Phambi Eastern. Russia eMpini Yezwe I.

Yini ngalesi sigemegeme nezesabekayo kwathinta amazwe amaningi, lendoda wanamuhla laziwe? Qala ngonyaka - 1914 IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala iphela ngo-1918 iRussia yathatha ingxenye kuwo, kodwa izwe akubi winner. Ubulale abantu abaningi. Le mpi, izazi-mlando Soviet ngikubizé lingabacindezeli nangendlela engenabulungisa. Kungani becabanga kanjalo? Ngoba lokhu kucekwa kwesizwe bube khona ngenxa yokuthatha kuwukuziphikisa amazwe zama-Capitalist. Ngandlela-thile wangazinaka umbuzo owahlasela bani. Njengenkulumo ithuba lokuwina, kanti eRussia babengabakho, nge amaphesenti ayikhulu. Isitha waphoqeleka ukuba thela, futhi ngaphandle iqhaza lezwe lethu, akazange abe izinsiza ukuze uqhubeke umzabalazo. Uma phambi empumalanga akabanga ukuba ziwabambe libhujiswa izenzakalo wamavukelambuso kanye inkulumo-ze emelene-impi, ngabe kwenzeke okunje mandulo. Uma ...

militancy German

Kukhona mbono oqinile yama-Jalimane isiyalo, a amasosha ozalwa abakwaziyo ukudala enamandla futhi ngokushelela isebenze wempi. Nokho, kukhona amaqiniso owaziwa, ungakhulumi esivuna lo mbono we impi yemvelo-German.

izimpi zezwe ezimbili ezenzeke ekhulwini lamashumi amabili. Bobabili iqaliswe eJalimane, futhi bobabili lahluleka kwasani. Hhayi wasiza isiyalo isegazini. Ayibanga namandla elizigqaja ngako ubunjiniyela German. It abonisa ukuntula kwekhono ojenene ezidumile-German. I ukugcina isikhathi kakhulu amasosha emhlabeni umaluju wamabutho lonke, eholwa izinduna. Mhlawumbe kungcono kuzimo ekhethekile kwekhulu XX, nangaphambili umoya Nordic esenamandla futhi engenakunqotshwa? Cha, futhi emakhulwini eminyaka nesishiyagalombili futhi nesishiyagalolunye amasosha aseJalimane, kakhulu, akakwazanga bazimboze azithele ngabandayo nengapheli enkazimulweni. Hhayi kukhanye ...

Izenzakalo neMpi Yezwe namuhla, naphezu remoteness lokulandelana, Sinesithakazelo hhayi kuphela ngenxa lwethi. Umlando ivame ukuphinda, uma alukho ngokoqobo, kodwa ukufana ezithile kungabonwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Enye ukuqhathanisa ezithakazelisayo izigemegeme zezwe ezimbili, ikakhulukazi isici ukubamba iqhaza Russia nase-USSR. Izazi zomlando nababekade osopolitiki kungaba ingozi uzindle eemfundweni esidlule ukuze ukuphinda amaphutha eyinhlekelele.

Phakathi wokuQala nowesiBili, njengoba isaga sithi, pereryvchik ... engamashumi amabili nantathu - kungcono impela kancane, lesi sikhathi akazange kuwela ngaphakathi komqondo isizukulwane definition. Isikhathi esingaphezudlwana nje kweminyaka engamashumi amabili, abantu abakwazi ingxenye enkulu unezingane, ukukhulisa nabo, ukudala izimo isigaba esilandelayo isizukulwane yokuzala, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuthatha iminyaka engu-30. Kodwa ukuze uphile ngokuvumelana naloko lokuya empini umuntu isikhathi.

Than ilungela ukulwa

Izikhali kweMpi Yezwe I wayengaphelele, kodwa ngo-1914 sase zakhekile izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko amabutho: umhlaba ibutho, zamasosha. Airplanes futhi dirigibles babaziwa kanjalo ngaleso esetshenziselwa kwesimo endaweni ezikhula ngaphandle kwenhlabathi futhi ngamabhomu. Kwakukhona imikhumbi-ngwenya, okubangela amagalelo ezingalindelekile esitatimendeni yempi futhi imikhumbi yezohwebo kusukela ekujuleni kwamanzi. ezimayini Sea atholwe "esinezimpondo" ukuma ngempela zanamuhla. Yiqiniso, ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene kusukela yakamuva kanye wesimanje ezimpini kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Izithombe ezithathwe phambi kwayo, le nsada ngokumangalisayo indoda nalawo agibela amahhashi. I abagibele amahhashi sasingamashumi namanje main yesiteleka osikweni iqhinga, kodwa endaweni yayo enkundleni yemidlalo yase-impi kancane kancane wathatha izimoto armored, ama tanks, ekuqaleni osinda kangaka futhi ongenakunyakaziswa. Wezikhali uye wazakhela ngokushesha kangangokuthi abaningi amasampula yayo 10-yalolucwaningo abaye bakhonza iminyaka leminyenti. Izibhamu baba Izinga Maxim izibhamu, Colt futhi Hotchkiss ungase sika elihamba isitha kahle kuka izibhamu ezivamile.

