Ukukhula umzimba nokuthuthukiswa umzimba. Regularities wokukhula nokuthuthuka zomzimba womuntu

Okwakushiwo begazi nokuphila kuyehla kube ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlobo. Lapha, inqubo ukukhiqizwa kabusha ubonakala isithiyo, okuholela kusukela omdala eyayisanda kumiswa. Nokho, kuphela ingxenye encane ekhonweni lomzimba lokukwazi ukwanda cishe ngokushesha nje wafika. Lona amagciwane elula ukuthi ikwazi ukuhlanganyela ngemizuzu engu-20 kusukela ekuqaleni kokuphila. Enye uwukuqala ukuzalela, udinga ukuze akhule ngendlela.

Umbono ovamile wokukhula nokuthuthuka

Ngakho, izidalwa eziphilayo bahlale kule mbulunga futhi lihlale kuyo. nenamba enkulu kubo, ukungayeki akhawunti, ukudlala izinsuku, amasonto, izinyanga neminyaka. Abaningi yokuzalana akudingeki ukuthola izici ezintsha, okungukuthi ezengeziwe kulabo lapho wathola emva ukubukeka kwakhe. Kodwa iningi nezinye ezidingekayo. Bamane kudingeka sikhule, okungukuthi, ukwandisa ngobukhulu nokuthuthukisa, okungukuthi, ukuthola imisebenzi emisha.

Inqubo ukukhula libizwa morphological emikhulu usayizi umzimba. Elalisanda kwakhiwa ophilayo nenhlalakahle ukuze bukhule, ukusebenzisa izinqubo zabo umzimba ezingeni eliphakeme kunawo asebenzayo. Kuphela okwandisa usayizi umzimba ukuvela okungenzeka izakhiwo ezintsha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthuthukisa imisebenzi ethile. Ngenxa yokuthi ukukhula nokuthuthuka umzimba umzimba - kuyinto izinqubo ahlobene, ngalinye elikwazi is phetho omunye komunye: ukuphakama kuqinisekisa ukuthuthukisa kanye nokuthuthukisa eminye kwandisa ikhono likhule.

ukuqonda eliyimfihlo ukuthuthukiswa

Ukukhula nokuthuthuka umzimba axhunyiwe ngu ukuthi run parallel komunye nomunye. Ngaphambili, ukuqonda ukuthi kumelwe kuqala ukukhula lapho, futhi iziphathimandla ezintsha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvela imisebenzi emisha uzobe ise okuthiwa khulula isikhala imvelo zomzimba zangaphakathi. Eminyakeni engaba ngu-150 edlule, kwakunenkolelo yokuthi kuqala kukhona ukukhula ke ukukhula ke ukukhula futhi, nokunye ngomzombe. Namuhla, ukuqonda ehluke ngokuphelele: umqondo wokukhula nokuthuthuka kukhona izinqubo, okuyinto uma kungenjalo ezifanayo, kodwa zenzeka ndawonye.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izinhlobo ezimbili ukukhula umi biology: komugqa futhi volumetric. It ngokuthi ukwanda komugqa ngobude umzimba futhi izingxenye zayo, futhi umthamo - ukunwetshwa ingaphakathi lomzimba. Ukuthuthukiswa Ubuye kwamangqamuzana lalo. Ukwabela ukuthuthukiswa ngabanye nezinhlobo. Ngamunye kuhilela ekuqongeleleni imisebenzi ngco nemakhono ngohlobo olulodwa umzimba. Ukuthuthukiswa zinhlobo - kuzoba ukuphenduka ibe ngcono uhlobo olusha uyakwazi, isibonelo, kancane kangcono ukwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zokuhlala, noma ukuba axazulule le ndawo ngaphambili lingenamuntu.

Isilinganiso ku eziphilayo unicellular ukukhula nokuthuthuka

Isikhathi sokuphila eziphilayo owumphumela yigama uyakwazi amaseli bukhoma. Ngo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi ngale nkathi isikhathi eside, futhi kungenxa yokuthi abakuhlakulelayo ngenkuthalo. Kodwa unicellular (amagciwane futhi protists) bayizidalwa oluyingozi kakhulu. Basuke ngenkuthalo mutating futhi bangase baphane nesidoda okunikelwe ne ezahlukene uhlobo amagciwane. Ngenxa inqubo yentuthuko (in the case of exchange zezakhi zofuzo) ayidingi okwandisa ubukhulu yeseli webhaktheriya, ie ekukhuleni kwayo.

