Umthetho wamaRoma amatafula 12: umbono jikelele nomlando

Imithetho 12 amatafula, incazelo jikelele okuyinto ezocatshangelwa yithi - lesikhumbuzo abadumile yomthetho waseRoma wasendulo. Kukholakala ukuthi ayenzelwe ikhomishana amadoda ayishumi (decemvir) eminyakeni 451-450. BC. e. Decemvirs phakathi nawo wonke umsebenzi babe izimantshi. Kwaphela isikhathi eside, ezinye zazo ungafuni ukuba ahlukane ne igunya ngisho wakhulelwa afeze etat Ukuketulwa ukusungula kobushiqela.

Amabhodi kanye nemithetho, ithonya ilungelo Athene

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi imithombo 12 amatafula kwemithetho - imibhalo yomthetho Athene. It decemvirs laliqondiswa emibhalweni yabo. I koloni ngesiGreki, etholakala eningizimu ye-Italy, wathunyelwa ehhovisi lenxusa eRoma. Apy, ngingowokuqala amadoda ayishumi, njengoba ngiwuqedile nokuqoshwa, kusolakala ukuthi wathi kudingeka babe senzuzo nokuchuma isimo. Unjalo-ke umlando emfushane amatafula 12 kwemithetho.

Igama sebewelele abanandlela. Kwaba ku 12 amabhodi sokhuni waqhutshelwa umbhalo wabo. Imithetho 12 amathebula balaliswa phambi iSigele kuforamu. Umthetho wamaRoma sidilizwa engacabangeki ngaphandle kwabo. Imithetho ngokushesha waqala ukutadisha esikoleni. Namuhla, original lulahlekile kubo, mhlawumbe kuze kube phakade. Lapho yeRoma lasendulo ihlaselwe Gauls, ibhodi libhujisiwe. Ukuze ezisekhona kuphela izinsalela imisho abameli, abalobi, ososayensi, izazi zezombangazwe zangaleso sikhathi.

Inani amatafula 12 imithetho eRoma Lasendulo

Le mithetho asesimweni yawo kwakuyilawa iyiqoqo amasiko owandile neminyaka emibhalweni yabo ngokuyisisekelo. Basuke akhethiwe ngokuhambisana izithakazelo lesigaba esibusayo. Ngakho kwakunabantu abangu-12 imithetho amatafula. izici Jikelele zisatholakala nesithakazelo esikhulu. Le mithetho afakelwe unswinyo lomthetho kuhlinzekelwe ezindaweni ezahlukene. Okuwukuphela kwesizathu esenza amaRoma, babebhekwa a fount wangempela ngokuhlakanipha. Cicero, isazi sezomthetho esidumile adumile aseRoma, waphawula ukuthi umthetho wamaRoma 12 amatafula - ". Isithombe izikhathi zethu lasendulo" idokhumenti lapho ungathola Cicero babekholelwa ukuthi ngokuchichima ezinhle isisindo sawo wedwa, le ncwadi encane aphakeme ngazo nezazi zefilosofi zonke imitapo kulabo ufuna imithombo futhi izisekelo umthetho. Izingane owayehlala eRoma Lasendulo, wafunda ukufunda le mithetho. Decemvirs, okuqanjwe nokuqoshwa amasiko abo, bezama ukulondoloza amalungelo isikhundla evelele kanye patricians, kodwa bahluleka ukwenza ngokuvumelana ukufezekisa lokhu ngokugcwele.

ukulingana loluhlelekile plebeians futhi patricians

Ngokusho imithetho amatafula 12, plebeians waba ukulingana esisemthethweni ezinkantolo ne patricians. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wathola futhi amalungelo athile ezepolitiki. Ukuze plebeians lokhu Kwaba ukunqoba okukhulu, ngoba incazelo ngokungadingekile isiko kungagcini uvele umthetho olotshiwe. Kwakuwusuku nesisekelo esingokomthetho laseRoma lasendulo. Imithetho 12 amathebula agade plebeians yokweqa umthetho futhi nangobudlova uzibophezele yimantshi patrician nabahluleli. Ngonyaka 304 BC. e. Umkhandlu Wezigele wanquma ukuthi, ezimweni enkantolo ebugebengu kanye izikhulu kumele baholwe ngumthetho ebhaliwe. ezinganekwaneni Shaky babengasahlali ihlonishwe.

