzisa kuphela izikhali-grade plutonium.

Design izici kulesi sikhungo ukukhiqizwa

Cishe zonke plutonium eRussia ekhiqizwa kuleli ophendulayo ifakwe umengameli graphite. Ngamunye kulesi sikhungo yakhelwe nemabhuloki cylindrically lenhlangano yabantwana bakwa-graphite.

Ohlanganisiwe phakathi amabhulokhi graphite abe slot esikhethekile ukuhlinzeka kwegazi okuqhubekayo ka Isibandisi, elisetshenziswa njengesibonakaliso nitrogen. Ngo isakhiwo behlangene, futhi thwi ahlelwe iziteshi esidalelwe ukudlula lwaluyophola amanzi kuwo nophethiloli. Ngu uqobo, inhlangano is isandla isekelwa isakhiwo izimbobo zeziteshi esetshenziselwa mpahla kakade zishiswe nophethiloli. Ngakho ngamunye iziteshi tube mncane-ngodonga is olubunjiwe kusuka engasindi futhi extra strong aluminium ingxubevange. Iningi iziteshi echazwe has 70 fuel izinduku. Cooling amanzi agelezela ngokuqondile emhlabeni izinduku fuel, nokususa ukushisa okweqile kusukela kubo.

Ukwandisa sikhungo ukukhiqizwa kwamandla

Ekuqaleni, le ophendulayo lokuqala "Lighthouse" sase sisebenza nge namandla 100 MW ezishisayo. Nokho, umholi eyinhloko esimisweni Soviet ukuthuthukiswa zenuzi, Igor Kurchatov wenza isiphakamiso, okuyinto kwaba ukuthi ophendulayo kuyinto eziningi ebusika wayebophela wasebenza nge namandla 170-190 MW, futhi ngesikhathi ehlobo - 140-150 MW. Le ndlela amandla ophendulayo ukukhiqiza mayelana 140 amagremu plutonium eziyigugu ngosuku.

Ngo-1952, kwakhululwa INguqulo ngokwesayensi-zocwaningo nemisebenzi ziye kwenziwe ukuze andise amandla ukukhiqizwa ezisebenza sikhungo zindlela:

• Ngokwandisa kwamanzi esetshenziselwa ukupholisa futhi egeleza ngokusebenzisa zone asebenzayo of ukufakwa zenuzi.
• Ngokwandisa ukumelana ukugqwala mkhuba okwenzeka eduze iziteshi faka.
• Ukwehlisa izinga namachibi graphite.
• Temperature ukugcwala kwamanzi ngaphakathi amaseli nophethiloli.

Ngenxa yalokho, umthamo wamanzi afundwa is kakhulu anda ngemuva kokunikwa anda futhi igebe phakathi kwezindonga fuel siteshi. Corrosion futhi wakwazi ukuqeda. Ngenxa yale njongo, thina akhethiwe ofanele kakhulu aluminiyamu ziye ngenkuthalo ngokungeza sodium dichromate okwagcina sithuthukiswe Ukuthamba emanzini lwaluyophola (pH zazilingana mayelana 6.0-6.2). Namachibi graphite uyekile kube khona inkinga yangempela, ngemva steel ukusebenzisa nitrogen (wasebenzisa umoya kuphela) lwaluyophola.

Kwathi ngesikhathi sokushona kwelanga 1950 ezintsha baye isigcwaliseke ngokuphelele practice, lokho kukunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ukudleka ukuvuvukala emisebeni olubangelwa ka-uranium ezingadingekile kakhulu, ukunciphisa kakhulu ezishisayo ukuqina izinti uranium ukuthuthukisa ulwelwesi ukumelana naso futhi kwenze ngcono ukukhiqiza ukulawula izinga.

Ukukhiqizwa ngesikhathi "Mayak"

"Chelyabinsk-65" - omunye izitshalo sizwele ngalo kwatholwa izikhali-grade plutonium. I ibhizinisi kwaba sikhungo ngaphezulu, ngayinye esizokhuluma sihlolisise.