Nokho, ngokushesha nje lapho iseli ithola ulwazi olusha zofuzo ngokusebenzisa exchange of plasmids, amaprotheni zamagama liyadingeka. Ufuzo has ulwazi isakhiwo ngezingxenye zalo eziyinhloko. Lezi izinto kubonisa ukuthi ufuzo, njengoba amaprotheni entsha kuqinisekisa umsebenzi omusha. Uma umsebenzi kuholela ubungqabavu, lolu lwazi zofuzo ivezwa izizukulwane ezizayo. Uma ayibalulekile noma ongathwali phi hlungu amaseli bayabulawa ngalolo lwazi, ngoba ngaphansi iphila kunabanye.

Ukubaluleka begazi ukukhula komuntu

Noma yimuphi amaningi kuyinto iphila ezingaphezu kuka unicellular. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inezici okuningi kuka ku-cell angawodwa. Ngenxa ekukhuleni komzimba kanye nokuthuthukiswa umzimba - kuyinto nomqondo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi kakhulu eqondene. Njengoba for yokufuna ukubonakala isici esithile kudinga amanye isakhiwo, ukukhula okusezingeni eliphezulu enqubweni yentuthuko ziyalinganisela futhi esiphezulu mutual "izinjini" nomunye.

Lonke ulwazi mayelana namakhono, lapho kungenzeka ukuthuthukiswa, eyafakwa ufuzo. Ngo kwengqamuzana ngayinye nezilwanyana ezinamangqamuzana amaningi ezingaba aqukethe isethi zofuzo ezifanayo. Ngo kusaqalwa ukukhula nokuthuthuka komunye ngqamuzana liyahlukana ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ngakho, kukhona ukukhula, ie ukwanda ubukhulu edingekayo sokuthuthukiswa (ukuvela imisebenzi emisha).

Ukukhula nokuthuthuka amakilasi amaningi ahlukene

Uma umzimba womuntu iza yenziwe, ukukhula okusezingeni eliphezulu enqubweni yentuthuko kuthiwa ibhalansiswe nomunye kwenkathi ethile. Wabiza ukuboshwa ukukhula komugqa. Ubukhulu umzimba ekhona izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo, efana ibala lesikhumba, nokunye. Lesi isibonelo yefa imithetho polygenic okuyinto ayikaqondwa kahle. Noma kunjalo, izitho zomzimba evamile yokuthi ekukhuleni komzimba ayikwazi ziqhubeke unomphela.

Nokho, lokhu ikakhulukazi ejwayelekile ezincelisayo, izinyoni, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni futhi abanye ezihuquzelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ikhule ingwenya konke ukuphila kwakhe, futhi ubukhulu umzimba wakhe kuphela kungagcini sesikhathi sokuphila futhi ezinye zezingozi kungase zini ezazimlindele eqeleni yayo. Izitshalo ukwenza sikhule kukho konke ukuphila, nakuba Yiqiniso, babe zilwane cultured lapho leli khono ngezinga elithile engasenamahloni.

Izici wokukhula nokuthuthuka kule plan yemvelo

ukukhula Umzimba nokuthuthukiswa umzimba sibhekiswe ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningana lapho zihlobene izakhiwo eyisisekelo izinto eziphilayo. Okokuqala, lezi zinqubo ziyadingeka ukuze kuqaliswe uhlelo lokuphucula impahla lezinceku: eziphilayo beya zizalwa, sikhule, ezuza ukukhiqizwa kabusha umsebenzi kukho konke ukuphila. Base sizale, futhi umjikelezo ukukhiqizwa kabusha iyaphindwa.