Ukwahlukana lomthetho wamasiko ngemva ukwamukelwa kwemithetho

Imithetho 12 amathebula kubonakala ngokugcwele ezingeni ukwazi kwezomthetho, nobuntu kwenkathi. Ezikhathini tsarist, ngenkathi uhlelo tribal, kwakukhona ngamazwe nezinye amasiko abomdabu. Ize kulandele isizwe kwaba isifundo sabo. Umtsetfo wesintfu ngemva ukwamukelwa komthetho 12 lahlukaniswa laba amatafula amabili. Omunye wabo - emaqaqasini umphakathi Roman (kviritskoe, kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi zombango noma ophucukile). Imithetho 12 amathebula ayekusho. kwesokudla Okwesibili ukulawula ubuhlobo phakathi kwala mazwe isimo nezinye wamaRoma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-Rome wenza umthetho fetsialny. Kuye rites eyayizenze sempi kuchaziwe, inqobo izinyathelo eziningi ukuthobela izivumelwano isimo namanye amazwe. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi sika S. Tullius njengenhlangano Axiom ivunyelwe ilungiselelo ngaphansi lapho emasiko kviritskie kanye nemithetho zisebenza kuphela izakhamuzi waseRoma.

Ukwenqatshelwa oluthile lomshado phakathi kukankulunkulukazi plebeians futhi patricians

Imithetho 12 amathebula eRoma wasendulo wawuhlanganisa ezihlokweni eziningi, ezibonisa amasiko emphakathini wezinzalamizi, izinsalela zayo lasendulo. Bakhandwa okuhloswe ngaso ekulondolozeni izisekelo wakudala. Ngokucacile, kwenqatshelwe imishado plebeians futhi patriciâmi. Ngo 445 BC. e. It waqedwa mthetho.

Ubudlelwano ngokuphathelene ingcebo

Lamathebuli 12 abonisa ukuthi umhlaba kufanele uphathe iqembu omphakathi wamaRoma. Ngokusho isiko lenkolo, kwakungenakwenzeka okuletha onkulunkulu bamanga namathempeli. Izwe lalingaphansi ukuba ihlale ngaphansi kwesandla omphakathi, ukuba impahla yayo. Ngakho kwathiwa kungagcini yangasese kuyo.

Isipho, ifa, ukuthengwa nokudayiswa izakhiwo ezibalulekile (yizilwane eziboshelwayo, izigqila umhlaba) ifakwe imicikilisho yokusebenzelana ekhethekile. Kwakumelwe ngaphansi kweso umphakathi. ITestamente kwadingeka ngempela ukuba zigunyazwe curiata comitia (futhi ngezinye izikhathi centuriata, uma ubaba engalali indlalifa share yayo esisemthethweni ifa). Kuleso simo, uma umuntu ewuphatha ugwadule eziwohlokayo noma ucezu ezingenalutho komhlaba, kwaba ngemva kweminyaka emibili womnikazi wayo. Nokho, phezu abangabazi akazange ukunweba lelo lungelo. On yeRoma ukulahla izwe futhi ingeyakho ubengase ube uyisakhamuzi saseRoma.

izinhlawulo Sinzima zivikelwe amalungelo womnikazi kumathebula 12. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuba abethelwe esiphambanweni emthini igwebe abaphehla lokwebiwa isivuno ngobusuku obubodwa. On lowo okonile bafeza wokhelwa kwezindlu nokusanhlamvu elise eceleni kwakhe, egqoka ngozankosi, washisa futhi washaywa.

