Idatha kanye namaqiniso mayelana nomkhathi. Umkhathi womhlaba

Atmosphere - yilokhu ivumela eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ulwazi bokuqala futhi amaqiniso mayelana emkhathini sibuyela esikoleni sabaqalayo. Lapho efunda esikoleni esiphakeme, saba zijwayele wathandeka kakhulu lo mqondo geography izifundo.

Umqondo emkhathini

Isibhakabhaka akukho kuphela eMhlabeni, kodwa futhi kwezinye izindikimba zasezulwini. Ngakho ngokuthi igesi imvilophi ezungeze iplanethi. Ukwakheka lesi sendlalelo igesi kuyahluka amaplanethi ngokuphongoza. Ake sibheke ulwazi oluyisisekelo kanye namaqiniso mayelana emkhathini woMhlaba, eyaziwa nangokuthi umoya.

Ingxenye ebaluleke kunazo zonke ezinye zezici zalo mpilo. Abanye abantu ngephutha bacabanga ukuthi emkhathini woMhlaba yenziwe yonke ngamafayela we-oksijini, kodwa eqinisweni emoyeni - inhlanganisela amagesi. Siqukethe 78% i-nitrogen ne-21% i-oksijini. Phumula amaphesenti omunye kuhlanganisa i-ozone, argon, isikhutha, umhwamuko. Ake iphesenti lezi amagesi incane, kodwa bakhonza i umsebenzi obalulekile - ukuncela a Ingcenye eqakathekileko yomsebenzi wehlelo solar energy ngemisebe futhi ngaleyo ndlela ayinawo inkanyiso okuguqula ukuphila kule planethi yethu ibe umlotha. izakhiwo asemkhathini iyashintshashintsha kuye ngokuthi ukuphakama. Ngokwesibonelo, e-engamamitha 65 km 86% nitrogen ne-oxygen - 19%.

Ukwakheka emkhathini woMhlaba

• Carbon dioxide kwadingeka kwezinhlelo isitshalo umsoco. Esimweni, kubonakala ngenxa emishinini yokuphefumula eziphilayo, abolile, evutha. ukungezwakali kwawo esikhathini umkhathi ngabe kwenza kwangenzeka nganoma ukuba khona noma yimuphi izitshalo.
• Oxygen - ibalulekile ingxenye yomuntu umkhathi. Ukuba khona kwawo kungokudingekayo sokuba khona zonke izinto eziphilayo. Kumayelana 20% umthamo isamba lamagesi emkhathini.
• Ozone - a mfutho engokwemvelo solar emisebeni yelanga, okuba nomthelela omubi eziphilayo. Iningi it yakha isendlalelo ahlukene umkhathi - screen i-ozone. Eminyakeni yamuva, umsebenzi womuntu kuholela yokuthi ukuthi ungqimba lwe-ozone iyaqala sokudiliza, kodwa ngoba ibaluleke kakhulu, umsebenzi asebenzayo ukulondolozwa kanye nokubuyiselwa.
• Umhwamuko ikhomba nomswakama. Okuqukethwe kwalo ingase yehluke kuye ngesistimu izici ezihlukahlukene: lokushisa emoyeni, indawo, inkathi. Emazingeni aphansi umhwamuko emoyeni, kuncane kakhulu kungaba angaphansi kwelilodwa, kuyilapho inani eliphezulu thereof is 4%.
• Ngaphezu okungenhla, lichaza ekwakheni umkhathi njalo kumaphesenti athile ukungcola okuqinile futhi uketshezi. Lokhu umule, umlotha, uLwandle Lukasawoti, uthuli, amanzi, nezilwanyana ezincane. Fall emoyeni, abangakwenza kokubili izindlela zemvelo nezibangelwa abantu.

Izendlalelo Umkhathi

Futhi izinga lokushisa kanye ukuminyana futhi lomoya at eziphakeme ezahlukene engalingani. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuba isinqumo ukwaba izingqimba ezahlukene emkhathini. Ngamunye wabo has izici zayo siqu. Ake sizwe ukuthi yini izingqimba umkhathi ababonakali ngezikhundla:

• IThrojani efaka isimeli seseva - ungqimba asemkhathini esiseduzane surface eMhlabeni. ukuphakama kwalo - 8-10 km ngenhla izigxobo futhi 16-18 km - ezindaweni ezishisayo. Kukhona 90% wezindleko umhwamuko okukhona emkhathini, ngakho kukhona ifu ekwakhekeni asebenzayo. Futhi kule ungqimba kukhona izinqubo ezifana ukuhamba emoyeni (emoyeni), isiyaluyalu, Ukubika Inkinga YeWindows. Amazinga okushisa isukela 45 degrees ntambama e isizini efudumele ezindaweni ezishisayo kuya -65 degrees-pole.
• I Stratosphere - the remoteness yesibili kusukela ungqimba phansi umkhathi. Kutholwe endaweni engamamitha angu-11 kuya ku-50. Esikhathini ungqimba engezansi izinga lokushisa Stratosphere ka mayelana -55, ohlangothini kude umhlaba liyophuma nokubeka +1. Le ndawo ibizwa ngokuthi kombhala futhi umngcele Stratosphere futhi mesosphere.
• I mesosphere itholakala endaweni engamamitha angu-50 kuya kwangu-90. Amazinga e-komngcele walo aphansi - mayelana 0, e sifinyelela engenhla -80 ...- 90 C.? Emkhathini kokungena emkhathini womhlaba, combusted ngokuphelele Mesospheric, ngoba lokhu ekushayweni emoyeni zenzeka lapha.
• Thermosphere has a ukushuba cishe 700 km. Kulesi ungqimba, umkhathi kokuba Aurora Borealis. Babonakala ngenxa ionization emoyeni ngu cosmic emisebeni nemisebe lovela ilanga.
• Exospheres - air ukuhlakazwa zone. Lapha, emakamu igesi incane futhi ehoxile kancane kancane kwenzeka emkhathini interplanetary.

Umngcele phakathi Umkhathi womhlaba kanye namandla isikhala expanses Kusolwa ulayini km 100. Lesi sici sibizwa ngokuthi i-Karman umugqa.

umfutho womoya

Ukulalela sezulu, sivame ukuzwa lo asemkhathini ingcindezi ukufundwa. Kodwa yini ukucindezela ebangelwa umkhathi, nokuthi kungase kusithinte kanjani?

Ukuqonda kwethu igesi siqukethe emoyeni futhi akhiphe amanyela. Ngayinye yalezi izingxenye has isisindo ayo, ngakho-ke isimo sezulu hhayi isisindo, bakholwa ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XVII. ingcindezi Atmosphere - ibutho ngawo wonke izingqimba umkhathi sibhekene nezingcindezi surface eMhlabeni futhi kwato tonkhe tifundvo.

Ososayensi baye baqhuba izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi wafakazela ukuthi umuntu imitha square umkhathi ngazo nge amandla 10.333 kg. Ngakho, umzimba womuntu echayeke umfutho womoya, isisindo okuyinto amathani 12-15. Kungani Siyakwazi yini ukuwuzwa? It osisindisayo ingcindezi layo langaphakathi okuyinto kubhalansisa zangaphandle. Omunye bangazizwa umfutho womoya ku endizeni noma ngezinyawo siye ezintabeni, kusukela umfutho womoya ngesikhathi kokuwa ephansi kakhulu. Kulokhu, kungenzeka ubuhlungu obungokomzimba, ebeka izindlebe, isiyezi.

Izindaba ezimnandi amaqiniso

Isibhakabhaka ezungeze imbulunga, singasho izinto eziningi. Siyazi ngakho eziningi amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo futhi ezinye zazo ingase ibonakale imangaza:

• Isibhakabhaka eliwumhlaba ukala 5 300 000 000 000 000 amathani.
• Isisiza ukudluliselwa umsindo. Njengoba lisendaweni ephakeme kuka-100 km lale mpahla elahlekile ngenxa yezinguquko Ukwakheka ozungeze umhlaba wethu.
• Movement of the emkhathini cuphuluza Ukushisa engalingani komhlaba.
• Ukuze ubone ukuthi izinga lokushisa komoya usebenzisa thermometer, futhi ukwazi amandla umfutho womoya - barometer.
• Ukuba khona emkhathini silondoloza iplanethi yethu amathani 100 wazo nsuku zonke.
• Air Ukwakheka zase zihleliwe eminyakeni embalwa kwezigidi eziyikhulu, kodwa waqala ukushintsha ekuqaleni imisebenzi zeziyaluyalu ukukhiqizwa.
• Kukholakala ukuthi umkhathi inweba kufika endaweni engamamitha 3000 km.

Okusho umoya ngoba abantu

Ngokwendlela umzimba owakheke ngayo umoya zone 5 km. Njengoba lisendaweni ephakeme 5000 m ngaphezu kolwandle, umuntu uqala ukuba baveze ukuthi izinhliziyo yokushodelwa umoya, okuholela ukwehla nokwenza kwayo kanye Ukuwohloka impilo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi umuntu ngeke siphile emkhathini, lapho kukhona le ngxube emangalisayo amagesi.

Lonke ulwazi kanye namaqiniso mayelana emkhathini ukuqinisekisa kuphela nekubaluleka kwalo abantu. Ngenxa khona layo futhi ithuba lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Kakade namuhla, ekuhloleni sezingeni ukulimala ukuthi isintu uyakwazi izenzo isicelo emoyeni anikeza ukuphila, kudingeka sicabange ngezenzo okwengeziwe ukuze alondoloze futhi ubuyisele emkhathini.