Okwakushiwo ukukhula nokuthuthuka yesibili - lena kwenqubo yokwakhiwa kwamakoloni edlulela emasimini amasha. Kungakhathaliseki kwaba aware of it ezingemnandi kanjani, kodwa ngokwemvelo kuzo zonke ifomu amanga ukuthambekela ukunwetshwa, okusho sinyathelo ezandayo izindawo kanye esishintshashintshayo. Lokhu kudala umncintiswano, okuyinto injini yentuthuko kwezinhlobo. Umzimba womuntu njalo ancintisanayo insimu yabo kwendawo yemvelo, nakuba akusiyo lubonakale. Ngokuyinhloko, anakho ukulwa ne ukukhubazeka engokwemvelo umzimba wakhe, futhi ne Amagciwane kulencane.

ukukhula Basics

Umqondo "ukukhula komzimba" kanye "ukuthuthukiswa umzimba" angabhekwa ijule ngokungaphezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhula - akuyona kuphela ukwanda ubukhulu, kodwa ukuphindwaphindwa inani lamaseli. umzimba ngalinye amaningi yakhiwa sebuningini izingxenye aphansi. Futhi biology amayunithi aphansi kukhona izinhlayiya zamangqamuzana aphilayo. Nakuba amagciwane akuzona kumaseli, kodwa namanje kubhekwa uyaphila, lo mqondo kufanele sibuyekezwe.

Noma kunjalo, iseli namanje - ezincane kunazo zonke zonke izinhlelo olinganiselayo bakwazi ukuphila futhi umsebenzi. Ukwanda usayizi cell kanye izakhiwo nadkletochnyh, kanye nokwenyuka kwenani labo ngisho isisekelo sokukhula. Lokhu kusebenza kokubili emgqeni futhi ukukhula ivolumu. Ukuthuthukiswa futhi incike isibalo sazo, ngoba amaseli ngaphezulu, aba maningi Usayizi umzimba, kungakho indawo ibe banzi komzimba kungenza bahlale.

Ukubaluleka yezenhlalakahle zokukhula komuntu

Uma sicabangela ukukhula nokuthuthuka izinqubo kuphela sibonelo lesingumuntfu wasemhlabeni, kubonakala ezinye nakuba. Ukukhula kubalulekile, ngoba ekuthuthukiseni ngokomzimba yokuzalana kwabantu yiyona esemqoka ukushayela isici. Personality, beya emzimbeni, ngokuvamile abakwazi ukunikeza inzalo iphila. Futhi lokhu Ngomqondo omuhle yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, Nokho, njengoba iqiniso, kusolakala omubi emphakathini.

Kuyinto ukuba khona umphakathi - lena indida, ngoba amvikela indoda ngisho ongakasetshenzwa ngokwenyama ngoba enviable amakhono esunguliwe noma amanye impumelelo bakwazi ukushada futhi sizale. Yiqiniso, izitho zomzimba evamile ayishintshi izimiso zalo abantu ngaphandle isifo, kodwa kancane emzimbeni athuthukile kunabanye. Kodwa kusobala ukuthi ubukhulu umzimba - kuyinto zofuzo evelele. Ngaphambili they are ezincane, ngakho uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye ubuntu uyakwazi lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshashintshayo kwemvelo.

ukuthuthukiswa Human emphakathini

Nakuba indoda ingashintshwa izimo zokuphila bona, it is usabhekene nge izici ezingezinhle. Ukusinda kuzo - ke umbuzo okuzivumelanisa. Kodwa lapha kukhona enye yezinto eziphilayo indida: indoda namuhla iyaphila umphakathi. Kuyinto nhlanganisela zabantu, okuyinto equalizes amathuba okusinda ezimweni ezithile.

Kukhona futhi ukusebenza futhi imizwelo engokwemvelo begazi ukulondolozwa zinhlobo, ngoba kulezo zimo esesabisayo kakhulu, bambalwa abantu uyabakhathalela kuphela ngaye. Ngoba isikhathi okuyinzuzo kithi ukuhlala emphakathini, bese ukuthuthukiswa zomzimba womuntu akukwazi ngaphandle kwalo. Man ngisho athuthukile ulimi zokuxhumana emphakathini, ngakho-ke omunye izigaba yentuthuko ngabanye nezinhlobo kukuwutaditjha.

Kusukela azalwa, indoda akakwazi ukusho lokho kwenza umsindo, okubonisa yokwesaba kwakhe nentukuthelo. Khona-ke, njengoba ukuthuthukiswa futhi indawo imvelo limi, kwasenza saba uvuma, uthi izwi lokuqala, bese engena contact ngezwi eligcwele nabanye. Lena inkathi ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni yayo, ngoba ngaphandle umphakathi futhi ngaphandle lithathelwe abahlala kuwo amadoda, ehlelelwe okungenani ekuphileni kulezo zimo.