Umthetho, okuyinto kwavunyelwana ngayo umhlangano wabantu, umenyezelwe umthombo kwezomthetho main. Kufanele akuphikisani iyiphi idili. Imithetho amatafula 12 elinemininingwane emiseleni futhi imingcele yezwe amaphasela, komyalelo wokungabi ngokulandelana kanti isikhathi ubunikazi. Qapha izithakazelo yomnikazi, impahla yakhe kwaba ukuze avikeleke emimoyeni avelelwe emthethweni. Theft lomunye impahla, kanye emacaleni eziphathelene nokuhlaselwa kwaleli ezimpilweni nasekuphileni Quirites, ajeziswe kanzima ethile. Indlela eyinhloko ukuvikela amalungelo umnikazi uma kwephulwa walo wawenziwe udlame oluphathelene nomzimba olubhekiswe necala.

ubudlelwano Umkhaya

Ukwamukelwa ibeke imvume ye wayenesikhundla sokuba Maximus futhi kuriatnye umhlangano. Kumpristi, Comitia futhi ayikwazanga aphike, uma ukwedlulela adoptee kungaholela ukushabalala, ukushabalala igama lakhe umndeni wangaphambili.

Umthetho lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela emkhayeni wamaRoma babenegunya elikhulu amandla yomkhaya. Kuyinto futhi kuyabonakala nokunakekela mayelana nomphakathi kanye nokuqiniswa esifuze yesikhathi esidlule. Phakathi kwezinye izizwe, leli lungiselelo ayinakho analogs. Inhloko lo mkhaya ilungelo elehlukile lefa nokulahlwa zonke yezakhiwo ezingagudluki kanye ngezinhlamvu ezihlelwa ngesandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla akhe kumkakhe zenyuka inzalo yakhe (kuhlanganise nabazukulu), kwaba cishe angenamkhawulo. Ngemva kokufa ikhanda lika impahla yomndeni lahlukaniswa ngokulinganayo phakathi agnates (okuthiwa amalungu igama lomndeni). Uma babengekho, izihlobo eliseduze ifa lombuso (isb, bazalwane oshonile, amadodana abo et al.).

talion isimiso, ukubaluleka isifungo

Itshe lesikhumbuzo ukuthi benza okuthiwa "Isimiso ukuziphindiselela" - isijeziso ubugebengu kufanele kulingane ngoba alinganayo. Iphinde kukhulunywa ngalo nokuhlanganisa izinsalela uhlelo zamaKhosi. Izifungo wanikezwa ukubaluleka okukhulu. Uma othile perjured, yena kwaphoqa edwaleni Tarpeian.

Ukuvikela ukulingana izakhamuzi '

Kuyadingeka ukuthi more ambalwa kuphinde kuvikelwe namalungelo kanye ukulingana izakhamuzi ', echaza imithetho amatafula 12. izici Jikelele babo kule ndaba kanje: balondoloza isithunzi, nodumo amalungelo ezakhamizi, kanye ukulingana kwazo esisemthethweni. Amalungelo akhethekile lokunikeza eyodwa noma nezinye wabo kwakungavunyelwe. WoMthetho ukuba silondoloze ukulingana phakathi izakhamuzi kungagcini ovumelekile ngezindleko zomngcwabo, kanye isikhathi sokulila.

Noma ubani wabhala ingoma, angathathwa equkethwe ukunyundela noma yisiphi isakhamuzi waseRoma, yayingase ibizwe isigwebo sokufa ngokungafanele. Nokho, ukukhishwa ayikwazi eyenziwa ngaphandle kokugunyazwa comitia olukhethekile phakathi namakhulu eminyaka. Imithetho ukuvikela ubulungiswa. othile Caught ebathenga umahluleli eyayibethelwe.

