Izimbangela ukuzamazama komhlaba nemiphumela. Imvelo lokuzamazama komhlaba

Terra firma bekulokhu uphawu zokuphepha. Futhi namhlanje, indoda uyesaba yini ukuhamba ngendiza ngendiza, izizwa ilondekile, nje uzizwa ngaphansi kwezinyawo surface flat. Ngakho-ke into esibi kuba, lapho ngokoqobo kutsho ilele kusukela ngaphansi kwezinyawo zakhe. Ukuzamazama komhlaba, ngisho umpofu, kangangokuba ukubhodloza unomuzwa wokulondeka eziningi imiphumela awahlobene ne kokubhubhisa futhi bethukile futhi ube ngokwengqondo kunokuba ngokomzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungomunye walabo izingozi, ukuvimbela ukuthi isintu akakwazi, kodwa ososayensi abaningi ukuphenya izimbangela ukuzamazama komhlaba, ukuzamazama ukuthuthukisa izindlela nenkanuko edlulele, ukubikezela futhi isixwayiso. Kakade zanqwabelana yisintu selwati ngalolu daba ivumela ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwezinye izimo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le zibonelo zibonisa ngokucacile komhlaba eminyakeni yamuva ukuthi namanje kakhulu ukufunda futhi ukwenza.

Ingqikithi yalo mkhuba

At inhliziyo komhlaba ngamunye igagasi zokuzamazama komhlaba, okuholela ukunyakaza ungqimba lomhlaba. It kuvela ngenxa izinqubo enamandla ekujuleni ezahlukene. Pretty nokuzamazama komhlaba okuncane kwenzeke ngenxa drift izingqimba lithospheric phezu, ngokuvamile eduze amaphutha. Kungena kujule indawo yayo izimbangela lokuzamazama komhlaba ngokuvamile nemiphumela elimaza kakhulu. Bona kwenzeke ezindaweni eduze kwasemaphethelweni amapuleti eguquguqukayo, okuyinto afakwa isiphuku. izinqubo ezenzeka lapha kuholele nemiphumela ebonakalayo kakhulu.

Ukuzamazama komhlaba kwenzeke nsuku zonke, kodwa iningi labo abantu awuboni. Bathi nje irekhodwe ngalokuhlelekile amadivayisi ezikhethekile. Amandla eliphakeme futhi esiphezulu ukushaqeka ukwa zenzeka ezindaweni eshayeka, indawo phezu komlilo, wabeletha amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba.

izikali

Namuhla, zikhona izindlela eziningana ukuze ubone ukuthi iyiphi amandla lomkhuba. Zisekelwe imiqondo ezifana ukushuba ukuzamazama komhlaba, ubukhulu bayo kanye ekilasini amandla. Owokugcina lezi liyinani elikhombisa ubungako bamandla ezikhishwe ngesimo amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba. Lokhu indlela ithonya amandla kwahlongozwa ngo-1935 ngu-Richter ngakhoke edume ngokuthi sikaRichter. Isetshenziselwa namuhla, kodwa-ke, ngokuphambene nenkolelo evamile, akuzona zonke komhlaba okuthiwa ashiwo amaphuzu, futhi ukubaluleka ngokukhethekile ezidlula.

Amaphuzu ukuzamazama komhlaba zazo sihlale sinikezwa incazelo nemiphumela zihlobene nezinye esikalini. Kusekelwe ushintsho wave amplitude noma ubukhulu ekushintshashintsheni lapho ukuzamazama kwaqala khona. Amanani lokhu isikali uchaze ukushuba komhlaba:

• 1-2 amaphuzu: uthuthumele kunalokho ebuthakathaka, amadivayisi abhaliswe kuphela;
• 3-4 amaphuzu: wazizwa amade, ngokuvamile ngokuphawulekayo unyakazisa izibani ezilengayo ukufuduka lwezinto ezincane, umuntu angase abe nomuzwa isiyezi;
• 5-7 amaphuzu: ukuzamazama okungase kuthintwe kakade phansi, mhlawumbe ukubukeka imifantu ezindongeni zezakhiwo, ebhidlikayo usimende;
• 8 amaphuzu: nyaka uma kuzamazama umhlaba kuholele ukubukeka imifantu ekujuleni komhlaba, ibonakale umonakalo izakhiwo;
• 9 amaphuzu: ngivule izindonga zezindlu, izakhiwo ngokuvamile komhlaba;
• 10-11 amaphuzu: ukuzamazama komhlaba okuholela izikhukhula zeqhwa ezintabeni ze nokudilika kwenhlabathi, nciphisa izakhiwo kanye amabhuloho;
• 12 amaphuzu: kuholela emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu, kuze kube noshintsho oqinile landscape ngisho yekuhambisa sandla yamanzi nemifula.

Amaphuzu komhlaba, elizibala imithombo ehlukahlukene zinqunywa salokhu esikalini.

ngezigaba

Ukukwazi ukubikezela iyiphi ingozi exhumene nokuqonda okucacile ukuthi sibangelwa yini. Ziyini izimbangela eziyinhloko zalokhu lokuzamazama komhlaba zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu: zemvelo kanye yokufakelwa. Eyokuqala ezihlobene izinguquko wezangaphakathi, kanye nethonya izinqubo ezithile cosmic, lona wamuva abangelwa izenzo zabantu. Ukwahlukanisa ukuzamazama komhlaba esekelwe isizathu oholele kulo. Phakathi zemvelo zomhlaba ukukhululwa, landslip, izintaba-mlilo, futhi abanye. Ake sihlole kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

ukuzamazama komhlaba zomhlaba

Amagxolo emhlabeni njalo kunyakaza. Ukuthi ngesisekelo ukuzamazama komhlaba kakhulu. I izingqimba zomhlaba ezakha uqweqwe hambisa isihlobo komunye nomunye, kungqubuzana, washintsha futhi bukhomba. Ezindaweni waphuka, lapho umngcele ipuleti futhi ibutho kokucindezelwa noma ukungezwani, zanqwabelana ukucindezeleka zomhlaba. Growing, kuyoba ngokushesha noma kamuva kuholela ekubhujisweni futhi ukufuduka yamadwala, okuholela amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba bazalwa.

iminyakazo Kuqondile kuholele kumiswa ofaka noma ephakamisa amatshe. Kulokhu plate ukufuduka kungaba amancane nje ngamasentimitha ambalwa, kodwa inani ezikhishwe ngalesi amandla yanele ukuba umonakalo phezu. Iminonjana izinqubo anjalo phasi Into ephawuleka kakhulu. Lokhu kungaba, isibonelo, ukufuduka eyodwa ingxenye isihlobo ensimini kuze kube komunye uqhekeke ezijulile futhi ukwehluleka.

Ngaphansi ungqimba amanzi

Izimbangela ukuzamazama komhlaba phansi ekujuleni kolwandle ziyafana njengokungathi kusezweni - iminyakazo izingqimba lithospheric. Ngandlela-thile nemithelela ezahlukene abantu. Isikhathi esining impela offset amapuleti wasolwandle kubangela i-tsunami. Osungula kube yiyo eshayeka kanzima, wave kancane kancane ukuthola kokuwa kanye eduze nogu amamitha ngokuvamile abafinyelela kwabayishumi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi, anamanci mahlanu.

Ngokwezibalo, zingaphezu kuka-80% we-tsunami wehla ogwini Pacific. Namuhla kukhona izinsiza eziningi zokuzamazama komhlaba, izisebenzi ukubikezela ukuvela nokwanda amagagasi abhubhisayo futhi wazise umphakathi ngengozi. Nokho, abantu namanje kancane bavikelekile ezinjalo nezinhlekelele zemvelo. Izibonelo komhlaba ne-tsunami ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka - lingobunye ubufakazi.

izintaba-mlilo

Uma kuziwa ukuzamazama komhlaba ngempela kwenzeka ekhanda ayewubonile kanye red-hot magma kuqhuma isithombe. Lokhu akusona isimanga: izenzakalo ezimbili zemvelo ezihlobene. Imbangela yale komhlaba kungaba mlilo. Okuqukethwe somlilo unamandla ashisayo ingcindezi phezu komhlabathi. Phakathi ngezinye izikhathi ngokwanele eside isikhathi ukuqeqeshwa ukuze kuqhuma okwenzeka gqwa Ukuvutha igesi futhi umusi, okuyinto ukukhiqiza amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba. Surface ingcindezi kudala okuthiwa eliqhaqhazelayo wentaba-mlilo (shaking). Kuyinto uchungechunge ukuzamazama elincane inhlabathi.

Komhlaba isizathu kukhona izinqubo ezenzeka wezangaphakathi njengoba nezintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo kanye yokuqothulwa. Kulo mBhalo, zingabantu kuwuphawu lokuthi nzonzobala entabeni somlilo ungakwazi ngisho uvuke. Abacwaningi mlilo ngokuvamile zisebenzisa micro-ukuzamazama komhlaba ukubikezela nokuqhuma.

Ezimweni eziningi kunzima nangokunembile isibaluli komhlaba zomhlaba noma iqembu mlilo. Izimpawu zokugcina kubhekwe indawo lapho ukuzamazama kwaqala khona eduze nentaba-mlilo, futhi ezidlula elincane.

eMpumalanga

Imbangela yale komhlaba ongakhonza, nokuwa amatshe. Izikhukhula zeqhwa ezintabeni ze nokudilika kwenhlabathi ezintabeni zibangelwa ezihlukahlukene izinqubo kuzo zombili amaminerali kanye nezimo zemvelo imisebenzi yabantu. Umgede futhi ukukhiqiza amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba kungaba yize emihumeni phansi. Rock uwela enganele kusiza ukuphambukisa amanzi okuyinto ibulala isakhiwo ezibonakala okuqinile. Imbangela wokugoqa futhi kungaba komhlaba zomhlaba. ngaleyo ndlela Goqa uyaca esesabekayo kubangela umsebenzi azinakwa zokuzamazama komhlaba.

Ngenxa yalezi ukuzamazama komhlaba zinezikhathi ibutho elincane. Njengomthetho, umthamo we-rock kubhidlika alanele ukuze abangele iyehla iyenyuka abalulekile. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi ukuzamazama komhlaba yalolu hlobo kuholela umonakalo obonakalayo.

Ukwahlukanisa the nesenzakalo ukujula

Ziyini izimbangela eziyinhloko zalokhu lokuzamazama komhlaba zihlobene, njengoba sekuphawuliwe kakade, ne ezihlukahlukene izinqubo emathunjini planethi. Omunye okuhlukile ngezigaba imihlola ezinjalo kusekelwe banemvelaphi ukujula. Ukuzamazama komhlaba zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu:

• Surface - isikhungo itholakala ngesikhathi engekho ngaphezu kuka-100 km ukujula, eyakho lolu hlobo cishe u-51% ukuzamazama komhlaba.
• ESigabeni leSisemkhatsini - ukujula luyehluka in the uhla kusuka 100 kuya ku-300 km, kule isikhawu ahlelwe emaphaketheni 36% ukuzamazama komhlaba.
• Deep-focus - esingaphansi 300 km, isabelo lolu hlobo seyihlanganisa 13% kwaba nezinhlekelele ezinjalo.

iphutha eliphawuleka kakhulu ulwandle kokuzamazama komhlaba uhlobo lwesithathu e-Indonesia ngo-1996. isikhungo yayo lalisenyakatho a ka angaphezu kuka-600 km ukujula. Lo mcimbi ukuvumele ososayensi ukuba "kucacisa" le yembathani iplanethi ukujula eside. Ukuze ukufunda isakhiwo asendaweni asetshenziswa cishe yonke ezijulile-focus komhlaba akayona ingozi abantu. idatha Abaningi isakhiwo Zomhlaba eyatholakala kusukela Ukutadisha okuthiwa Wadati Benioff zone, okungase umelwe umugqa ijika olwehlelayo lubonise indzawo call audio zomhlaba ipuleti ngaphansi kolunye.