Futhi-ke, izikhali ezimbi kakhulu kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala - nesisi esinobuthi. On front-line yabo isicelo akusho ngisho alinge Hitler wokugoqa ephelele sokubusa kwamaNazi.

Hhayi yonke arsenal kwaba unala party ephikisana kokugqashuka impi ngo-1914, ezinye Zaklanywa ngobunyoninco futhi usethe "endleleni", kodwa usefuna ukuthethelelwa ijubane kabusha izinqubo, isisekelo kwase ezingeni amaphrojekthi kanye prototypes. Momentum nalomsebenzi embonini ukuzivikela akuniké kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. A ithebula elibonisa ivolumu ukukhiqizwa nezempi nezinto eRussia iminyaka emine, ubonisa ukwanda omkhulu imboni yasekhaya:

Lezi zinombolo namuhla avele ukuba lingadala umonakalo ngempela.

Mhlawumbe kube isikhali ezimbi? Cha, impela uhambisane namazinga sikhathi, futhi ezinye amasampula zazinzima ezifanele ukusetshenziswa ku ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. Kubi uma amasosha Russian ababezigqokile? Alikho ifomu, kanye nezinhlamvu kuyinto ngempela efanelekayo sezulu sethu, okungenani ungcono Austrian. Mayelana kokudla futhi lutho olubi akekho zikhunjulwe. IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, amalungu awo ziye zazibonela nokuswela kuwo wonke amazwe, akazange adale izinkinga ukudla eRussia. Wenza "mthetho", nakulesi akekho wakhononda. Kuyefana nasendleleni technical support. Amamodeli izikhali, ukukhiqizwa okuyinto ingakamiswa yingcweti yizinkampani yasekhaya, ibutho Russian etholakele iBrithani neFrance. Izindiza "Farman" futhi "Nieuport" ezakhiwa ezimbonini zethu sisebenzisa imibhalo Allied futhi onjiniyela abanekhono futhi abasebenzi ngempela ngokwanele. Inkolelo Yokuthi a "lapotnoy" emuva eRussia, okuyinto zigoqiwe kungazelelwe ngo-1914 kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, kusho ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokuba sixoshe.

izaba

Ngo-1914, yebo, kwakungekho ithelevishini futhi ikakhulukazi i-Internet, ngakho impi Imininingwane zalwa kuphela amaphephandaba ukuthi ibambezeleke olulodwa futhi ibike Juni 16 lezo zindaba ezibuhlungu lokubulala indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi sika-Austria-Hungary nomkakhe. Sekube ubugebengu edolobheni WaseSerbia eSarajevo, kwakuyizwi ngesikhathi lapho kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ka 1914-1918 owanikhipha enkingeni kubantu abaningi. Bohulumende bemave ethintekile zidinga izimo ezimbili zokuhlala ezinokuthula sigameko: ukwamukelwa iqembu amaphoyisa Austrian ngokubulawa kanye nokwethulwa amabutho. AmaSerbia uyavumelana uphenyo ngokuhlanganyela, kodwa bakuphikisa kokungenela. Khona-Austria-Hungary iqale impi ngo-Serbia. Ngo laseRussia laqala ukugqugquzela, ephelezelwa isixwayiso mayelana nokwenzeka ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ukuvikela lobuzalwane abantu Orthodox. EJalimane, ngaphandle kokulinda ukuba kokugqashuka ubutha, impi. Lesi sikhathi hhayi Serbia, neRussia.

izimfanelo

Futhi kwakukhona ngenakugwemeka iMpi Yezwe I? Umlando akakubekezeleli kwemizwa subjunctive, ukuthi laliyini, lelo akashintshi. Kodwa namanje, abantu abathanda ukuba siphuphe, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile kukhona izinguqulo yini ebingenzeka uma umfundi UGavrilă wathatha futhi waphuthelwa? Noma ngisho ukudubula akazange ngokuzumayo ashaqe Ibhayisikobho zemahlaya ukuya abantu bebulalana kangaka?