Inkosi amandla abantu

Ekugcineni, njengoba esifuze basendulo kumele kubhekwe izinqumo ezenziwe emihlanganweni yomphakathi. Ngoba zonke izakhamuzi waseRoma babenesifiso amandla esibophezelayo. Ngakho-ke, kwakuthiwa, abantu baseRoma (ngaphandle izigqila, nezakhamuzi freedmen) kwaba umnikazi obuphakeme yonke indawo isimo. amandla EnguMbusi kungokwalabo kuphela kuye. Esinye nesinye isakhamuzi, owamnikelayo ezweni lawo, kanjalo uzibophezele umbuso. Futhi uma wanika compatriot yakhe esitheni, uyokwahlulelwa ngalesi kuqalisa.

izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo

Izimpawu imithetho amatafula 12 luyobe lungaphelele uma thina akazange aliphathe nakancane igama ukuhanjiswa nenkolo yamaRoma, ukuthi zibonakale. Ukuxhumana nabo bubonakala yokuthi pontiffs, ababheki zokukhulekela lapho amasiko otolika wabuye wabakhumbuza. Yibona izazi lokuqala umthetho. Ikhodi Imithetho amathebula 12 kwaba ukuthi ubugebengu ukudebeselela imicikilisho ebekwe inkolo. zikhathi loluhlelekile ngesikhathi esinikeza ukubaluleka okukhulu. Quirites, okungukuthi, patricians wesilisa, ubani owayengazishaya ukuphatha izikhali, wavelelwa into eza kuqala sobala.

Uhla amacala abucayi kakhulu, isijeziso kungenzeka lokuhlengwa

Umthetho iye uhlu amacala abucayi kakhulu ecacisiwe. Lena elimazayo, ukufumbathisa lamajaji, bayavukela komthetho (esiyingozi ngokwedlulele), kanye ukucekelwa phansi kwezitshalo wokhelwa othile. Kulokhu, umthetho wavunyelwa ukuba isihlengo ngokufunda sivumelwano, okungase esikhundleni ubudlova. Nokho, lokhu kusebenza kuphela izakhamuzi khulula baye ukuhileleka ebugebengwini. Njengomthetho, inceku uhlale banesibophezelo sezenzo zabo ngezimpilo zabo. A isakhamuzi yeRoma, ngaphezu kwalokho, babengase bagwetshelwe ukufa kuphela ngemva sinqumo comitia zekhulu. Njengoba esandisayo uvele ngenhloso.

Okusho umthetho amatafula 12 emlandweni umthetho

Asho emlandweni umthetho kwadingeka amatafula 12? izici Jikelele izindima zabo kanje. Zaba omunye ezikhumbuzo kuqala amalungelo incekukazi oluphethe izwe lasendulo. Babhekisa izisekelo ukuphila kwezakhamuzi omphakathi Roman, kanye nesikhungo kwempahla yangasese. Indima le umzimba eyabekwa e ukuthuthukiswa komthetho we-civil Roman lwalulukhulu kakhulu. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi bephelele walo akusho ivelele phakathi kwezinye amadokhumenti afanayo imithetho isikhathi amathebula 12. UHammurabi futhi Manu, Ngokwesibonelo, kwathathelwa engengaphansi ithuthukiswe ngokomthetho lobugebengu. Umthetho wamaRoma zingalungisanga eziningi zobugebengu. Futhi, awusebenzi ukuvala amathuba nangobudlova bokuba khona leli phepha ukuze bangabhekani, njengoba imithetho amatafula 12. Yiqiniso, imithetho uHammurabi, ngalutho kulokhu. EGibhithe, njengoba wazi, zaziyizigqila futhi disenfranchised nenkosi yaso kumele ente uwedwa. Nokho, umthetho bamaRoma baxhunywe futhi ayikwazanga ichaze nokuthi yini ubugebengu futhi yini akuyona. Isijeziso kulokhu kwaba ngaphandle kokubonisana nomkayo. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi umthetho lobugebengu iRoma ekuseni kakhulu zihlukaniswa imvelo ezimele kanye nekahulumeni yobugebengu. Lena enye yezinhlobo ezingu izici zalo ezibalulekile.

Imithetho 12 amatafula, imithetho uHammurabi, imithetho Manu - konke lokhu kuthakazelisa abameli hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi nabo bonke abathandi yomlando. Phela, umthetho ezibonisa izimfanelo umphakathi unikezwa. Njengoba kungenza bayokwahlulelwa, kanye amasiko nemikhuba, futhi mayelana isimiso sezombusazwe, futhi imikhawulo amandla inhloko yezwe.