Izinto ezenziwa abantu

Umhlobo ekuzamazameni komhlaba kusukela ekuqaleni ukuthuthukiswa yolwazi lobuchwepheshe lesintu ishintshile. Ngaphezu zemvelo izimbangela kundindizele futhi amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba yazibonakalisa yokufakelwa. Man, inkositini imvelo nemithombo yawo, kanye nokukhuphula amandla obuchwepheshe, ezenziwa abangane bakhe zingaba ukuqala inhlekelele. Izimbangela ukuzamazama komhlaba - kuba ukuqhuma komhlaba, nokwakhiwa kwamadamu okugcina amanzi esikhulu, isizinda lemiqulu emikhulu uwoyela negesi, okuyinto imiphumela babe uyize ngaphansi komhlaba.

Omunye izinkinga sasivumela sina kulesi sici - kokuzamazama komhlaba, okuvela ukudalwa nokugcwaliswa kwezikhala amadamu. Echichima ivolumu kanye nesisindo kwekholomu amanzi anomfutho we kugcwele nomthofu yoshintsho yakhoibrium hydrostatic kwamadwala. Ayanda edamini owadalwa, maningi amathuba ukuvela okuthiwa eyenga umsebenzi zokuzamazama komhlaba.

Ezindaweni lapho ukuzamazama komhlaba kwenzeka ngenxa azifele, imisebenti yebantfu zivame esikhulu izinqubo zomhlaba futhi wenza izinhlekelele zemvelo. idatha ezinjalo ziwumthwalo ube nemithwalo yemfanelo ethile izinkampani ekusungulweni uwoyela negesi Amasimu.

imiphumela

ukuzamazama abangele okukhulu ezindaweni ezinkulu. imiphumela inhlekelele incipha njengoba ibanga kusuka lapho ukuzamazama kwaqala khona. I esiyingozi kakhulu nolokubhujiswa - kuyinto ezihlukahlukene izingozi ezenziwe umuntu. Ukuwa noma ukusonteka imikhiqizo ezihilela ayingozi kuholela ukukhululwa kwabo ku imvelo. I Kungashiwo okufanayo mayelana amangcwaba nezindawo yokungcwaba nuclear waste. umsebenzi Seismic bangaba imbangela ukungcoliswa ahamba ingxenye enkulu yensimu.

Ngaphandle nje kokuthi ekubhubhiseni eminingi emizini, ukuzamazama komhlaba kube nemiphumela nezinye izinyathelo. amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba, njengoba sekuphawuliwe kakade, kungabangela ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi mudflows, izikhukhula nama-tsunami. ukuzamazama komhlaba indawo ngemva kwenhlekelele ngokuvamile ukushintsha angaphezu ukuqashelwa. imifantu Obujulile izikhala, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi - lezi nezinye muntu "ashintshe" we lead landscape izinguquko eziphawulekayo zemvelo. Zingaholela ekubhujisweni yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene kwendawo. Lokhu lula amagesi ehlukahlukene compounds of izinsimbi ivela waphuka ezijulile nokubhujiswa okulula yonke izingxenye izindawo.

Ubukghoni nokubhalelwa

Ukubhujiswa umxhwele kakhulu okusalayo ngemuva megalozemletryaseny. Basuke izimpawu ubukhulu mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 8.5. Izinhlekelele ezinjalo, ngenhlanhla, kakhulu ezingavamile. Ngenxa yalokho lezi ukuzamazama komhlaba esikhathini esidlule kwakhiwa amanye amachibi ezinamatshe eziphansi emifuleni. Isibonelo olunothile of the "umsebenzi" lwenhlekelele - Lake Gek-Gol e-Azerbaijan.

nesizotha ngaphezulu ubukhulu bale ukuzamazama komhlaba, okuholela ezingozini ezimbi kakhulu futhi nokufa abizwa ngokuthi elimazayo, inhlekelele. Nokho, umsebenzi ababuthakathaka zokuzamazama komhlaba kungaba nomthelela umxhwele. Ukunyikima komhlaba okukhulu kangako okubangela ngokuhlaziya ezindongeni, wahosha Chandeliers nokunye futhi, njengoba umthetho, aliholeli imiphumela eyinhlekelele. Ingozi embi kunazo zonke zingabantu ezintabeni, lapho kungabangela izikhukhula zeqhwa ezintabeni ze sina nokudilika kwenhlabathi. Indawo foci komhlaba okunjalo okungama eduze amandla kagesi noma zenuzi futhi kungadala inhlekelele ezenziwe umuntu.

