Compounds Complex. Incazelo, ngezigaba

Ukunikeza incazelo ucishe okunembile yini compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi, i-chemistry yesimanje kufanele ancike amalungiselelo eziyisisekelo kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela ukuhlobanisa izinto, okuyinto kwahlongozwa by A. Werner kudala njengoba 1893 Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwayo le nkinga itholakala ukwehluka futhi kaningi lo onhlobonhlobo chemical compounds falling kwencazelo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ngokuvamile, zezakhi ikhadi lokubika - ikhemikhali, ingxenye okuyinto uchungechunge izinhlayiya eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kuze kube manje, isayensi ayinakho definition okuqinile "izinhlayiya eziyinkimbinkimbi". Ngokuvamile wasebenzisa le ncazelo elandelayo: nezinhlayiya eziyinkimbinkimbi baqonde kuyizinhlayiyana eziyinkimbinkimbi olukwaziyo ngokuzimela ezikhona crystal futhi isixazululo. It yakhiwa nezinye izinhlayiya aphansi, nakho unekhono khona ngokuzimela. Futhi ngokuvamile yencazelo izinhlayiya eziyinkimbinkimbi iwe izinhlayiya yamakhemikhali eyinkimbinkimbi lapho bonke noma ingxenye uxhumano akhiwa isimiso donor-acceptor.

Isici esivamile, okuyinto ifa lazo zonke zezakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi khona ngaphakathi isakhiwo zabo kuyi-athomu ye-central, wethiwa igama elithi "complexing ejenti". Banikezwe ukwehluka ukuthi lezi zakhi kufanele ukhulume ezinye izici jikelele walesi sakhi akudingekile. Ngokuvamile i-ejenti complexing kuyinto athomu ukwakha isizinda. Kodwa lokhu akulona isici esiqinile: kukhona compounds eyinkimbinkimbi owakheka athomu esimaphakathi athomu umoya-mpilo, isibabule, i-nitrogen, iodine nezinye izakhi emelela nonmetals elikhanyayo. Ukukhuluma kwenkokhiso complexing ejenti, kungashiwo ukuthi iningi kangakanani enhle, futhi nezincwadi zesayensi ngokuthi isikhungo metal, kodwa kukhona izibonelo lapho athomu emaphakathi futhi ube necala ezimbi, ngisho no-zero.

Ngakho, ama-athomu noma amaqembu angawodwa akhethiwe athomu zitholakala emhlabeni ejenti complexing, ukubizwa ngokuthi ligands. Kungaba izinhlayiya ukuthi ngaphambi kokungena bangena egcekeni eziyinkimbinkimbi molecule, isibonelo, amanzi (H2O), i-carbon monoxide (CO), i-nitrogen (NH3), kanye nabanye abaningi, njengoba kungase kube anions OH-, PO43-, Cl-, i-hydrogen noma seka H +.

Umzamo ukuze uhlukanise zezakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuvumelana eziyinkimbinkimbi icala uhlobo ehlukanisa la zamakhemikhali ku izakhiwo cationic okuyinto akhiwa bezungeza ion kahle icala molecule hlangothi. izakhiwo Anionic ayatholakala, lapho complexant kuyinto athomu nge omuhle isimo namachibi. anions Simple futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi kukhona ligands. Iqembu ahlukene kungenziwa isehlane izakhiwo hlangothi. kumiswa yabo kwenzeka ukubambisana emhlabeni kokungathathi hlangothi molecule athomu. Futhi kulesi sigaba compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingaphezu ezakhiwe ukudidiyelwa kanyekanye bezungeza ion kahle icala futhi molecule ion omubi icala.

Uma ucabangela inani lezihlalo esezandleni ze-ligands okuthiwa emkhakheni ukubambisana, ke uzimisele monodentate, bidentantye futhi polydentate ligands.

Ukulungiselela zezakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ngezindlela ezahlukene ivumela kusigaba ubunjalo ligand. Phakathi kwabo ukuhlukanisa ammines, lapho ligands amelwa ammonia molecule aqua izakhiwo lapho ligands amanzi, carbonyls - carbon monoxide izenzo njengendlela ligand. Ngaphezu kwalokho acidocomplexes khona lapho athomu emaphakathi sizungezwe izinsalela ene-asidi. Uma lizungezwe ion hydroxide, zezakhi okukhulunywe hydroxycomplexes.

compounds Inxanxathela zidlala indima ebalulekile emvelweni. Akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwabo imisebenzi ebalulekile yezinto eziphilayo. Futhi, ukusetshenziswa compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi emsebenzini womuntu ivumela eziyinkimbinkimbi yokukhiqiza imisebenzi.

ibhokisi lombhalo onothile, isizinda izinsimbi kusukela imikhando, Electroplating, ukukhiqizwa upende varnishes - kungcono nje uhlu olufushane izimboni ziye zasetshenziswa amakhemikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi.