Mutualism - ubuhlobo izinhlobo mutualistic ...

Mutualism - ukuxhumana begazi egqugquzela sokusinda kanye nokukhula bobabili abalingani zilwane. Ngamanye amazwi, kuba uhlobo Symbiosis. Ulele bayisibonelo classical ukuze sibonise lokho mutualism.

Esinye isibonelo - ubudlelwano phakathi imidumba futhi amagciwane i-nitrogen e Izigaxana ezimpandeni zazo. Mutualism - ukuthi ezinye ubuhlobo obuseduze nabantu ezithutha impova impova izitshalo, ezifana lepidopteran Tegeticula yucasella futhi yucca.

Facultative futhi baphoqwe mutualism

Kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa phakathi le miqondo emibili. Futhi baphoqwe futhi mutualism facultative kuyinto nokubambisana letihlomulisa. Cooperation kulokhu kuyasiza elilodwa ngenxa yezinye izinhlobo. Nokho, esimweni sesibili, ngakunye kungaba sodvwa. Baphoqwe mutualism kuyinto - impoqo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngeke ibe khona izinto eziphilayo ngokwehlukile.

mycorrhizae

Omunye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi ezibalulekile kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa izibonelo ngemvelo sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo lomkhuba - ukuxhumana ekhona phakathi isikhunta izitshalo semithambo. Izimpande iningi lalezi izitshalo zibe izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi nge amakhowe. Lezi zakhiwo zibizwa ngokuthi mycorrhiza. Ngaphandle kwayo, ukukhula evamile izitshalo ebandleni bekungekhe kukghonakale. Mycorrhiza, ngokusobala, wadlala indima ebalulekile kuleyandawo bezwe. mutualism (Symbiosis) kwakwandile kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo.

uxhumano mycorrhizal

Lapho sifunda okwengeziwe ngabo, sobala kuba ukubaluleka kwabo izitshalo semithambo. Ngo kwezinhlobo eziningi ngabanye nonmycorrhizal ngokwemvelo ezingajwayelekile, ngisho noma ukukhula yabo kungenzeka ngaphandle ezikhethwe ngokucophelela amakhowe ezikhulayo izimo. Izitshalo eziningi semithambo - the "kabili" zomzimba ngomqondo ofanayo njengoba ulele, nakuba lokhu webumbacambili ngokuvamile ezingabonakali ezingxenyeni zazo aboveground. Ngokusho usosayensi umhlabathi-University of Wisconsin S. Wylde, ukhuni ekhishwe enhlabathini - ke kumane nje kuyingxenye yomthwalo lonke isitshalo, surgically ehlukanisiwe omnandi wokugaya ukudla isitho sakhe. Ngo izitshalo eziningi isikhunta ukudlala indima ebalulekile nokwenziwa phosphorus kanye nezinye izakhi ezibalulekile.

Fungus ukwakha mycorrhiza nge izitshalo kakhulu kukhona Zygomycetes. Lolu hlobo libizwa endomikorizoy yayo. Kuyinto ejwayelekile iningi amakhambi, izihlahla kanye izihlahla. Ezinye amaqembu AmaConifers futhi dicotyledons - ikakhulukazi izihlahla - ifomu mycorrhiza nge Basidiomycetes, kanye ezinye askomitsstami. Kulokhu sikhuluma ektomikorize. Ngezinye izikhathi kuba ucace kakhulu: uhlobo oluthile ukhunta kuwuthinta kuphela uhlobo oluthile izitshalo semithambo, noma iqembu zinhlobo ezihlobene. It is, eyaziwa isibonelo, ukuthi basidiomycete Boletus elegans ezihambisana kuphela larch (Larix) ka softwood. Okunye mycorrhizal ifomu isikhunta zinhlobo ihlathi phezu izizukulwane eziyishumi. Ektomikoriza zinhlobo ikakhulukazi isici isihlahla imiphakathi babempofu abahlala zindawo eziphakeme Northern nenkabazwe, noma abantu abahlala enkangala.

Acacia nezintuthwane

Izibonelo eyinkimbinkimbi kunazo mutualism zenzeka ezindaweni ezishisayo, lapho ukwehluka eziphilayo lingaphezulu kakhulu kunezinye izindawo athokomele. Ngakho, ezindaweni ezishisayo futhi ezisondelene nazo zisabalele ngomuthi (izihlahla kanye nezihlahla bohlobo lwe-Acacia). Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinhlobo ezithile kulezi izitshalo emathafeni EMexico naseMelika Ephakathi bese izintuthwane ezihlala bo spikes - isibonelo esihle ekuxhumaneni eziyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezilwane nezitshalo. Ikakhulukazi sobala bangakwazi kwasuka Pseudomyrmex uhlobo izintuthwane.

Lezi ngomuthi ngasesinqeni se ishidi ngamunye has a pair of izikopelo eqolo kabani obuphelele ingaphezu 2 cm. Nectaries kukhona petioles kanye namahlamvu zitholakala enisemikhawulweni izakhi ezincane imigwamanda okukhulunywa Belt amathole. Izintuthwane ezihlala ngaphakathi kwemizimba izikopelo eziyize, ukusuthisa ushukela kusukela nectaries corpuscles kanye amabhande, okuyinto zimumethe amafutha kanye amaprotheni. Acacia zikhule ngokushesha kakhulu futhi avame kakhulu ezindaweni okhathazekile, lapho ukuncintisana phakathi ezikhulayo isitshalo-bamakoloni ngokuvamile kukhona okukhulu kakhulu. Thomas Belt owokuqala owachaza lesi ubudlelwano phakathi Pseudornyrmex futhi lezi zihlahla, encwadini yakhe ethi "The semvelo eNicaragua» (The semvelo eNicaragua), eyanyatheliswa ngo-1874

Ezinye izinhlobo ubudlelwano mutualistic

Kunezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo ngibopha ubuhlobo, esizibonakalisa mutualism. Lokhu, isibonelo, kwemithi yehlathi (kanye namakhambi) avame tho nge izimpande zawo. Ngenxa yalokho, izakhi zidluliselwa komunye isitshalo kwenye eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngendlela ngokuphelele ezingalindelekile, nokusinda kohlobo endaweni ethile kuncike ngokoqobo khona omunye, ngalo akha khona ubuhlobo obuqinile. isihlahla iziphunzi ungakwazi ukuphila phakade, nakuba elingenalo izitho photosynthesis, ngoba izimpande tho nabanye abantu futhi bangathola izakhi zabo. Ezinye izifo, ezifana oki nini ku Midwest nasempumalanga United States, futhi angadluliselwa ngokusebenzisa ezifana impande "lokugoma".

Njengoba ubona, mutualism - into njalo ngokwemvelo. Kuyinto oluthile olukhethekile Symbiosis.