ukuzamazama komhlaba engaqinile - usongo lifihlakele. On ematfuba nesenzakalo yabo endaweni, njengoba umthetho, kunzima kakhulu ukufunda, ngenkathi umxhwele nakakhulu ku ubukhulu lomkhuba njalo ushiye mshini. Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi usongo zonke ukuthuthukiswa kwamabubulo yokuhlala eduze esishintshashintshayo ukugadlwa ukuzamazama komhlaba asebenzayo. izakhiwo ezinjalo zihlanganisa, isibonelo, eziningi izitshalo amandla enuzi kanye US, kanye nendawo yokungcwaba kwemfucumfucu enemisebe yenuzi anobuthi.

ezindaweni komhlaba

Nge izici izimbangela inhlekelele kanye ezihlobene ukusatshalaliswa engalingani izindawo ukugadlwa ukuzamazama komhlaba eziyingozi kumephu jikelele. Esikhathini Pacific, kuba indawo zokuzamazama komhlaba, okuyinto, ngandlela-thile, ixhunyaniswe ephoqelela yokuzamazama komhlaba. Kuhlanganisa Indonesia, agudle ugu olusentshonalanga ye eMelika Ephakathi naseNingizimu Melika, Japan, Iceland, eKamchatka, Hawaii, ePhilippines, Kuril Islands ne-Alaska. Eyesibili zone amaningi asebenzayo - Eurasia izintaba zasePyrenees, eCaucasus, Tibet, le Apennines, zaseHimalaya, le e-Altai, Pamir kanye Balkans.

ukuzamazama komhlaba ikhadi igcwele, kanye nezinye izindawo ezazingase zibe ingozi. Basuke bonke ehlangene nezindawo zomsebenzi zomhlaba, lapho ematfuba ukushayisana izingqimba lithospheric, noma nge-mlilo.

Map lokuzamazama komhlaba eRussia futhi igcwele inombolo ezanele izilonda zivele futhi ekhona. Izingxenye eziyingozi kakhulu kulesi sici - kuba eKamchatka, Eastern eSiberia, eCaucasus, e-Altai, Sakhalin kanye Kuril Islands. I esinzima kakhulu ngemiphumela yalo komhlaba eminyakeni yamuva ezweni lethu kwaba esiqhingini Sakhalin ngo-1995. Khona-ke ukushuba inhlekelele kwaba cishe eziyisishiyagalombili amaphuzu. Le nhlekelele kwacekela phansi ingxenye enkulu yendawo Neftegorsk.

ingozi Omkhulu we inhlekelele kanye nokungakwazi ukuvimbela izimbangela ososayensi emhlabeni wonke ngempela ukukufunda ngokuningiliziwe kokuzamazama komhlaba: izimbangela nemiphumela "Isibonakaliso" izibonakaliso ukubikezela amakhono. Ngokuthakazelisayo, lobuchwepheshe intuthuko ngakolunye uhlangothi, kusiza wonke ukubikezela ngokunembile izenzakalo ezimbi ukubamba izinguquko kancane e izinqubo zangaphakathi ngisho nasemajukujukwini omhlaba, futhi ngakolunye - kuba umthombo obengeziwe ingozi: ukuze amaphutha ebusweni ukungezwa ku-Hydro kanye namandla enuzi izingozi, uwoyela ochithekile ezindaweni ukukhiqizwa, esesabeka imililo isikali emsebenzini. ukuzamazama komhlaba Ngokusobala - into njengoba ecacile njengoba intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe: kuba elimazayo futhi iyingozi, kodwa kusikisela ukuthi iplanethi uhlala. Ngokusho ososayensi, ama-ukumisa okuphelele mlilo nokuzamazama komhlaba kuzosho kokufa iplanethi ngokuya umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. kwamangqamuzana Kuqediwe izidubedube, uphele uphethiloli, iminyaka kakade eziyizigidi ezimbalwa Zomhlaba iyazifudumeza ngaphakathi. Futhi okwamanje akucaci ukuthi kuyoba nabantu emhlabeni ngaphandle komhlaba.