Amaphiriyodi yentuthuko zomzimba womuntu

Zonke izinto eziphilayo, ezinamangqamuzana amaningi ikakhulukazi, eziningi izigaba sokugcwaliseka kwaso. Abakwazi cabanga ngesibonelo umuntu. Kusukela ngesikhathi sokuhlala kwesisu kanye ekwakhekeni zygote sidlule izigaba embryogenesis futhi fetogeneza. Yonke inqubo yokukhula kanye nasekuthuthukisweni kwezwekazi lase zygote owumphumela emzimbeni kuthatha izinyanga 9. Emva kokuzalwa esigabeni sokuqala umzimba uqala ukuphila ngaphandle kwesibeletho. Ibizwa ngokuthi inkathi ezisanda kubelethwa, ozobakhona izinsuku ezingu-10. Eduze kwalo - esifubeni yobudala (kusuka izinsuku ezingu-10 kuya ezinyangeni 12).

Ngemva usana iqala ingane isencane, okuyinto ihlala kufika engu-3, kusukela kwabaneminyaka engamashumi 4 kuya ku-7 iqala ingane isencane isikhathi. Kusukela eminyakeni 8 kuya ku-12 for abafana namantombazane kuze kube iminyaka engu-11 ku-ngasekupheleni (wesibili) ingane. Futhi kusukela eminyakeni 11 kuya 15 for girls engu-12 abafana kanye 16 iphelela phakathi nenkathi yokuqhuma kobusha. Boys babe izinsizwa engu-17 futhi kuze kube iminyaka engu-21, futhi amantombazane - kusukela engu-16 kuya ku-20. Lesi yisikhathi lapho izingane zibe abantu abadala abakwaziyo.

Ubusha nobudala

By endleleni, kusukela eminyakeni yokuthomba ngokuthi izindlalifa izingane okungalungile. Ziyakwazi izinsizwa, ngubani, kusuka 22 kuya eminyakeni engu-35 ababhekene engu lokuqala ovuthiwe. amadoda Okwesibili ovuthiwe ukuqala at 35 nesiphetho eneminyaka engu-60, futhi abesifazane kusukela eminyakeni 35 kuya 55. Futhi eminyakeni engu-60 '74 iqala yobudala amadala. Ubudala zomzimba ukwambulwa kakhulu ibonisa izinguquko ezenzeka emzimbeni womuntu ku inkambo yabo yokuphila, kodwa lesi sifo kanye izici zokuphila zabantu abadala wahlanganyela asebekhule.

Naphezu umcimbi yezokwelapha, ukufa, ephakeme kunazo zonke kulesi sikhathi. Njengoba ukuthuthukiswa ngokomzimba of umuntu inqanyulwa futhi avame involution, izinkinga zenyama ziyanda. Kodwa ukuthuthukiswa, okungukuthi, ukuzuza imisebenzi emisha, cishe akuvimbi ukuthi, lapho libhekwa indiza engqondo. NgokoMthetho we-physiology ukuthuthukiswa, yebo, futhi ivame ukuba involution. It ifinyelela esiphezulu esikhathini kusuka 75 kuya 90 iminyaka (ubudala), futhi uyaqhubeka isikhathi eside, baye yokunqoba isithiyo esibangwa oneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-90.

Izici wokukhula nokuthuthuka in the izinkathi ukuphila

Ubudala zomzimba ibonisa izici ezinkathini ezahlukene zentuthuko ukuphila nokukhula. Lugxile izinqubo kwamakhemikhali kanye nezindlela ebalulekile yokuguga. Ngeshwa, ayikho indlela ukuthonya ngempumelelo ukuguga, ngakho abantu basafa ngenxa zanqwabelana phezu nokuphila kwethu njengabantu umonakalo. I ekukhuleni komzimba kuyaphela ngemva kweminyaka engu-30, kanti futhi ngokusho odokotela bengqondo eziningi, kakade engu-25 ubudala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo eyeka nokuthuthukiswa ngokomzimba ezingaba kabusha uqale lapho umsebenzi onzima iphelile. Ngo izinkathi ezahlukene yentuthuko kufanele usebenzele ukubulungisa ngokwakho, ngoba ephumelela kunazo indlela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. Phela, ngisho nokuthambekela eqinile zofuzo ngeke lisetshenziswe ngaphandle ukuqeqeshwa umkhuba.