A ophendulayo

Ukufakwa lwenzelwe wakha phansi kokuhola edume N. A. Dollezhalya. Wasebenza ephethe namandla 100 MW. I ophendulayo kwadingeka 1.149 thwi ahlelwe ukulawula nophethiloli ziteshi block graphite. Qedela isakhiwo isisindo kwaba amathani mayelana 1,050. Cishe zonke iziteshi (ngaphandle 25) anezinto uranium, mass ingqikithi amathani 120-130. Iziteshi 17 asetshenziselwa ukulawula izinduku kanye 8 - I-ukuhlolwa. Umkhawulo ukushisa ukukhululwa ngesilinganiso ukuklanywa fuel cell elilingana 3,45 kW. Ngezinye ophendulayo engeyokuqala eyakhishwa mayelana 100 amagremu plutonium ngosuku. Okokuqala plutonium metal senziwa Apreli 16, 1949.

amaphutha zobuchwepheshe

Cishe impela inkinga engathí sina, okungukufa ukugqwala aluminiyamu ifaka ezinengilazi we fuel cell abangu asheshe abona. Futhi bona, lasuka futhi ezilimele fuel izinduku kanye agelezé ngqo emanzini lwaluyophola core ophendulayo. Ngemva zonke ukumisa reaktor ukuvuza zaba kumahora angu-10 ukuba baveze graphite ezomile. Ngo-January 1949 ifaka ku iziteshi bathathelwe indawo. Ngemva kwalokho, uqale ukufakwa senzeka ngo-March 26, 1949.

Ibanga ukukhiqizwa plutonium e ophendulayo A okuyinto ubephelezelwa bonke ubunzima nekuchazwa phakathi neminyaka 1950-1954, ne-amandla isilinganiso 180 MW iyunithi. umsebenzi Okwalandela ngu ekuqaleni ophendulayo kulandelwa ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ngaphezulu ke, okuyinto kungokwemvelo futhi kuye kwaholela izitobhi njalo (kufika ku izikhathi 165 ngenyanga). Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-Okthoba 1963, ophendulayo licima futhi yavula kabusha kuphela entwasahlobo ka-1964. umkhankaso wakhe isiqedile ngokuphelele ngo-1987 futhi phakathi nayo yonke inkathi wokusebenza eside kukhiqizwa amathani 4.6 ka plutonium.

sikhungo AB

I ibhizinisi "Chelyabinsk-65" sikhungo ezintathu AB kwanqunywa ukuba kwakhiwe ekwindla ka-1948. umthamo wabo ukukhiqiza 200-250 amagremu plutonium ngosuku. umklami uMphathi lo msebenzi waba Savin. ophendulayo ngalinye lalinamaviyo 1 996 iziteshi, 65 yayo yayingaphambi izilawuli. ukuhlola ichannel yinye ngayinye unikeza incwadi ekhethekile umtshina kokupholisayo ukuvuza - The lobuchwepheshe izitshalo eseyintsha yayisetshenziswa. uthathe leso sinyathelo ngeke ngivumele ukuba indlebe ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusebenza kwe-ophendulayo.

Phakathi nonyaka wakhe wokuqala ukusebenza kwe-sikhungo wabatshela ukuthi ukhiqize cishe ngo-260 amagremu plutonium ngosuku. Nokho, kusukela emnyakeni amandla ukusebenza wesibili kancane kancane, futhi kakade 1963 izinga lawo bekungelegolide 600 MW. Ngemva kulungiswe yesibili iye ingaxazululeki ngokuphelele inkinga ifaka, namandla isivele ifinyelele 1,200 MW nge ukukhiqizwa yonyaka ka plutonium 270 kilograms. Lezi zinkomba ezisekhona ukuqedela kuvalwe sikhungo.

