I-nitrogen amagciwane: kwendawo umsebenzi

Ama-bacterium - wawuyinto wonke umuntu. Ithola ushizi ne-yogurt, imithi elwa namagciwane, ukwelashwa indle - zonke lezi enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba owumphumela eziphilayo virus. Ake jwayelana nabo eduze.

Bobani amagciwane?

Abamele lo mbuso bemvelo ukumela iqembu elilodwa prokaryotes - eziphilayo, amaseli beswela-nucleus. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi abazi aqukethe ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo. molecule e-DNA amahhala ku cytoplasm, futhi kungukuthi sizungezwe igobolondo.

Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo ezincane - kufike ku-20 microns, izifundo amagciwane isayensi yamagciwane. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi prokaryotes kungaba unicellular noma ujoyine endaweni abahlala kuyo. Sinenkosi isakhiwo sasivumela lasekuqaleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho igciwane kuyi-nucleus abaphundlwe zonke izinhlobo plastids, Golgi eziyinkimbinkimbi, EPS, lysosomes futhi mitochondria. Kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, iseli webhaktheriya akwazi ukwenza izinqubo ezibalulekile ekuphileni: kwezimila anaerobic ngaphandle oksijini, umsoco heterotrophic futhi Autotrophic, ukukhiqizwa kabusha asexual kanye kumiswa izinhlumba ngenkathi uhlangabezana kwezimo ezingezinhle.

amakilasi-bacterium

Kusekelwe Ukwahlukaniswa izimpawu ezahlukene. Omunye wabo - uhlobo cell. Ngokwesibonelo, athathe isimo vibrio ukhefana, cocci - ukuma oyindilinga. ukubukwa Kuvunguza babe spirilla, futhi ezimise induku - bacilli.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-bacterium ehlangana ngemacembu kuncike izici isakhiwo cell. Lezi labo abazokwazi ukwakha capsule lwamafinyila emhlabeni amaseli ayo futhi anemisila flagella.

Cyanobacteria, noma ulwelwe oluluhlaza, labo abazokwazi photosynthesis kanye amakhowe kuthiwa ingxenye ulele.

Izinhlobo eziningi zama-bacterium ayakwazi Symbiosis - a letihlomulisa kuhlalisana eziphilayo. amagciwane i-nitrogen kuxazululwe phezu izimpande okusanhlamvu kanye nezinye izitshalo, ukwakha ngamaqhubu. Lisho ukuthini -bacterium qhuzwana, lula ukuqagela. Aguqula nitrogen esemkhathini, okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze sokuthuthukisa izitshalo.

ukuthengisela Izindlela

Prokaryotes iqembu eziphilayo, olutholakalayo zonke izindlela yokudla. Ngakho, ama-bacterium oluhlaza kanye onsomi zidla Autotrophic, by amandla elanga. Ngenxa yokuba khona plastids kungashiwo zipendwe ngemibala ehlukene, kodwa njalo mangqamuzana ane-chlorophyll. Amagciwane isitshalo okuthiwa i-photosynthesis kuhluke kakhulu. Ngo-bacterium, amanzi ayidingekile reagent. I donor electron kungenzeka hydrogen noma kuyi-hydrogen sulfide, ngakho-ke, umoya-mpilo hhayi kudedelwa phakathi kwale nqubo.

Iqembu elikhulu amagciwane fed heterotrophically, t. E. Ready izinto eziphilayo. eziphilayo ezinjalo ezisetshenziswa ukuphakela izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo efile futhi imikhiqizo yabo umzimba. Ama-bacterium abolile kanye ukuvutshelwa ziyakwazi okonakele zonke izinto eziphilayo ezaziwayo. eziphilayo maKristu abizwa saprotroph.

Ezinye amagciwane izitshalo ungakheka Symbiosis nezinye izinto eziphilayo: isikhunta, kanye ingxenye ulele, nekhululekile ziphila ndawonye nezinkawu nezingwenya izimpande leguminous nitrogen-ukulungisa impande lezimpande eziguqula i-bacterium.

chemotroph

Elinye iqembu izinhlobo ukudla kukhona chemotroph. Kuyinto uhlobo lokudla Autotrophic, lapho amandla elanga isetshenziswa esikhundleni amandla izibopho amakhemikhali izinto ezahlukene. amagciwane i-nitrogen basonta eziphilayo ezinjalo. Bona oxidize ezinye compounds wezinto ngokwabo ngenkathi iqinisekisa ukuthi lemali edingekile of amandla.

I-nitrogen amagciwane: olwenzeka endaweni

Ngokufanayo, okuphakelayo nezinto ezincane eziphilayo olukwazi ukushintsha ekhuthaza nitrogen. Zibizwa ngokuthi ama-bacterium-nitrogen. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ama-bacterium ukuphila yonke indawo, indawo yemvelo lolu hlobo oluthile - inhlabathi. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, izimpande izitshalo leguminous.

isakhiwo

Yini ama-bacterium qhuzwana? Kuyinto ngenxa isakhiwo sabo. amagciwane i-nitrogen kuyabonakala ngokubona okubonakala ngeso lenyama. Ukuthola phezu izimpande okusanhlamvu nokusanhlamvu, bona ukungena simila. Kuleli fomu le ukuqina, ebanjwa ngaphakathi umzimba.

Kuwufanele ethi amabhaktheriya-nitrogen kukhona Mutualists iqembu. nokuhlalisana babo nezinye izinto eziphilayo kuyinto letihlomulisa. Phakathi -photosynthesis, izitshalo synthesize glucose carbohydrate, kudingekile ekuphileni izinqubo. Amagciwane angabasizi ayikwazi ukwenza inqubo enjalo, ukulungele ukuthola ushukela ubhontshisi.

