Iseli nucleus futhi umsebenzi wayo

Ukwakheka nemisebenzi iseli inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, sibhekana uchungechunge izinguquko. Ukuvela organelles entsha kwandulelwe izinguquko umkhathi lithosphere iplanethi abasha. Omunye izinzuzo ezinkulu kwaba kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana. eziphilayo Eukaryotic Uthole, ngenxa yokubakhona organelles isehlane, Izinzuzo ebaluleke phezu prokaryotes futhi ngokushesha kwaba zidonse isikhathi eside.

I kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana, isakhiwo kanye nemisebenzi okuyizinto ukuhluka ezicutshini ezahlukene kanye nezinhlaka, ngcono ikhwalithi RNA biosynthesis nokudluliselwa kolwazi zofuzo.

umsuka

Kuze kube manje, kukhona imibono eyayisinesikhathi ezimbili eziyinhloko mayelana ukwakheka yeseli eukaryotic. Ngokusho imfundiso yokuziphendukela organelles iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana (isib mitochondria noma flagella) babe eziphilayo kanye ezithile prokaryotic. Okhokho balezi eukaryotes yesimanje wabagwinya. Ngenxa yalokho ephilayo iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana.

ngaleyo ndlela Umnyombo kwakhiwa ngenxa owangaphakathi protrusion ingxenye cytoplasmic ulwelwesi. It kwakudingekile ngendlela yokufuna indlela entsha ekuthuthukiseni cell umsoco, phagocytosis. Ukuthwebula izithombe ukudla ubephelezelwa ukwanda degree of ukuhamba kwe-cytoplasm. Genofory amelela izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo weseli prokaryotic futhi inamathela izindonga, ke iwela "ukugeleza" indawo eqinile futhi nesivikelo esisidingayo. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakheka ingxenye ezijulile invagination ulwelwesi equkethe genofory enamathiselwe. Lo mbono lufakazelwa yokuthi isikhumba ikhenela is kuhlangene ku ulwelwesi cytoplasmic amaseli.

Kukhona enye inguqulo imicimbi. Ngokusho umbono yegciwane umsuka nucleus lenzeka ngenxa yokutheleleka kwamaseli ka Archaea lasendulo. It kwangena igciwane DNA futhi ekugcineni ngathola okulawula ukuphila izinqubo. Ososayensi cabangela lokhu theory unembile ngaphezulu yi eziningi agumenti esivuna yayo. Nokho, kuze kube manje akukho kobufakazi noma iyiphi imibono eyayisinesikhathi ekhona.

Isithombe esisodwa noma ngaphezulu

Iningi iseli yesimanje eukaryotic has i-nucleus. Inani elikhulu iqukethe organelle eyodwa kuphela. Nokho, Kukhona futhi amaseli ukuthi baye baphelelwa core ngenxa ezinye izici sokusebenza. Lezi zihlanganisa, isibonelo, amangqamuzana abomvu egazi. Kukhona futhi amaseli ezimbili (ciliates) ngisho cores amaningi.

Isakhiwo kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana

Kungakhathaliseki izimfanelo umzimba, isakhiwo core libhekene iqoqo organelles ejwayelekile. Kusukela kwangaphakathi iseli isikhala lihlukaniswa off by ulwelwesi double. ungqimba zayo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle kwezinye izindawo uhlangane, obumba izimbobo zesikhumba. umsebenzi wabo exchange of izinto phakathi cytoplasm futhi nucleus.

isikhala organelles karyoplasm ugcwele, ebizwa nangokuthi juice wenuzi noma nucleoplasm. Itholakala chromatin futhi nucleolus. Ngezinye izikhathi owokugcina kulaba organelles we kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana alikho e ikhophi eyodwa. Ezinye eziphilayo nucleoli, kunalokho, akukho.

ulwelwesi

Kumiswa imvilophi zenuzi we lipid futhi siqukethe izingqimba ezimbili: yangaphandle kanye kwangaphakathi. Eqinisweni, kungcono okufanayo cell ulwelwesi. Umnyombo baxhumana imisinga yamanzi reticulum endoplasmic ngokusebenzisa isikhala perinuclear futhi umgodi ezakhiwe izingqimba ezimbili igobolondo.

Uma kubanda ulwelwesi olungaphandle futhi kwangaphakathi anezici ezabo isakhiwo, kodwa ngokuvamile iyafana.

