Idamu - edamini emfuleni .... idamu zobumba

Idamu - isakhiwo esisiza ukuvimba ukwanda kwamanzi noma ukugeleza kulezo noma ezinye izinjongo. Izakhiwo zokuqala zalolu hlobo zatholakala eGibhithe, lapho esetshenziswa ukudala isitoreji amanzi. into enjalo, abavubukuli esuka eJalimane ezitholakala amakhilomitha angamakhulu amabili esuka Cairo. Kwaba edamini negama lakhe siqu "Garden al-Carafa", okubonakala amarekhodi uHerodotus. Mayelana yobudala ochwepheshe yayo ungavumelani. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lakhiwa 3200 BC, abanye - ukuthi phakathi neminyaka engu-2950-2750. BC.

Yini edamini endala wawenziwa?

kwaba idamu endala likhulu kangakanani? Lesi sakhiwo elinesithunzi kuyinto double ngezitini odongeni, phakathi lapho izinhlangothi babe ngaphezu kwalokho sketched izingcezwana itshe. Ubude Crest idamu at ngamamitha angaphezu kuka-100, ukuphakama okufinyelele 12 metres. Iphrojekthi efanayo ovunyelwe buthelela kuze kube amamitha kwezigidi ezimbili intilibathwa yamanzi Wadi el-Gharavi.

AmaShayina Sakhe ngezinga elikhulu futhi iminyaka

Ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi edamini emuva ngeNkathi Yethusi Age ayetholakala kuwo wonke amaphuzu lokhu noma ukuthi impucuko wendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, ezindaweni eziningi eMesophothamiya bathola isakhiwo itshe eyaqala ngekhulu lesikhombisa BC. Ngo eSiriya lasendulo wakha izakhiwo efanayo iminyaka engamakhulu ayishumi nanhlanu ngaphambi kukaKristu. (Nahr el Assi). ukwakhiwa Emikhulu kwamadamu laligujwa e China lasendulo. Lapha master abadumile, futhi kamuva uMbusi Yu owaphana 2283 BC esebenza umbusi wakhipha umyalo wokuba zonke tekuphatfwa kwemanti ekwakhiweni umbuso. Ngaphansi kwesiqondiso Yu Omkhulu (njengoba namanje bokuzisholo), hhayi elilodwa nje lakhiwa. Kwakuyisikhathi ukwakhiwa emikhulu amakhulu eminyaka futhi zeminyaka, okuyinto bavunyelwe ngonyaka 250 BC emanzini, isibonelo, 50,000 amakhilomitha square ehlane ngenxa Sichuan Minjiang River. Futhi eChina, umkhuba Kuvezwe ukwakha imisele yamanzi usebenzisa i-elementi efana lwaleli.

Bona waklama Da Vinci yena

EYurophu, izindaba inkinga ngenkasa sasingeyona acute njengoba e-Asia nase-Afrika, idamu eyavela kamuva kakhulu - ngekhulu le-16. ongakhetha Arched, ngokukhethekile, oshiwo emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke Spanish e 1586, kodwa onjiniyela bakholelwa ukuthi amadivayisi ngokwabo kungenziwa eminyaka esakhiwe ngaphambili. Le nkulumo ingase isekelwe yokuthi nengxenye design yabo geniuses wesikhathi - Leonado da Vinci, Malatesta, Mechin, kanye nesipiliyoni anqwabelene, elafika eYurophu ngemva oxhumana ne-Arabhiya. Ngokwesibonelo, siyazi ukuthi ngisho enjalo yokwakha kubonakala zingabhekani enamandla kakhulu njengenhlangano edamini zobumba, owasebenza iminyaka eyikhulu ngaphambi zigoqiwe (yayakhiwe eFrance ngo 1196).

