Izidingo zemfundo ezikhethekile - Iyini?

Tidzingo letikhetsekile temfundvo - a term muva ukuthi ubonakele emphakathini wanamuhla. Phesheya, wangena ezikhiqizelwa yesikhathi esidlule. Ukuvela nokwanda umqondo abanezidingo ezikhethekile zemfundo (PLO) wathi indlela umphakathi owakheke ngayo kancane kancane ekhula futhi bazama ngazo zonke izindlela ukuze basize izingane zabo ukuphila amathuba zilinganiselwe, kanye nalabo entandweni yizimo nesimo esinzima ekuphileni. Umphakathi iqala ukusiza lezi zingane ukujwayela ukuphila.

Ingane ehlushwa zemfundo - akusiyo lowo anomalies neziyaluyalu zentuthuko. Umphakathi asuka zokwehlukanisa izingane kwi "okuvamile" futhi "normal", ngoba kukhona imingcele okuyisithunzi kakhulu phakathi imiqondo le. Ngisho ku amakhono abavamile kakhulu ingane kungaba lag ekuthuthukiseni, uma benganikezwa is ukunakwa ngenxa abazali kanye nomphakathi.

Ingqikithi nomqondo Sen izingane

Tidzingo letikhetsekile temfundvo - umqondo ukuthi kufanele kancane kancane azixoshe imigomo ethile ezikhiqizelwa, njengoba "ukuthuthukiswa okungavamile", "iziyaluyalu zentuthuko", "iziyaluyalu zentuthuko". It asichazi ingane evamile, kodwa igxile yokuthi akuyona ezahlukene kakhulu kuzo zonke ezinye izici zomphakathi, kodwa isidingo ukudala izimo esikhethekile ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe. Kwakungeke kube ukuphila kwakhe kube mnandi futhi eduze ngangokunokwenzeka kulowo ezilwiwa abantu abavamile. Ikakhulukazi kumiswa izingane ezinjalo kufanele kusetshenziswa izindlela eziqondile.

Phawula ukuthi "izingane zabo ezinezidingo ezikhethekile zemfundo" - akuyona nje igama kulabo baphazamisekile engqondweni nasemzimbeni, kodwa futhi labo abangamkhonzi. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho kuphakama isidingo imfundo ekhethekile ngaphansi kwethonya yimaphi zici usikompilo nenhlalo.

ukuboleka eside

Tidzingo letikhetsekile temfundvo - umqondo ukuthi kwase kuqala asetshenziswa umbiko London ngo-1978, anikezelwe izinkinga zemfundo kanye nokufunda nobunzima izingane ezikhubazeke ngokomzimba. Kancane kancane ke zaqala ukusetshenziswa kaningi. Okwamanje, leli gama liye yingxenye izinhlelo zemfundo emazweni ase-European. Libuye kusandile e-US nase-Canada.

ERussia, umqondo weza kamuva, kodwa abakwazi ukusho ukuthi ukubaluleka kwalo nje ikhophi ye-carbon eside Western.

Iqembu lezingane nge Sen

I akuxhomekile izingane nge PLO, isayensi yesimanje uhlukanisa ngamaqembu amathathu:

• abanokukhubazeka ethize empilweni;
• sibhekene nobunzima ekuqeqesheni;
• ophilayo nangaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle.

Lokho, zanamuhla defectology eside lisho okulandelayo: Tidzingo letikhetsekile temfundvo - lawa nemibandela kwezingane, edinga ukuzama ukufeza izinhloso sokuthuthukisa amasiko, okuyinto ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile yenziwa izindlela ejwayelekile, sisekelwe isiko wesimanje.

Izigaba izingane nge ukuthuthukiswa ethile engqondweni nasemzimbeni

Ukuze ingane ngayinye ene-Sen inezici lalo. Ngokusho lesi sici izingane zingahlukaniswa zibe amaqembu ezilandelayo:

• izimpawu ukungezwa kahle (ukungabi okuphelele noma okuyingxenye indlebe);
• Inkinga nge umbono (sokungabi nhlobo noma olungaphelele umbono);
• nge kwezinso bokusungula (labo lapho kukhona retardation engqondo) ;
• abaye wasihlephula;
• unezinkinga nge uhlelo zemisipha;
• iziyaluyalu nge isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi (abayizithulu futhi abayizimpumputhe, njll ...);
• autism;
• izingane iziyaluyalu ngokomzwelo futhi volitional.