Oseduze cytoplasm

Olwelwesini ludlulele ngaphakathi ulwelwesi we reticulum endoplasmic. umehluko Its main kusukela yokugcina - lokuhlushwa makhulu kakhulu wamaprotheni e isakhiwo. Ulwelwesi ungaphakathi contact ngqo cytoplasm amaseli, camera nge ungqimba ngaphandle we ribosomes. On the ngaphakathi ulwelwesi ixhunywe ikhule ezimbotsheni eziningi, kuba amaprotheni izakhiwo elikhulu.

Isendlalelo kwangaphakathi

Ukubhekana ku ulwelwesi cell nucleus njengoba kuqhathaniswa elingaphandle, abushelelezi, engamboziwe ribosomes. It kukhawula karyoplasm. Isici nobuntu ulwelwesi kwangaphakathi - lamins yenuzi ungqimba ulwelwesi uhlangothi lwalo ukuthinta nucleoplasm. Lokhu amaprotheni isakhiwo ethile isekela ifomu igobolondo, ohilelekile ukulawulwa isakhi sofuzo inkulumo futhi ubangela ukunamathela chromatin ukuze ulwelwesi zenuzi.

umzimba

Ukuxhumana kwe-nucleus futhi cytoplasm ngokusebenzisa ikhule ezimbotsheni zenuzi. Ziyakwazi izakhiwo ngempela eziyinkimbinkimbi ezakhiwe 30 amaprotheni. Isibalo ikhule ezimbotsheni kwenye core zingase zihluke. It kuncike uhlobo cell, isitho nomzimba. Ngokwesibonelo, e abantu kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana ungaba kusuka 3 kuya 5 eyinkulungwane ezinye frog kuziwa 50,000.

Ikhaya has a function - exchange of izinto phakathi nucleus futhi lonke isikhala cell. Amanye ama-molecule ukungena ezimbotsheni zibukele, ngaphandle eyengeziwe energy okokufaka. Sinenkosi usayizi encane. Ethutha molecule esikhulu izakhiwo supramolecular kudinga ethile ukugeleza amandla.

Karyoplasm yeseli get kwemiqondo nucleus, RNA molecule. Kolunye uhlangothi is zithutha amaprotheni adingekayo izinqubo intranuclear.

nucleoplasm

juice Nuclear yisisombululo colloidal amaprotheni. Kuyinto elinganiselwe ikhenela igobolondo futhi sizungeze chromatin futhi nucleolus. Nucleoplasm - ketshezi viscous lapho izinto ezihlukahlukene siphela. Lezi zihlanganisa ama-nucleotide kanye enzyme. I sokuqala esibalulekile ngoba i-DNA zamagama. I enzyme ehilelekile umbhalo, kanye ukukhanda kanye DNA ukufanisana.

Isakhiwo juice zenuzi luyehluka kuye ngokuthi isimo cell. Labo ababili - umile futhi kwenzeka ngesikhathi division. Isici lokuqala interphase (isikhathi phakathi izigaba). Kulokhu, lo ubisi zenuzi ezahlukene iyunifomu ukusatshalaliswa acid nucleic kanye nezinhlayiya ze-DNA akusenjalo. Phakathi nale nkathi, kukhona izinto zenani elikhulu eziyifa ngesimo chromatin. Ukuhlukaniswa kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana kuhambisana noshintsho chromatin ku-chromosome. Ngalesi sikhathi kuyahlukahluka isakhiwo karyoplasm: nesidoda okunikelwe ozuza isakhiwo ethile, imvilophi zenuzi ahlahlele, futhi ixubene karyoplasm cytoplasm.

chromosome

Imisebenzi esemqoka izakhiwo nucleoprotein iguqulwe ngesikhathi division of chromatin - isitoreji, ukudayiswa kanye ukudluliselwa ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo, equkethe kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana. Ngokuvamile ama-chromosome zinezikhathi umumo Ikakhulukazi: yizinqamu noma emahlombe constriction eyinhloko, obizwa nangokuthi tselomeroy. Ngokusho indawo yayo kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu-chromosomes:

• induku emise noma acrocentric: basuke libhekene ukubeka tselomery cishe ekupheleni, ihlombe elilodwa kuvela kancane kakhulu;
• raznoplechie noma submetacentric ifa emahlombe engalingani;
• L-alinganayo noma metacentric.

