Wake wayisebenzisa yini ikhampasi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nezinye kungaba emphakathini?

Ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo abantu athole izinsalela zezilwane eziyinqaba. Giant dinosaur amathambo, izingebhezi zamakhanda amahlosi saber-toothed futhi mammoth kusikisela ukuthi izwe kwake uhlalwe nezinye izilwane eziningana futhi izitshalo kunalawo sibona namhlanje. Ngo-1575, usosayensi waseFrance, Bernard Palissy kwaba iqoqo wathola bemivubukulo nalokho isakhiwo umzimba eziphilayo yesimanje. Ukuba engayazi nomqondo yini ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, ke nokho bathola ukuthi izinsalela ezakho ngananoma ngiyiphi esekhona of udaba eziphilayo. Ngakho, waphetha ngokuthi zinhlobo akuzona ezingeguquleke.

Darwin ekhulwini XIX, lesi simanga ayivulwanga, futhi wazama ukuchaza ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyiqiniso futhi kwenzeka kanjani. sokunconywa yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi esebeke phambili futhi wafakazela ukuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Nge -climate change futhi imvelo, futhi kukhona nezikhathi emlandweni wonke, kunezindlela eziningi, kukhona inqubo ufune ababuthakathaka, abakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo, zilwane, enika indawo amafomu amasha futhi kuphumelele kakhulu zokuphila. Inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo usebenza ohlotsheni oluthile lwento ephilayo, lapho amahlamvu namandla ngabanye ngemuva inzalo, futhi buthaka - Ofayo, hhayi ukuqhubeka esemncintiswaneni.

Kuyini kwemvelo - ososayensi wayazi ngakho ngisho nangaphambi Darwin, ababehileleke embryogenesis, okusho uphenyo ukuthuthukiswa umbungu. elithi Latin «evolutio» (ukuthunyelwa) melanani ngamunye egameni lesi Latin - «revolutio» (revolution). Ukubuka, efana gills womuntu embryonic esikhundleni emaphashini, izazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo babekholelwa ukuthi isakhiwo izigaba empilweni iqanda eselivundisiwe ezabekwa ekuqaleni futhi kancane kancane kuphela avele futhi revolyutsionisty yalwela iphuzu okuphambene umbono: embryo uguqulwa endaweni "ezingenalutho".

Kodwa lokhu kwaba kunenkulumompikiswano ezikude Kusukela epilweni yangamalanga emhlabeni yesayensi. Nakuba theorists embryonic waphula nemikhonto, Darwin wathi esidlangalaleni okungukuthi kwemvelo emvelweni. Akabanga ukuthi zonke eziphilayo emhlabeni ukuthuthukisa kusuka kulokulula kufika kulokulukhuni, futhi kukhona eziningi amagatsha efile ekupheleni, okuyinto sezishabalele, asikwazanga lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshashintshayo emlandweni iplanethi yethu. Lokhu kwabangela isiyaluyalu phakathi indalo yadalwa ngezinsuku, owayekholelwa ukuthi zonke izinto eziphilayo UNkulunkulu uye wadala ukuze izinsuku kwasekelwa izwe, futhi ifomu esiphila ukufakaza namhlanje.

Ukuvela emhlabeni organic bubonisa ngokuqondile ukuthi iqiniso lokuthi indoda wayehlukile nezinkawu esikhulu ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Manje, ngekhulu xxi, akekho izingxabano kwemvelo - kuyiqiniso efakazelwe. Umlando wezinsalela - rock izingqimba eMhlabeni - kubonisa ukuthi izilwane zasemhlabeni uvele Devon, ezihuquzelayo - e Carbone nezilwane - ku Triassic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, manje ukuthi emhlabeni wonke omhlaba lapho izilwane nezitshalo eyayenziwe kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, ngokuya sifudumale futhi umsebenzi womuntu kwezomnotho, singabona ukuthi kwemvelo Sizoqhubeka nokusebenza.

Kakade amaziyo olukha phezulu nge emlandweni wesintu yakha ukuzethemba phakathi Sapiens zinhlobo Homo njengoba umphakathi nezinguquko kwemvelo. Ngokushesha ngemva okutholakele kaDarwin isayensi yokuhlalisana kwabantu theory lwangena ukuthi ukuvela umphakathi udlulela imithetho efanayo, njengoba endle. Comté babekholelwa ukuthi imingcele main yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle lolwazi intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe. Spencer futhi wabona ukuvela eyinkimbinkimbi kule izakhiwo emphakathini, okuyinto ukudlala amalungelo kubaluleke kakhulu ngabanye. A lunqume e ushintsho kwezenhlalo e theory kaMarx kukhona ubuhlobo elikhiqizayo.