Yini izithako okuthiwa aldehydes futhi ketones? Ukusetshenziswa aldehydes

Compounds kokuba e oyiyo iqembu carbonyl kukhona aldehydes noma ketones. I aldehydes (RCOH) carbonyl qembu banamathele a hydrocarbon ezinkulu futhi omunye hydrogen atom. Kungenjalo, ungakwazi ukuthi lezi izinto aqukethe aldehyde iqembu (-COH), lapho isikhungo carbonyl ehlangene athomu ye-hydrogen. I ketones (RCOR '), hydrocarbon ezizivelelayo ezimbili zihlanganiswa eqenjini carbonyl. Igama livela acid aldehyde, lapho namachibi basuke iguqulwe, isib, intuthwane (formaldehyde), ETHYL (acetaldehyde), propionaldehyde, icwecwe, aldehydes valeric. Ngokusho ngamazwe ngesilwane esifuywayo okuthiwa aldehydes: ethanal, propanal. Amagama isihloko ketone ifomu radicals, ukuze zazo wanezela ophela ketone. Ngokwesibonelo, dimethyl ketone (acetone), methyl ETHYL ketone. Isihloko ngamazwe ngesilwane esifuywayo ketone livela ukwengeza hydrocarbon Ukuvalwa olingana, futhi iphuzu okunamathiselwe leqembu carbonyl kubonisa inombolo, isibonelo 2-propanone, 2-butanone. Ukusetshenziswa aldehydes futhi ketones, ngenxa izakhiwo zabo ezingokwenyama futhi amakhemikhali.

Aldehydes zivamile kwamakhemikhali organic. ngamakha Abaningi axhunyiwe nala makhemikhali. Aldehydes babe izakhiwo lapho zihlukene futhi ancike akha olukhulu engqamuzaneni. Omele Lower - aldehyde formic - igesi, okwalandela - uketshezi, ukudla okuqinile ziphakeme. Formaldehyde futhi acetaldehyde kakhulu kahle oncibilikayo emanzini, lo solubility of nezinye homologs incipha nge okwandisa isisindo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. aldehydes Formic futhi acetic abe iphunga okunoshukela. Izakhiwo kanye nokusetshenziswa aldehydes ngenxa yokuba khona e-molecule yabo iqembu carbonyl.

Amalungu amabili engezansi lokhu chungechunge homologous ku "ukusetshenziswa aldehydes" abaluleke kakhulu kunani umkhakha - kuyinto formaldehyde futhi acetaldehyde. Formaldehyde ikhiqizwa ngezinga elikhulu, abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-6. Amathani / ngonyaka. It is ikakhulukazi elisetshenziswa ukukhiqizwa inhlaka. Njengoba yenziwe ngu polycondensation urea , resin urea-formaldehyde edingekayo womshini fibre kanye nezinhlayiya amabhodi, igwebu urea-formaldehyde, ngokwenza ezimanzi amandla iphepha noma paperboard. Enye ukusetshenziswa ebalulekile aldehyde esekelwe ukusabela we-formaldehyde nge phenol polycondensation. Umphumela yenqubo phenol formaldehyde resin (Bakelite) material okungenakuqhathaniswa, okuyinto ezifunwayo isiqoqi sama-softwe, enkulu ekwakhekeni imikhiqizo olwalwenza kagesi, ekukhiqizeni lacquers kanye anamathelayo. Njengoba yenziwe kusukela amalungiselelo formaldehyde ezithaka imithi (isixazululo formaldehyde eyaziwa ngokuthi formalin, isetshenziswa kwezokwelapha), zokwenziwa iraba, iziqhumane nezinye izinto eziningi eziphilayo.

Acetaldehyde yake umkhiqizo ovelele, kodwa amavolumu ukukhiqizwa ayengezansi, manje-ke ukukhiqiza ngaphansi kuka 1 million. Ton / ngonyaka. Ngaphambili, usebenzisa acetaldehyde bendabuko kwaba njengoba izinto zokusetshenziswa for acetic acid. Lolu hlelo lokusebenza acetaldehyde kwehle eminyakeni yamuva, ngoba acetic acid kuveza kahle kusukela methanol (Monsanto inqubo kanye nenqubo Cativa). Ngokombono walaba ukusabela ukufingqa, acetaldehyde kuyinto impahla ebalulekile zokusetshenziswa for lama-derivatives pyridine ka pentaerythritol futhi crotonaldehyde. Acetaldehyde idinga ukwenziwa Plastics (inhlaka ewusizo okulungiselelwe kusuka urea kanye acetaldehyde).

Amanye amalungu kulolu chungechunge homologous nazo ziphoqa emakethe. ukusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano aldehydes ngokuvamile bajwayele njengoba izinto zokusetshenziswa for synthesis alcohols OXO asetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa izinto zokususa amabala. Ezinye aldehydes ephakeme akhiqizwa izinto eziningi ezincane (amathani esingaphansi 1000 / nonyaka) futhi lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi izithako ukunambitheka amakha. Lezi zihlanganisa nesinamoni nemikhiqizo yalo, kanye lilial citral.