Lemvelo: into futhi imvelo izinjongo, nezindlela

Geosphere imithetho, search nokudalulwa ubudlelwano phakathi komuntu imvelo, kanye ukwakhiwa imodeli kahle Ngalokuhlanganisa tinchubo - yilokhu isayensi ngemvelo. Isihloko kanye nezemvelo izifiso, izimpokophelo izindlela zocwaningo - futhi bayini? Lokhu Kuzoxoxwa.

Kuyini ngemvelo?

Kuyinto isayensi, kusukela okuyilokho, eqinisweni, kuncike ikusasa umphakathi wesintu. Ngekhulu xxi, inhlekelele ubuhlobo phakathi komuntu kanye imvelo uye waqinisa ukuba umkhawulo, ngakho yezinjongo eziyinhloko kanye nezinhloso kwemvelo amanga ekutholeni izindlela ukuxazulula lolo dweshu.

Igama livela eyala walnuts magama amabili: "oikos" - "endlini, ikhaya" kanye "logo" - "yokufundisa". Ngo-1866, owokuqala okukhulunywa isayensi "ngemvelo", kuncike nezinkinga ezihlobene izici ukuxhumana kwemiphakathi eziphilayo nomunye futhi imvelo ophilayo. Leli gama livele usosayensi German Ernst Haeckel emakhasini incwadi ethi "The morphology jikelele eziphilayo."

Ngokuyisisekelo, into cwaningo ngemvelo itholakala ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo futhi elalibazungezile, kanye ekuhloleni isakhiwo Iinhlangano kweMvelo kanye nabantu, ngokwahlukana izindlela sihlale sizinzile yabo isikhala-time ensimini.

Ingqikithi Lemvelo xxi-st ekhulwini

Kuphela ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX ke zaba isayensi ngemvelo. Into futhi injongo yakhe ngaleso sikhathi yayiba ekutadisheni ubuhlobo eziphilayo nemvelo kwendawo yazo. Eqinisweni, ezifana kwaze kwaba phakathi nekhulu le-Athazeksesi, kuyilapho esaziwa izici eyala luyingxenye yemvelo.

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, imvelo buya omunye zokwenziwa (imikhakha eyahlukene) isayensi kuqala. Namuhla, akuve aye wasigcina igama layo ngesiGreki. Iqiniso liwukuthi, empeleni yayo, akuyona kahle impela ibonisa yezinjongo eziyinhloko kwemvelo.

Modern Lemvelo xxi Century - yezinto isu izinhloso zokongiwa kwemvelo nezentuthuko esimeme lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wonkana. Lona umsebenzi oyinhloko lesi siyalo, ngokuhlanganisa izici theory kanye nama-practical.

Lemvelo: isihloko kanye nenkinga imvelo

Kodwa ama-apharathasi main methodological kwanoma iyiphi isayensi esivuna nendaba yakhona futhi imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi. "Ulwazi ubunjalo umnotho," - lokhu kwakubonakala Ernst Haeckel ngemvelo. Izinjongo Isihloko kanye nezemvelo - futhi bayini? Ake sizame sokulungisa le nkinga.

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo udinga ancike owaziwayo isimiso uhlelo isayensi. Linikeza incazelo eyayingasahambisani nokuqonda kwangaleso amasistimu zemvelo ngokuqhubekayo njengenkathi eyodwa, uhlelo oluhlangene. Ngokusekelwe esimisweni ehlelekile, into cwaningo ngemvelo kuyinto semvelo (noma kunalokho, i-ecosystem sabantu bezigaba ezingafani).

Lemvelo ekuthuthukisweni yayo ihlose ukuba baphendule imibuzo emibili ebalulekile:

1. Kuyini isakhiwo yesimiso semvelo.
2. Isebenza kanjani futhi ethuthuka eziphilayo.

Ngakho, yonke indawo kuhlukaniswe ezimbili ezinkulu: nezidingo zesakhiwo futhi iyaguquka. Futhi bobabili e ukuxhumana eduze.

Ngokusekelwe esimisweni yesayensi izinhlelo, kungenzeka ukuba delineate nodaba lo isayensi: ekutadisheni isakhiwo, izici kanye amaphethini ecosystem isebenze emazingeni ahlukahlukene.