PLO ezivamile ezigabeni ezahlukene izingane

Ochwepheshe ukukhomba PLO, okuyizinkinga ezivamile ezinganeni, naphezu umehluko izinkinga zabo. Lezi zihlanganisa uhlobo enjalo izidingo:

• Imfundo yezingane abanezidingo ezikhethekile zemfundo kumele kuqale ngokushesha ngokushesha njengoba semfene zitholiwe ukuthuthukiswa evamile. Ngeke ulahlekelwe isikhathi futhi sifinyelele imiphumela esiphezulu.
• Ukusetshenziswa kwezimali ethize ukuqeqeshwa.
• Ikharikhulamu Kumele kwetfulwe izigaba ekhethekile ungekho esezingeni esikoleni esivamile.
• Ukwehlukanisa futhi individualization lemfundo.
• Ithuba ukukhulisa kumiswa ejensi ngaphandle.
• Isandiso yenqubo yokufunda ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu. Ukunika amandla abantu abasha ukuya eyunivesithi.
• Ukubamba iqhaza of ochwepheshe abafanelekayo (odokotela, odokotela bengqondo, njll) Ngaphezu izinkinga zokufunda kwengane, ukubandakanywa abazali inqubo yemfundo.

ukukhubazeka Common ezenzeka nokuthuthukisa kahle izingane Sen

Abafundi abanezidingo ezikhethekile babe nemibi ezivamile isici. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• Ukungabi nolwazi ngemvelo, umbono emincane.
• Izinkinga ezingathí sina emihle motor amakhono.
• Retardation ekuthuthukiseni yokukhuluma.
• Kunzima ukuzivumelanisa naso ukuziphatha kabi amandla akhe.
• Ingakhulumi.
• Izinkinga umsebenzi engqondweni yethu.
• Ukuba nombono ophambene.
• Ukungakwazi aziphathe umphakathi futhi ulawule ukuziphatha kwabo siqu.
• Okuphansi noma liphezulu kakhulu ukuzethemba.
• Ukungaqiniseki emabuthweni.
• Qedela noma ngokwengxenye ukuncika abanye.

Izenzo lokunqoba ubuthakathaka ezivamile izingane Sen

Ukusebenza izingane zabo ezinezidingo ezikhethekile zemfundo kuhloswe, ngosizo izindlela eziqondile ukuqeda lezi amaphutha ezivamile. Ngenxa yale njongo, izinguquko ezithile ezenziwa ejwayelekile jikelele imfundo ikharikhulamu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwethulwa kwe-Yebo ezethula, okungukuthi, okokufaka onomfutho ukuze lula ukuqonda ingane. Le ndlela kusiza ukubuyisela kumasegmenti alukho ulwazi mayelana imvelo. Ingahle iveze izinto ezengeziwe ukusiza ukuthuthukisa jikelele futhi emihle motor amakhono: Physiotherapy, imibuthano yokudala, yokumodela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungaba kwenziwe zonke izinhlobo ukuqeqeshwa, kokusiza izingane ezinezidingo Sen baziqonde bona ngokwabo amalungu agcwele umphakathi, ukuzethemba kanye nokuzethemba ngokwazo kanye nemandla abo.

amaphutha letitsite nokuthuthukisa kahle izingane Sen

Ukusebenza izingane zabo ezinezidingo ezikhethekile zemfundo, ngaphezu ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezivamile, kufanele futhi zihlanganisa futhi nezindaba ikheli ezivela khona zinezithiyo ezithile eziqondile. Lona umsebenzi obalulekile zemfundo imininingwane ehilelekile. ubuthakathaka obuthile phakathi labo zibangelwa ukulimala isimiso sezinzwa. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkinga bokuzwa futhi umbono.

Indlela Yokwenza wokufundisa izingane zabo ezinezidingo ezikhethekile zemfundo ku-akhawunti lezi amaphutha ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo izinhlelo. Uhlelo ukuqeqeshwa ochwepheshe zihlanganisa izinto ezithile ezingekho ku njalo lwemfundvo. Ngokwesibonelo, izingane unezinkinga umbono, ezengeziwe imfundiso orientation emkhathini, futhi khona kokuzwa ukungakhuli zisiza ukuthuthukisa ukuzwa asalile. Uhlelo ukuqeqeshwa kwabo kwakuhlanganisa izifundo ukwakheka yokukhuluma.