Isethi wama-chromosomes e-cell esibizwa ngokuthi i-karyotype. Uhlobo ngalunye ke iqinile. Ngakho amaseli ahlukene i umzimba ingase ibe diploid (double) noma haploid (owodwa) isethi. Samuntu sokuqala nobuntu amaseli ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo, ngokuvamile ezakha umzimba. isethi Haploid - ilungelo lokwenza amaseli ocansini. amaseli Human ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo aqukethe Ama-chromosomes e-46, wobulili - 23.

chromosome Diploid usethe pair. Ezifanayo nucleoprotein isakhiwo kufakwe pair, abizwa ngokuthi alleles. Sinenkosi isakhiwo esifanayo futhi enze umsebenzi ofanayo.

Chromosome iyunithi kwesakhiwo yiyona izici zofuzo. Lokhu kusho esephepheni DNA ingxenye for iprotheni ethile.

endosome

I kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana has organelles eyodwa ngaphezulu - iyona nucleolus. It is hhayi ehlukanisiwe karyoplasm ulwelwesi, kodwa kulula ukubona ngenkathi abacwaninga amangqamuzana ngesibonakhulu. Ezinye izikhwebu zingaba nucleoli amaningi. Kunalabo lapho lezi organelles bengekho ngokuphelele.

Ukuma nucleus sifana sphere, has a usayizi sasivumela encane. It is namaprotheni ahlukahlukene. Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-nucleolus - synthesis ribosomal RNA, futhi ribosomes ngokwabo. Ziyakwazi ezidingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe emaketangeni polypeptide. Nucleoli akhiwa emhlabeni ezifundeni ezithile zofuzo. Zibizwa ngokuthi umhleli nucleolar. Iqukethe izakhi zofuzo RNA ribosomal. Nucleolus, phakathi kwezinye izinto, iyindawo ne okuhlushwa eliphakeme wamaprotheni kuseli. Ingxenye amaprotheni adingekayo ukuze imisebenzi organelle.

Njengengxenye nucleolus yizici ezimbili: luyimbudumbudu futhi fibrillar. Esokuqala ukukhula ribosomal subunit. It kwenziwe isikhungo fibrillar RNA ribosomal zamagama. isakhi luyimbudumbudu ozungezayo fibrillary etholakala maphakathi nucleolus.

Iseli nucleus futhi umsebenzi wayo

Nendima eyadlalwa ikhenela, is kuhlangene isakhiwo ayo. izakhiwo Yangaphakathi organelle ngokuhlanganyela nokuqalisa izinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu kuseli. Lapha itholakala ulwazi zofuzo inquma lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti esitokisini. Ikhenela unesibopho isitoreji futhi ukudluliswa ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo, wenziwa phakathi mitosis futhi meiosis. Esikhathini sokuqala icala indodakazi iseli ithola i isethi ezifanayo zezakhi zofuzo umzali. Ngenxa meiotic germ cells akhiwa neqoqo haploid lezakhi zofuzo.

Esinye isici engengaphansi okubalulekile ikhenela - ukulawulwa izinqubo intracellular. It Kwenziwa nokuqapha zamagama amaprotheni obhekene isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi izingxenye yeselula.

Ithonya Lako amaprotheni zamagama enye inkulumo. Core izinqubo elilawulayo ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni, ke ihlanganisa zonke organelles e uhlelo olulodwa indlela kahle. Ukwehluleka kuwo ngokuvamile kuholele yokufa kwamangqamuzana engokwemvelo.

Ekugcineni, ikhenela iyona indawo synthesis subunits ka ribosomes, okuyinto banesibopho ukwakheka acid esifanayo acid amaprotheni. Ribosomes kubalulekile inqubo umbhalo.

iseli Eukaryotic isakhiwo ephelele ezingaphezu kuka prokaryotic. Ukuvela organelles nge ulwelwesi yabo lenyuka nekusebenta izinqubo intracellular. Kumiswa core lizungezwe ulwelwesi lipid, ifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu kule kwemvelo. Ukuvikelwa kolwazi lwakho zofuzo ulwelwesi bavunyelwe kahle eziphilayo owumphumela lasendulo ukuba izindlela ezintsha zokuphila. Phakathi kwazo kwakukhona phagocytosis, okuyinto ingenye izinguqulo sekubangele umzimba iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana, kamuva waba ngukhokho iseli yesimanje eukaryotic nazo zonke organelles yayo isici. Iseli nucleus isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi ezinye izakhiwo ezintsha ovunyelwe ukusebenzisa oksijini umzimba. Umphumela waba ushintsho olukhulu uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli eMhlabeni, yabeka isisekelo sezinkolo ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Namuhla, eziphilayo eukaryotic, ezihlanganisa abantu, linqobe iplanethi, futhi lutho kubonisani izinguquko kule ndaba.