Duzane kubonakala ukuthi kuleli cala, kungenzeka ngelinye ilanga noma ngonyaka, kodwa kuzofuneka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Amalungu ayo zazisesimweni esibi wokuncintisana unomphela kwi ezivulekile emhlabeni wonke. IJalimane yayifuna amakoloni, futhi usabe Afrika, izindawo zase-Asia nezinye kwezilwandle noma France, futhi England babe ekujaheni. Russia akazange ukuba ahlukane aseBaltic nasePoland, eqinisweni, leli zwe like kwashesha kangaka zezomnotho, okuyinto kulindeleke ukuba ngonyaka Bismarck sika 50th wayemiselwe ukuba abe umholi zesifunda, futhi mhlawumbe global. Ezayo mpi enkulu "indawo phansi kwelanga."

Izibalo we-German Jikelele Abasebenzi

phambi Eastern isikhathi eside sasiyindawo eyinhloko impi, kodwa ukuze bahlole ezingaba lempi Russia, umyalo Austro-German wathatha isikhathi esithile. Thanda Hitler engu-23 kamuva, von Moltke induna Austro-Hungarian-German Jikelele Abasebenzi bakholwa ukuthi ukunqoba ingatholakala ukuhlaselwa okusheshayo, isandla khulula ukulwa eyodwa abaphikisi. Isikhathi esiningi indiva positional impi oluzayo, ubuholi Triple Alliance akazange acabangele ezingaba ezinkulukazi kwezomnotho ezindaweni zombuso ezikude isiRashiya, layo ukuzimela ukudla kanye nezisebenzi omkhulu, ngakho izimpi ka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala abangu inabasebenzi Ukuboshelwa. On the East Austrians wathumela kuphela okweshumi yebutho lakhe, nakho konke okunye wagxilisa Ngasemdeni ke ka Luxembourg and Belgium. Kusukela 2nd kuya 5 Agasti, izinsuku ezintathu nje, cishe ngaphandle kokulwa, athumba kwala mazwe womabili kanye ehlasela iFrance. Ngo-August 25, lanqoba isitha emfuleni Marne, le Austro-baseHungary namaJalimane waya eParis. Kwakubonakala sengathi ahlula is maduze!. Kodwa ...

Khonamanjalo eRussia

Growing ngamazwi ashiwo yokushisekela izwe kwenzeka lapho besanda kuqala kwanoma iyiphi impi. Ngemva simemezelo yayo abantu ngokuvamile abacabanga ukuthi basungezwe amasosha la kulokhu kulandisa okubili kuzonqamula nesitha. Lokhu lula inkulumo-ze ezibukwayo ngesimo amaphosta, amaphephandaba, nezikhangiso namuhla, futhi abezindaba ngendlela ephumelela kakhudlwana. IRussia hhayi rearmed, hhayi ngesikhathi, kodwa uMbuso Austro-Hungarian ngesikhathi kwanele ukuze uthole ukubuka mlando eziningi. Nokho, ngisho isimo pre-impi kweSoviet amabutho ahlomile ngo-1941 kulinganiselwa khona ukuthi ngokuyisisekelo mayelana efanayo. Nokho, umphumela, zaphumela lezi unpreparedness ezimbili ezihlukene. phambi Eastern ayizange isihambile ezijulile indawo Russian okwengeziwe Carpathians, okusikisela ukuthi ibutho lethu kwakungekubi kangako behlomile igcwele. Kuyefana nasendleleni izinkinga ukunikezela. Military umkhakha ngokushesha kwashesha ekhiqizwa izikhali ngokwanele kanye nezinhlamvu hhayi kuphela kuze kube sekupheleni impi. Uma iphelile kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala (1914-1918), eRussia ukudonselwa ngokuceka eside fratricidal eyathatha iminyaka emine. Sonke lesi sikhathi, izimboni cishe ngasebenzi kanye nezinhlamvu, imicibisholo, kwaqhuma, howitzers, izibhamu, izibhamu kanye nezinhlamvu kusukela izinhlangothi ezilwayo ( "red" futhi "simhlophe") akuthunyelwa, konke lokhu wathathwa wayiswa emafektri. Isabelo amakhadi kwangena umhla eFrance, eNgilandi, eJalimane nase-Austria-Hungary, futhi yokuntuleka kokudla awuzange wazizwa kuze amaBolshevik athatha izintambo.