Ophendulayo AI-IR

Chelyabinsk amabhizinisi ukusebenzisa lokhu kulungiselelwa esikhathini kusuka 22 Disemba 1951 kuze 25 Meyi 1987. Ngaphezu uranium, lo ophendulayo ngenxa yokukhuliswa ayibe-60, futhi polonium-210. Ekuqaleni, lesi sakhiwo ekhiqizwa tritium, kodwa kamuva waqala ukuthola futhi plutonium.

Futhi ekucubunguleni isitshalo izikhali-grade plutonium kwadingeka ukwakha sikhungo ezisebenza ngamanzi esindayo kanye kuphela ophendulayo ukukhanya-amanzi (igama lakhe - "Ruslan").

giant eSiberia

"SaseTomsk-7" - okungukuthi igama eyenziwa simila, esesikhundleni sikhungo ezinhlanu ukudala plutonium. Ngamunye the lokubolekwa graphite isicelo ukubambezela neutrons, futhi amanzi avamile ukuqinisekisa Ukupholisa ezanele.

Futhi ophendulayo-1 wasebenza uhlelo ukupholisa lapho amanzi sidlulile esisodwa. Nokho, lena enye amayunithi ezine ayenendawo ngesimiso somshini esivalekile eyinhloko ifakwe ukushisa. Lo mklamo evumela ukuba athuthukise namanje and umusi, nakho kuyasiza ekukhiqizeni ugesi kanye bafudumale kwezakhiwo ahlukahlukene.

"SaseTomsk-7", kanye ophendulayo wayebizwa nangokuthi EI-2, okuyinto yena, ayenenjongo ezimbili: ukukhiqiza plutonium ngezithukuthuku ekhiqizwa umusi elakhiwe amandla kagesi 100 MW kanti 200 MW ukushisa amandla.

Imininingwane ebalulekile

On ziqinisekiso lososayensi, nenxenye ukuphila izikhali-grade plutonium imayelana 24 360 edlule. Isibalo omkhulu! Kule ndaba, umbuzo ikakhulukazi sibi siba: "Indlela efanele ukwenza ekukhiqizeni imfucuza kwento" Inketho engcono ubhekwa ukwakhiwa kwamabhizinisi ekhethekile kucutshungulwe izikhali-grade plutonium. Isizathu siwukuthi kule simo, isici ayisakwazi isetshenziselwe izinjongo ezempi kanye uzobe kulawulwa indoda. Yileyo ndlela esizwa ngayo anawo plutonium izikhali-grade eRussia, kodwa i-United States of America waya enye indlela, futhi ngokwenza kanjalo zeqa izibopho zayo.

Ngakho, uhulumeni wase-US uhlongoza ukubhubhisa abasizakali kakhulu uphethiloli zenuzi hhayi kukhiqizwa ngokuphakeme ezimbonini, futhi dilution ka plutonium futhi sikugcine iziqukathi ekhethekile amamitha 500 ukujula. Akubuzwa, ukuthi kuleli cala, indaba kalula kube yisiphi isikhathi ukuze ususe kusukela umhlaba, futhi futhi wambeka akhatshana ezempi. Ngokusho uMongameli Russian uVladimir Putin, izwe ekuqaleni yavuma ukuthi ngeke abhubhise plutonium ngale ndlela, futhi ukuba bafeze kabusha ezikhungweni ezimbonini.

ukunakekela okukhethekile unikezwa ukubaluleka izikhali-grade plutonium. Ochwepheshe balinganisela ukuthi kukhona amashumi amathani lesi sici kungase neze usikhalele eziningana amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-US. Kodwa abanye ochwepheshe E ingabe ziye zalinganisela ukuthi iyizigidi amathani 500 izikhali-grade plutonium kakhulu ngendlela 8 izindodla zezimali. Inani iyamangalisa ngempela. Ukuze wenze kube sobala, njengoba imali eningi, ake sithi ukuthi eyishumi yokugcina yekhulu lama-20 ngokwesilinganiso inani lenzalo yonyaka we-GDP isiRashiya kwakuwulimi $ 400 billion. Okungukuthi, eqinisweni, intengo wangempela isikhali-grade plutonium ilingana amabili e-GDP ngonyaka we Russian Federation.