Izitshalo Wokuphila idinga i-nitrogen. Lokhu into uhlobo inombolo ngokwanele ezinkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, okuqukethwe nitrogen emoyeni 78%. Nokho, kulesi sifundazwe, izitshalo abakwazi ukuncela yalolu ketshezi. amagciwane i-nitrogen ulungise i-nitrogen esemkhathini futhi kwisi kwifomu ofanele izitshalo.

umkhiqizo

Yini ama-bacterium-nitrogen kungabonakala isibonelo chemotrophic azospirillum amagciwane. Lokhu umzimba iphila izimpande utshani: yebhali noma kakolweni. Ubizwa kufanele ngokuthi umholi phakathi abakhiqizi nitrogen. Per hectare ke uyakwazi ukunikeza kg 60 timphawu.

amagciwane i-nitrogen okusanhlamvu, ezifana rizobitumy, sinorizobiumy nabanye futhi "izisebenzi" okuhle. Bayakwazi enothisa ehektheleni ezweni mass ne-nitrogen eningi kuze kufinyelele 390 kg. On izitshalo zisetshenziswa leguminous akha abawinile azotoobrazovaniya kabani ukusebenza isesikhathini 560 kg ihektha komhlaba kutshalwa ngayinye.

izinqubo zokuphila

Wonke amagciwane i-nitrogen ku imininingwane yalolu izinqubo ezibalulekile zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili. Iqembu lokuqala nitrifying. Ingqikithi umzimba kulokhu uchungechunge kugucuka zamakhemikhali. Ammonia, noma ammonia iguqulwe ibe nitrite - nosawoti of nitric acid. Nitrites, zona ibe nitrate, okuyizinto futhi nosawoti yaleli kwakwakhe. Ngesimo nitrate nitrogen kangcono amuncwa uhlelo impande izitshalo.

Iqembu lesibili libizwa denitrifying amagciwane. Zifeza inqubo ephambene: nitrate equkethwe enhlabathini, is kuguquka nitrogen igesi. Ngakho kukhona Umjikelezo we-nitrogen ngokwemvelo.

Ngu izinqubo zokuphila kusebenza futhi inqubo yokuzala. Kwenzeka ngokuyihlukanisa amaseli ezimbili. Ingasaphathwa - by luthela. Isici-bacterium inqubo zobulili okuthiwa conjugation. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona exchange kolwazi zofuzo.

Ngenxa yokuthi uhlelo impande inike eziningi izinto zenani elikhulu, ama-bacterium luhlala kuwo kakhulu. Aguqula isitshalo izinsalela ku izinto bayakwazi ukuncela simila. Ngenxa yalokho, ungqimba inhlabathi azungeze ozuza izakhiwo ezithile. Ibizwa ngokuthi rhizosphere.

Izindlela sokungena kwegciwane impande

Kunezindlela eziningana ethula amaseli webhaktheriya emisipheni kohlelo impande. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa Ukuwohloka kwezicubu integumentary noma ezindaweni lapho impande amaseli abasha. impande izinwele wamagatsha futhi chemotroph ngu Ukungena simila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpande izinwele ezinegciwane ngenxa asebenzayo cell division ngamaqhubu webhaktheriya kwakhiwa. Ukuqalisa amaseli ezithathelwanayo yakha sesigcilikisha ukuthi uqhubeke inqubo Ukungena ku izicubu isitshalo. Nge izinhlelo conductive webhaktheriya elihlobene ne-Izigaxana impande. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abalutholayo isithako ekhethekile - Leghemoglobin.

Ngesikhathi izimpawu elilungile Izigaxana umsebenzi ukuthola umbala pink (ngenxa sombala Leghemoglobin). Akwazi ukugcina igesi ye nitrogen kuphela labo amagciwane eziqukethe Leghemoglobin.

okusho chemotroph

Sekuyisikhathi eside abantu ngaphawula ukuthi uma imidumba ukulima inhlabathi ngalesi sokuvuna indawo kuyoba ngcono. Empeleni, iphuzu alikho inqubo zilima. Lokhu inhlabathi ngaphezulu okucetshiswe nitrogen, kudingeka kangaka ukukhula nokuthuthuka zezitshalo.

Uma ishidi ubizwa ngokuthi embonini ukwenziwa oksijini, ama-bacterium-nitrogen Ingabizwa kufanele ngokuthi embonini ukwenziwa nitrate.

Emuva ekhulwini le-19, ososayensi baye alalelwa ikhono ngendlela emangalisayo izitshalo leguminous. Ngenxa yokushoda ulwazi sathathwa yabo kuphela izitshalo futhi ezihambisana nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Kuye kwasikiselwa ukuthi amahlamvu kungayilungisa nitrogen esemkhathini. Phakathi ucwaningo kwatholakala ukuthi pulses okuyinto usukhulile emanzini, ulahlekelwe leli khono. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-15, lo mbuzo uye ayikaziwa. Akekho ukuyichaza ukuthi ukuthwala sonke lesi-nitrogen amagciwane, okuyizinto olwenzeka endaweni engakaze wafunda. Kwavela ukuthi kunjalo ngendlela izinto eziphilayo iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana. Kuphela ndawonye imidumba namagciwane angakhiqiza ama-nitrate nama izimila.

Manje, ososayensi baye bathola izitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-200, okuyinto ezakho umndeni imidumba, kodwa ungakwazi akha Symbiosis bacterium-nitrogen. Potato, amabele, ukolo futhi ifa izakhiwo ezibalulekile.