Anikelelwe-acceptor isibopho: Izibonelo izinto

Anikelelwe-acceptor isibopho, noma bazihlela ngokubambisana isibopho - uhlobo covalent isibopho. Thola izici zayo yalolu hlobo lokuxhumana, sikunikeza izibonelo obonisa lasungulwa.

covalent isibopho

Ukuze uqale, khetha izici esasenza iningi covalent chemical isibopho.

Kungenzeka elimboze izindawo ezibandayo kanye non-polar, kuye ngokuthi isikhundla pair electron phakathi ama-athomu. Uma kukhona shift olungaphelele electron ukuminyana bebheke omunye athomu kwenzeka polar covalent chemical isibopho. Isenzakalo esifanayo kungenzeka lapho kumiswa ubuhlobo obuphakathi kwabo-non-izinsimbi, ukuba electronegativity ezahlukene. Lapho kuvuswa, shift abalulekile umbhangqwana electron bebheke athomu nge Inkomba eziphakeme EO. Lapho kumiswa ubuhlobo obuphakathi kwabo-non-izinsimbi kokuba ukubaluleka efanayo electronegativity ningagcini shift pair of electron, ukuxhumana okunjalo ibizwa ngokuthi nonpolar.

Izibonelo umoya-mpilo, i-hydrogen, i-ozone ne phosphorus. isibopho Polar kuyinto hydrochloric acid, amanzi, i-ammonia.

Kukhona elithi ekhethekile, sibonga okungase libhekene inani electron ngazimbili akhiwa phakathi ama-athomu.

Njengoba sazi ukuthi ukuze kwakhiwe ukuxhumana kudinga electron ezimbili ziyoba amathathu ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-athomu nitrogen, okusho ukuthi, kaningi oluhambisana ezintathu. Anikelelwe-acceptor isibopho - icala okhethekile polar covalent isibopho, kodwa kucatshangwa nokuxhumana aphakathi kwezinto.

Izici mshini

Ukuze wakhe owakho ezivamile covalent isibopho nokuxhumana esanele phakathi electron ezimbili (ngazimbili Imininingwane). Anikelelwe-acceptor isibopho ezakhiwe zamakhemikhali ngokusebenzisa i-pair yama-electron esuka kolunye uhlangothi (esibuya), ezingenalutho (mahhala) ku esemkhathini lomunye athomu (acceptor). Uma kwenzeka covalent polar (non-polar) nokuxhumana ne nokuxhumana donor-acceptor electron ekugcineni sekuyinto evamile.

Ezemfundo ammonium seka

Njengoba kwakhiwa it is ngesibopho donor-acceptor? Izibonelo izinto okuzonikezwa esikoleni esiphakeme i-chemistry, elinganiselwe ammonium seka. Ake sihlole ke imfundo.

Nitrogen, ingxenye engqamuzaneni ammonia kuyinto eqenjini yesihlanu (iqeqebana main) we ishadi lesikhathi. On yangaphandle yayo amandla ezingeni kukhona electron ezinhlanu. Ngo ukwakheka kwe-ammonia-molecule e covalent nokuxhumanisa nitrogen polar uchitha ama-electron ezintathu, ngakho umbhangqwana electron, okuyinto azisetshenziswa inqubo enjalo, uhlala ubuningi.

It wayengadlali owamnika nelungelo lokukhuluma property lokuthi ngesikhathi esondela molecule ammonia ne dipoles yamanzi. Ngo amanzi ngesikhathi seka hydrogen babe electron yabo, ngakho-ke liveza izindawo acceptor.

Okwamanje lapho amangqamuzana ammonia kukhona usondele ngokwanele proton hydrogen ngamanzi, i-nitrogen ifu ehlanganisa electron ezimbili uphendulela in Luhambo hydrogen seka, kuba evamile kubo. Umphumela kumiswa tetravalent uxhumano phakathi nitrogen ne-hydrogen, kucatshangwa donor-acceptor indlela. Yilokhu okubizwa ngokuthi isibonelo zakudala kwetinhlavu isibopho.

Ezemfundo oxonium seka

Ngo lwezifundo zesikole (ezingeni eliyisisekelo) akubhekwa oxonium cations (hydronium), njengoba Protolytic imfundiso yokuziphendukela izixazululo sifundwa kuphela ezingeni iphrofayli. Njengoba kukhona ukusetshenziswa donor-acceptor isibopho, izibonelo lasungulwa okuseduzane.

Njengoba onikelayo kulokhu uyokwenza njengoba molecule amanzi, futhi ubukisa property a acceptor proton. Okubukwe donor-acceptor indlela - ibizwa ngokuthi base-chemistry compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngakho-ke kudingeka siyinake ngokukhethekile. Uyachaza imfundiso yokuziphendukela essence electrolytic nokwahlukana acid, nosawoti, lezisekelo zalo, lapho ziyoncibilika emanzini cations futhi anions.

Lapho Ukunqamula enjalo kwenzeka permeation ngenxa eboshiwe electron udonga lwangaphandle ama-athomu zocwaningo ezixhumekayo. Ngakho ukwanda isibalo electron amagobolondo yangaphandle komunye.

Eyesibili algorithm isibopho ukwakheka

Kunenye indlela ngawo yaba nobuhlobo donor-acceptor. Izibonelo nokuxhumana okunjalo ziziningi, ikakhulukazi kumiswa metal fluorides. Kukhona ukusetshenziswa pair of electron komunye ukuzulazula kwama-athomu ukusabela. Ngenxa yalokho, i-atom eyodwa unezela kuze isamba esiphezulu isikhumba sabo, kodwa ngenxa ukuthi azoba ingxenye, akubona bonke electron eziyisishiyagalombili, kuphela ingxenye ethile kubo. Labo electron ukuthi azisetshenziswa e, ibizwa ngokuthi mahhala, futhi ngosizo abanye bese udala isibopho donor-acceptor. Izibonelo ezinjalo ezahlukeneyo donor-acceptor isibopho kumiswa ezihlobene fluorides of alikhali futhi ane-alikhali emhlabeni izinsimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, uzilungiselele efanayo sodium fluoride, i-potassium, i-calcium.

Yini enye engingabuye ezahlukene donor-acceptor isibopho? Asikwazi ukuhlukanisa compounds esitebeleni ezivukayo ngenxa izindlela ezifanayo kumiswa zamakhemikhali. Ngokwesibonelo, nokonakala emanzini hydrogen fluoride, ubudlelwano phakathi ammonia kanye ne-aluminium le chloride, okuyinto kuholela ekwakhekeni compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi.

isiphetho

Sikhishwe kokubusa donor-acceptor nokuxhumana, uqaphele ukuthi amagesi inert bangase benze kahle abanikeli njengalabo labatimisele, kusukela udonga lwangaphandle abe isamba esiphezulu electron. Ucwaningo kulesi sitatimende iqinisekisiwe ngokugcwele futhi ukubonakala oxides yakheke amagesi inert yi ekusebenzisaneni donor-acceptor.

Lolu hlobo covalent isibopho kubaluleke ngokukhethekile empilweni yomuntu. Ngaphezu iqhaza empilweni yayo ngenxa isibopho donor-acceptor ungakha ukudla ngamalungiselelo ehlukahlukene ezithaka imithi. Ngokwesibonelo, lo mshini kumiswa okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla ngokuqondene ammonium seka kumiswa ammonia kabanzi lisetshenziswe imithi yesimanje.