Ukusetshenziswa amadamu eRussia

Ukuze Russia ngezisetshenziswa yayo ocebile amanzi, Uma unganakile, ayidingeki kakhulu edamini. Kodwa lapha ikhona kusukela 14 leminyaka BC futhi zasetshenziswa izinhlelo yamanzi Mills. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala amadamu ezishiwo itestamente Dmitriya Donskogo, ezibangelwa 1389. Sinesithakazelo ngokukhethekile kulezi izakhiwo yabonisa uPeter Omkhulu, kanjalo ekhulwini le-18, uMbuso isiRashiya kwakuwulimi kakade izinto ezingaphezu kuka-200, phakathi lapho okusezingeni eliphezulu edamini zobumba - Zmeinogorsky. Imithombo yamanzi ngokusebenzisa kumadivayisi ezifana bathunyelwa ukuze isetshenziswe yendwangu, izimayini kanye neminye amabhizinisi of isikhathi.

Dam - a isakhiwo wokubacindezela, okuyinto ingasho uhlobo oluthile lwento kuye ngezigaba. Namuhla ahlukaniswe amadivayisi kwesigubhu vodoopuskayuschie futhi nokuphakamisa. Isitoreji amadamu ngokuvamile eliphezulu kakhulu futhi babe nekhono lokulawula ukudedelwa kwamanzi. izakhiwo efanayo okuphansi (isib kudivayisi amachibi) Photo ongajwayele babe. Enye ezibalulekile into ngezigaba Phiko, kuncike yamanzi ukujula ngaphambi zaplotom. Kube low- elingalodwa, medium- nama high-ingcindezi edamini (15, 50, no-50 amamitha ngokulandelana).

Amadamu ngoba imifula kanye nemihosha

Amadamu emifuleni kwakhiwe njengoba isiphambano (ukukhulisa izinga lamanzi, konke uwela, amandla ezingasetshenziswa ngandlela-thile zisebenzisa; ukwenza engajulile ingxenye emfuleni passable lwemikhumbi), ugudle (Ukuvikelwa izikhukhula). Kwezinye izimo, amadamu oluhlukaniswe ukusakaza, imihosha, agcwalise - ukuzigcina iqhwa amanzi incibilikiswa, abese esetshenziswa ukunisela noma ashona imiselekazi imikhumbi.

izakhi eziyisisekelo emifula

Ukwakheka imisele yamanzi ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa edamini, ichibi ngaphambi noma ngemva kwalo, ukufakwa kwamanzi ephakamisa ngoba emithambekeni eziyinkimbinkimbi emifula ngoba ukudlula inhlanzi, amanzi nkinga (uma Ukonakala komsele uhlelo), izakhiwo ngoba eqinisa osogwini olusenyakatho kanye ukuhlanzwa izinhlelo kusukela inzika. izinto ezinkulu zakhiwe ngokhonkolo njalo nakakhulu, kahle encane lingakhiwa kusuka emhlabathini, metal, ukhonkolo, izinkuni, noma ngisho Indwangu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi phakathi uzamcolo edamini Komsomolsk-na-zokuzivikela lalinabashumayeli amasosha mes ephethe web ifilimu ngokwayo, okuyinto akazange avumele perehlestnut amanzi ngokusebenzisa vertices izakhiwo zokuzivikela ekhona.

Njengoba edamini kungathatha umthwalo?

Enye Ukwahlukaniswa kwamadamu bubonisa indlela letintfo ukumelana imithwalo. ukwakhiwa adonsela phansi azibonayo amabhithi zonke isisindo sayo simelane ngenxa adhesion idamu bese kumila ematheni, lapho injena. ongakhetha ezinjalo ngokuvamile okukhulu kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, edamini emifula ku-Indus komfula (Tarbela Idamu) has a ukuphakama mayelana 143 amamitha, futhi ubude - ezingaphezu kuka-2.7 km, okwenza ingqikithi eyizigidi ezingama-130 cubic metres. amamitha. izinto Arched adlulisa ingcindezi osebeni. Uma lwaleli libanzi nengcindezi enkulu, ufaka isicelo lwaleli-amandla adonsela phansi onobuhle noma nemengamo nge buttresses ngasesinqeni. ENqutshini ezahlukeneyo abe odongeni ohlabayo naleli damu, kodwa ngezithukuthuku anda base podporochnyh izakhi. Ukwakha amadamu namuhla noma anesihlabathi indlela ngobuningi, futhi indlela yokuqhuma iqondiswe.