Sen izingane ukufunda Izinjongo

• Inhlangano lefundo ngendlela ezifana ukukhulisa isifiso ezinganeni ukuhlola izwe, wakha ulwazi lwabo esisebenzayo namakhono, ukunabisa khathizwe yami.
• ukuqeqeshwa umahluko kwezingane abanezidingo ezikhethekile zemfundo ukuze kutholakale kanye nokuthuthukisa amakhono nokuthambekela abafundi.
• Ukugqugquzela ukuba bazibuse, bangabuswa nokwenza izinqumo zabo.
• Ukwakheka kanye ukusebenza umsebenzi abafundi 'yobuchopho.
• Ukubeka Izisekelo yalelozwe ngokwesayensi.
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwemfundzi ngalokuphelele oludonsa ngabanye, okungase ukuzivumelanisa izisekelo zomphakathi wanamuhla.

yokufunda umsebenzi

ukuqeqeshwa ngamunye izingane ezinezidingo ezikhethekile zemfundo ukwenza imisebenzi elandelayo:

• Ukuthuthukisa. Lokhu umsebenzi izitshela ukuthi inqubo yokufunda kuhloswe ukuthuthukiswa ubuntu ehlangene, basiza izingane zabo ukuthola ulwazi olufanele kanye namakhono.
• Sikhungo. Ayikho umsebenzi ezingabalulekile kangako. Imfundo yezingane abanezidingo ezikhethekile zemfundo, Akhuthaza ukwakheka kwe ulwazi lwabo eziyisisekelo, okuzoba ngesisekelo ulwazi iqoqo. Futhi, kukhona isidingo inhloso ukuthuthukisa amakhono abo esisebenzayo azosiza esikhathini esizayo futhi kakhulu ukuphila kwawo kube lula.
• Sikhungo. Umsebenzi kuhloswe ukudala ukuthuthukiswa oluphelele futhi evumelanayo ubuntu. Ngenxa yale njongo, abafundi bafundiswa izincwadi, ubuciko, umlando, imfundo ngokomzimba.
• Ukulungiswa. Lokhu umsebenzi kuhilela ukuchayeka kwezingane ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezikhethekile kanye namasu ukufukula amakhono yobuchopho.

Ukwakheka zokulungisa inqubo Pedagogical

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezingane abanezidingo ezikhethekile zemfundo kuhlanganisa izingxenye ezilandelayo:

• Kwesifo kanye nokuqapha. ku ukuhlola umsebenzi - omunye wemizila ebaluleke kakhulu ekufundiseni izingane nge Sen. Inqubo kwezimilo ke libambe iqhaza lobuholi. Kuyinto Inkomba ukusebenza izinyathelo sokuthuthukisa izingane Sen. Kuhlanganisa Ukutadisha izici kanye nezidingo zomfundi ngamunye odinga usizo. Kulesi sisekelo, uhlelo, iqembu noma umuntu. Futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ukufunda Dynamics ekufanele ingane ohlelweni lokufunda esikoleni ekhethekile isimiso esikhethekile athuthukile, nokuhlola ukusebenza kohlelo lokulwa zemfundo.
• Physical inhlalakahle. Njengoba iningi izingane Sen bakhubazeke emizimbeni, le ngxenye yenqubo ukuthuthukiswa abafundi kubaluleke kakhulu. Kuhlanganisa imisebenzi ezokwenziwa izingane ukuvivinya umzimba esisiza ukuba ufunde ukulawula umzimba wakhe emkhathini, zifezeke ngokucacile ukunyakaza, ukuletha isenzo esithile ukuze automatism.