Ziyini izimpokophelo izisethile isayensi ngemvelo? Okulandelayo ungabahlukanisa kuzo:

1. cwaningo Jikelele kanye olunzulu uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli kanye nentuthuko yayo ngaphansi kwethonya izici ezihlukahlukene.
2. Ukubikezela Dynamics kweMvelo emkhathini esigcwele ensimini.
3. Ukuthuthukiswa izindlela nokwandisa ubuhlobo phakathi komuntu nemvelo ukuze ngcono izinga lempilo emhlabeni wonkana.

Lemvelo Indawo jikelele ngokwesayensi ulwazi uhlelo

Lemvelo Modern kuhlanganisa tincenye of zemvelo, abantu, ngqo futhi lobuchwepheshe komkhakha wezesayensi. Biology, geography, imithi, ezomnotho, Psychology, yokuhlalisana kwabantu kanye nokuphathwa kwezemvelo - la namanye eyala kuba nokuxhumana eduze.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kwakuphambana khona emvelweni kanye neminye imikhakha yesayensi eduze kwakheka isiyalo entsha ngokuphelele futhi kujabulise. Phakathi kwabo - bioecology, geo-ngesimiso semvelo, ubunjiniyela ngesimiso semvelo, noospherology nokunye okunjalo.

Isakhiwo yesayensi yanamuhla emvelweni

Kuze kube manje, kukhona izindawo ezingaphezu kuka-100 e isayensi kwemvelo, ngamunye okuyinto waziphatha izimpikiswano emincane. Kunezinhlobo eziningana kwemvelo, ngamunye okuyinto lusekelwe ezimisweni zalo. Enemininingwane kakhulu futhi ezinengqondo yilona hlaka ehlongozwayo ngu usosayensi M. Reimers.

Unikeza ukwabelana isayensi kwemvelo ku amabhlogo amabili amakhulu:

1. ngemvelo theory.
2. Osetshenziswayo Lemvelo.

Eyokuqala ihlanganisa BIOECOLOGY nazo zonke izingxenyana yawo eminingi, kanye nokuzijabulisa. Iyunithi kuyingxenye osetshenziswayo Lemvelo geoecology, sotsioekologiya, Biospherology engineering kwemvelo kaNkulunkulu ngamagatsha awo.

Indawo ebalulekile kakhulu block isicelo ihlanganisa ubunjiniyela ngemvelo - ukutadisha izici kanye nendlela ukungcoliswa kwemvelo. Liphinde uvame ukubizwa tehnoekologiey. Kuhlanganisa eyala eziningi: ngemvelo amandla, emvelweni ezokuthutha nezokuxhumana, imvelo kwezolimo, imvelo cosmic, Emvelweni nabanye.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngalinye lala eyala yakhelwe ukuxazulula ibanga nezinkinga nezinselelo. Kulokhu, zonke zisebenzisa ngentuthuko nokufeza ezinye eyala kwemvelo.

Izinhloso nezindlela ngemvelo

Ukuze ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi zesayensi zayo zemvelo isebenzisa anhlobonhlobo izindlela ezahlukene. Bangakwazi emelelwa ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko:

1. Izindlela sokuqoqa ulwazi isimo nekusebenta ecosystem.
2. Izindlela ze-sicubungula ulwazi wathola.
3. Izindlela yokuhumusha izinto kanye nemiphumela.

Izindlela ethandwa kakhulu elisetshenziswa ngemvelo namuhla: observation umile futhi ukuhlolwa, izibalo, lokuhlela kanye Sokuzenzela indlela. Namhlanje ukwakhiwa ezidumile ikakhulukazi imifanekiso zezibalo. Ngenxa yalesi ecosystem imodeli abstract esekelwe ekhishwe "ku" amaqiniso enokwehla futhi izinto (elinezinhlamvu). Khona-ke, ukushintsha amagugu ezinye nemingcele, ungakwazi kalula ukubona ukuthi baziphathe kanjani (ziyahlukahluka) uhlelo.

Ekuphetheni ...

Cishe ingxenye engaphezu kweyikhulu edlule kwaphakama isayensi kusukela ukuthuthukiswa yimpumelelo okuyinto namuhla kunomthelela ekusaseni lawo sonke isintu. Igama lalesi isayensi - ngemvelo. Izinjongo Isifundo zemvelo ukutadisha izici nemithetho ukusebenza zemvelo, okuyinto eyenziwa ngesisekelo amasu okusimeme eziphilayo eplanethini yethu. Umuntu namuhla akudingeki ukufakazela isidingo ubufakazi bokuba khona kwalesi isayensi.