Imiphumela izingozi

Izingozi at amadamu abaziphethe ukulahlekelwa imali eningi, njengoba ubhubhisa hhayi kuphela imishini ehlukile, kodwa futhi ukuze umise amabhizinisi ukusebenzisa ku ugesi namanzi kule damu. ngezinye izikhathi notshwala Water zakhukhula wonke umzana, odla izindwani acreage kwezitshalo elahlekile. Kodwa into embi ezingaba cishe ujuqu eziningi, amakhulu ngisho nezinkulungwane zabantu.

Ngakho, ngo-March 1928, e umhosha San Frantsiskito kwakukhona kubhujiswa lesi edamini St Francis ke elahlekile kungathi abantu abangamakhulu ayisithupha, kanye ne-multi-imitha izingcezu edamini itholakala cishe ikhilomitha ukusuka kusayithi ikhefu. Esikhathini Union ngesikhathi Elikhulu Patriotic neMpi (1941) kwanqunywa ukuba ngamabomu ubhidliza Dnieper edamini ngokuqondene sihlaselwa amabutho amaNazi Zaporizhzhya. Ukwakhiwa omkhulu ngokhonkolo ngakwazi ukubona kancane ezilimele nge amathani 20 ammonal. Bangaki abantu wayesefa, azinakho ngokunembile echaziwe. Shayela izinombolo kusukela kwabaneminyaka engamashumi amabili kuya eziyikhulu abantu, kuhlanganise amabutho, ababaleki kanye labantu, okungase kube ngebhange kwesokunxele Dnieper, owathatha babekezelela element amanzi.

Inombolo ephelele izisulu - abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-230

ingozi Ngemva Kwempi at amadamu amakhulu Hydropower ziye zabangela isisulu ngisho ezinkudlwana. Ngo-August 1975, kuphela waminza Kwatholakala 26.000 abantu, futhi kucatshangelwa kubhubhane ovuthiwe nendlala labafa ifinyelele abantu abayizinkulungwane 170-230 ku Breakout Banqiao Idamu. Khona-ke labhujiswa cishe ingxenye yesithathu yabantu kwesigidi wezinkomo izindlu ezicekeleke phansi cishe bayizigidi ezingu-6 kanye nezakhiwo. izinsuku eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili kwaba onguthelawayeka avaliwe kusuka Guangzhou Beijing. Futhi konke lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa edamini, eyenzelwe inombolo enkulu imvula, asizange sisinde ukumelana namanzi uquqaba ukuthi zilethwa iSiphepho "Nina". Agasti 8, 1975 luncane naleli damu kubhidlika, okubangela amanzi osenyameni ku Bantsao, lapho kwaphulwa edamini 62 isikhathi esifushane. Igagasi okuholela has a ububanzi 10 km kanti ukuphakama kwamamitha amathathu kuya kweziyisikhombisa. Amanye amadolobhana Chinese agezwa ngokuphelele kude, kanye nezakhamuzi zayo.

Ukuvimbela edamini akwenza, namuhla kuthathwe eziningi izinyathelo, phakathi kwawo - ngokugcinwa imingcele edamini design, uhlola ukuhambisana phakathi umsebenzi, kweso ngesikhathi ukusebenza, lokuqoqa ezibukwayo futhi ahlolisise ulwazi, njll Ukuze edamini kukhona ukungqubuzana ezimbili izidingo yephrojekthi Ukucaciswa :. "K1 "- into yisimo yingozi futhi kudingeka izinyathelo eziphuthumayo okwakudingeka akhulume izimbangela futhi" K2 "- isimo pre-eziphuthumayo kungenzeka ubhujiswe, kudingeka wokutakula kanye nomsebenzi basishiye.