• Sikhungo ezemfundo. Le ngxenye kunomthelela kwetinhlavu abantu abanezinhloso babanjwa. Ngenxa yalokho, izingane Sen, kuze kube muva nje ayikwazanga ngokuvamile ezikhona emhlabeni, ezihambisana ngokuvumelana athuthukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-inqubo yokufunda omningi ukunakwa ikhokhelwa inqubo imfundo amalungu agcwele we emphakathini wanamuhla.
• Ukulungiswa nokuThuthukiswa. Le ngxenye sihlose ukuthuthukisa ubuntu agcwele. Enkabeni yalo umsebenzi ohleliwe izingane Sen, okuhloswe ngazo ukuthola kudingekile ukuphila egcwele ulwazi, nokwenziwa isipiliyoni zomlando. Okungukuthi, inqubo yokufunda kufanele asungulwe ngendlela ukukhulisa ukuphishekela ulwazi abafundi. Lokhu kuzosiza ukuba kutholakale izindawo ezanele zokuhlanganyela ekuthuthukiseni ontanga yabo abangenayo ngeziphambeko ukuthuthukiswa.
• Socio-Pedagogical. Kuyinto le ngxenye uqeda ekwakhekeni ubuntu agcwele, isilungele abaphilayo ozimele ngendlela emphakathini wanamuhla.

Isidingo yokufunda zengane ngayinye kanye PLO

Ukuze izingane Sen ingasetshenziswa ezimbili izinhlobo ukuqeqeshwa lenhlangano: collective ngabanye. ukuphumelela kwazo kuncike ngayinye icala ngabanye. imfundo sabaqashi kwenzeka ezikoleni ezikhethekile lapho izimo ezikhethekile zidalwe ngalezi zingane. Lapho uxoxa nontanga ingane nge izinkinga zokuthuthuka, uqala ukuthuthukisa ngokushesha, futhi kwezinye izimo ifinyelela Imiphumela mkhulu kunezinhliziyo ezinye izingane engumqemane. Kulokhu, ifomu ngabanye ukuqeqeshwa okudingekayo ukuze ingane ngayo ezimweni ezilandelayo:

• It libhekene khona iziyaluyalu zentuthuko eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, endabeni ifomu okunzima retardation noma nokufunda kwezingane ngokuzwa kanyekanye futhi umbono engqondo.
• Lapho ingane has iziyaluyalu ethize zentuthuko.
• izici Age. ukuqeqeshwa ngamunye zisencane kunikeza Chile omuhle.
• Lapho yokufunda wengane ekhaya.

Nokho, langempela ukuqeqeshwa ngabanye izingane nge Sen kuyinto engathandeki kakhulu, njengoba kuholela ekwakhekeni ngabanye avaliwe futhi engavikelekile. Esikhathini esizayo, lokhu kuhilelani izinkinga ukuxhumana nontanga yabo kanye nabanye abantu. Lapho ukuqeqeshwa collective iningi lezingane ezembulwa emakhonweni. Umphumela kumiswa amalungu agcwele umphakathi.

Ngakho, ukubonakala elithi "abanezidingo ezikhethekile zemfundo" utshela mayelana esakhula emphakathini wethu. Njengoba lo mqondo uthatha ingane abanokukhubazeka kwezinso ekuthuthukiseni esigabeni evamile ubuntu agcwele. Imfundo yezingane ne Sen okuhloswe ngaso ekwandiseni HORIZONS zabo nokwakha imibono yabo siqu, ukuqeqeshwa amakhono namakhono badinga ukuhola emphakathini wanamuhla ukuphila okuvamile efeza.

Lapho abanezidingo ezikhethekile zemfundo abizwa ngokuthi izidingo ukuthi zihlukile enikelwa bonke abantwana ngaphakathi ezikoleni ezejwayelekile. I ebanzi amathuba ukubahlangabeza, ayanda amathuba ingane ukuthola ileveli enkulu ukuthuthukiswa futhi idinga ukwesekwa esikhathini esinzima nokuvuthwa.

Izinga lemfundo izingane nge Sen uhlelo kunqunywa indlela ngamunye ukuba umfundi ngamunye, ngoba zonke izingane "elikhethekile" libhekene nezinkinga zayo, okuyinto wamvimbela ukuba siphile ukuphila ngokugcwele. Futhi ngokuvamile inkinga ingaxazululwa, nakuba ayengafiki ngokuphelele.

Injongo eyinhloko yokufundisa izingane Sen iyisingeniso kumphakathi abantu ngaphambili isehlane, kanye impumelelo kakhulu enganeni ngayinye, okuyinto wanezela kulesi sigaba, ezingeni eliphezulu lemfundo kanye nentuthuko, ukusebenza kwawo ekugcineni isifiso sakhe sokuba ulwazi oluthuthukayo lomhlaba. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano lezi zidalwa ephezulu ebangeni esiyingxenye ebalulekile somphakathi omusha.