Silwe ezweni insimu enkulu ezifana nokungahle kube kwezezimboni nakwezolimo elinamandla kangaka cishe akunakwenzeka. Ukuze afeze kuqala okusheshayo ukunqoba aqhakanjisiwe kwaqedwa emazweni zamabutho Triple Alliance kwakunganele, kanye positional lokulwa ukuzithumela kwezinye izindawo nokufa kungaholela nemiphumela eyinhlekelele. ubuholi Kaiser sika wayenethemba lokuthi isikhathi kungenzeka ghostly wokususa eRussia evela empini ngokusebenzisa izilonda umbukwane noma yimuphi omunye bavela nezindlela ezihlakaniphile.

izenzakalo obengeziwe kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala luye lwabonisa ukuthi lezi izinhlelo ngokwengxenye ephethwe ukuqaphela Nokho, ukunqoba-Austria-Hungary, kwabona bayizehluleki.

Esigabeni sokuqala

IRussia ngizame ukuhlale ngikulungele ukutakula nabangane babo ezikhathini kulukhuni ukukhuluma ngazo. It yayiphumula kanye kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Umlando ekuqaleni izenzo asebenzayo we-Russian Imperial Army ugcwele idrama. Ngemva kokunqotshwa kwe-Marne ukuhlela onamawala Frontline imisebenzi Kwakuseshwa August 1914, okungase uzilungiselele futhi kangcono. amabutho amabili (iphansi kwesandla sika-ojenene Samsonov AV uphinde PK Rennenkampf) baphuthuma kuhlaselwa yaseMpumalanga Prussia abehlula Austrian 8th Army M. Pritvits. Kaiser German wacindezeleka izilonda, kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, wamukele kweqiniso kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa isixazululo nomyali. Yena kumiswe kusengaphambili ku Paris, futhi wathumela amabutho ezinkulu ngasempumalanga. I-pendulum uye wavuleka enye indlela, Russian umyalo omkhulu wenza iphutha zamasu. Army ushaya ku-ndlela etshiyeneyo ukuba Berlin futhi eKönigsberg. Lokhu webumbacambili yinde phambi empumalanga, lokhu kwaholela ekubeni ukwehla lokuhlushwa imisebenzi, kuka asehluleki ukusizakala German Jikelele Abasebenzi. wamabutho Russian umonakalo esindayo kwakwenziwa, bese bebacabanga mayelana ekuqaleni, njalo kwakungekho lutho. Izenzo atholwe uhlamvu positional, okuyinto, ngokuvamile, kwaba ezandleni amabutho oMfelandawonye. amabutho Austrian abangu ngamaketanga, zibancishe indawo iqhinga, kuyilapho isikhathi isebenza ngokumelene nawo.

ukulahlekelwa

I izimpi ka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala babe libonwe emlandweni ubude. IRussia yayinabantu ukuba ayokulwa Turkey, futhi abajoyine Alliance Bulgaria Kathathu. amazwe angu-38, ezadala ukushayisana olunegazi lwavutha uphondo. Entente ohlangothini wathatha Egypt ngisho yamuva isitha Russian - Japan. Italy akazange abonise ukunamathela ezimisweni, zikhetha izithakazelo zezwe komsebenzi azihlanganisa. Njengoba waqala empini ohlangothini Triple Alliance, kuba busebenze washintsha ashaya of amasosha abo.

Iba amaqembu ukuba impi nakwamanye amazwe. IMpi Yezwe I, eminyakeni yayo emine kwakwanele ukuba okhubazekile izigidi amabili kwenziwe ibulale abantu abayizigidi eziyishumi. Kuyadingeka ukuba ayeke focus on the isilinganiso sabantu amabutho uthi alwayo. Akumangalisi, lapho inombolo kahle esikhulu ka masosha afile (Russia wayengabalwa abacishe babe izigidi. 1.7 Amasosha), lesi sibalo leliphasi kunaleyo lamazwe we Triple Alliance. Ongenayo iningi izisulu alethwe kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala? ukulahlekelwa komuntu Ithebula libukeka:

Ibutho isiRashiya, naphezu ukwehluleka umyalo (bona ukuba bebelokhu nangentando kunoma iyiphi yizilwi), babethanda kahle kahle eliphezulu. Akavumanga kwema- amabutho esitha ezijulile insimu yalo, futhi ezimweni eziningi ukushaya isitha akuyona inombolo nangekhono. Noma kunjalo, yonke le minyaka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, hhayi Udaba olulodwa ukwedlulela amasosha Russian yesitha, ingasaphathwa yokufuna defectors regiments, izimpiko kanye wamabutho. It nje alikwazanga. Izikhulu nokuphana maqondana iziboshwa zempi ezakhiwa ezimweni eziningi, wonke amaqembu ukuba lengxabano ngamazwe ahlomile.

Positional futhi ezilungele ecasula

phambi Eastern, kanye West, uhlaliseke emva 1915. Amabutho wasiphakamisa izikhundla kanye babehilelekile nokuwaqinisa, ukumba imisele nokwakha enezivikelo eziqinile. Isikhathi kukhona imizamo ukuze ifohle iye, kodwa zenkulumo hhayi enamandla noma ukusetshenziswa amathangi, noma ngisho chlorine ezinesihlungu akusizi aphumelele bese ufaka igumbi lokuhlinzela. Ngakwazi ukukwenza kanye kuphela yonke le minyaka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Umbhali balokhu kunqoba kwaba Jikelele Brusilov, ngubani entwasahlobo ekuseni ehlobo lika-1916, kuhlelwe futhi kwenziwe ukuzivikela izihlakaniphi ukujula zephule amabutho Austro-German eNingizimu-Western Front. Impumelelo nomthelela emoyeni ophansi lesitha, nokubusa ngendlela efanele kanye lokuhlushwa ngempumelelo amasosha Russian. Yezinqumo babekhona nabo, ikakhulukazi, izinqolobane enganele, okuyinto kuvinjelwe ukusebenzisa imiphumela yokusebenza amasu ngokugcwele.

Kulandzelana kwalokucuketfwe lokuhleliwe nempi 1914-1918

Unyaka ngamunye, a mpi esabekayo besihambisana nesiminyaminya uhlamvu oluthile isimo zamasu. Ngo-1914 kwaba khona ubuhlobo izenzo eziqondile yebutho Russian kanye amabutho Entente. Ukuphambukisa ingxenye amabutho aseJalimane kanye Austrian olwenziwa ukuhlaselwa yimpumelelo ku Galicia.

1915 baba positional, kodwa ezinye izinhlelo amaJalimane namanje yabonisa, bakwazi ukuba ulithathe Poland, ingxenye naseNtshonalanga ye-Ukraine, emazweni aseBaltic kanye Belarus.

Ngo-1916, kwaba khona ukulinganiswa ngokucophelela ezazivamile sekugcina wonke kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Isiqondiso eyinhloko ekuhlaseleni amabutho aseJalimane babe eFrance, endaweni Verdun. Brusilov okuhlambalazayo futhi esephula izinhlelo ezweni Triple Alliance, babefanele ngokuxhamazela uthumele namabutho empumalanga ukugwema inhlekelele lempi.

Ngo-1917 eRussia ngesula impi, abese ephetha kamuva (1918) kanye eJalimane nase-Austria-Hungary ukuthula ehlukile.

Ukuphela?

Zonke izinkinga nezinhlekelele kanye anqamule. Futhi yaphela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. 1918 kwaba usuku lapho izibhamu kwathi cwaka. I Austro-Hungarian Empire ngiyaquleka. Abawinile kugujwa, bona bafunile ukuxhaphaza isimo ukuze sivale lapho sisilela khona izindleko impahla incurred ngokuhamba ubutha, ukuze ajezise eJalimane, ukuphoqelela ke i lokumiswa, ungasinika ingxenye insimu yalo. Russia kule nqubo akazange iqhaza. I Februwari Revolution kuka-1917, futhi ke Okthoba revolution demoralized ibutho, kubukela phansi umnotho, futhi ukucabanga ngani zezombusazwe uholé ubuholi kwamaBolshevik ukulahla ezifundeni ezithile of the Empire, Russian esivuna nezinye izifundazwe noma ebanikeza ubukhosi. IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, okungangabazeki ukuthi ababekhona yasayina isivumelwano ukuthula, futhi ngemva isiphelo sako kwesokunxele izinkinga eziningi ezingaxazululeki. EJalimane, isitha esikhulu we Entente, wahlulwa yoca inkunzi, kodwa umuzwa wokungabi nabulungisa nenzondo wahlala nabantu German. Ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi futhi eminyakeni uhhafu wathola umholi oye wakwazi ukusizakala mizwelo, onomfutho njenge-spring. Versailles sivumelwano sahoxiswa, futhi akuphelanga sikhathi okwamanje lapho French kwadingeka ukuba aphindisele ubuholi kanye lapho ephothula kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Izithombe ujantshi imoto kusuka Kempen, esasayinwa ngo-1918 ukuze umhlaba elidumile German ngeke ukundlula wonke amaphephandaba emhlabeni.

Kodwa lena enye indaba ...