Five-iphuzu kokuhlaziywa uhlelo - zindlela. Amabanga esikoleni

Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, yasungulwa ezinhlanu-iphuzu kokuhlaziywa uhlelo lolwazi abafundi '. It ngokucacile ubeka nenqubo e ilungiselelo elikhethekile, alethwe ukunakwa abafundi, abazali kanye, yebo, othisha. Kodwa lapho besanda samanje yentuthuko Imfundo Russia kwakukhona isidingo nesimanje. Asithathe sihlolisise ohlelweni.

Izici wezilinganiso uhlelo yesimanje

Umsebenzi uthisha ukuthuthukisa isifiso abafundi 'self-imfundo, ukudalwa abafundi ukufunda izidingo namakhono womsebenzi engqondo. Kodwa ukuhlola okwenziwa kwisistimu 5-iphuzu yomfundi akwanele. Ngakho-ke, inkinga yokuthola zindlela ezintsha ekuhloleni okwamanje acute ikakhulukazi.

Kungaphawulwa izizathu eziningana ukuthi:

1. Ezinhlanu zokuqala-iphuzu isistimu asifanele sokunquma ezingeni jikelele amakhono kwamasiko kanye nolwazi olukhethekile. Futhi ngaphandle kwabo hhayi kungaba lithathelwe ephelele ababethweswa iziqu ukuba namaqiniso umphakathi.
2. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo kolwazi izinhlelo, kungenzeka ukukhula ngabanye kahle okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi nzima ukuzihlaziya 5 amaphuzu.

Izimfuneko iziqu

Kusukela izindonga izikhungo zemfundo kumele uye Abadali kweqiniso, ikhono elizobhekana, bakwazi ukuxazulula imisebenzi theory ne practical enzima nelula. A classic emihlanu-phuzu uhlelo akusebenzi esikoleni, ngoba akuyona iyahambisana nezidingo nemithetho emisha kahulumeni, okuyinto yethulwe ngesikhathi zamabanga aphansi naphezulu isikole ezingeni.

Yini enquma ukuphumelela ukuqeqeshwa

Kunoma lefundo umgomo - ukuphumelela inqubo yemfundo. Kulokhu, kuhlolwa kwekufundza kuhilela ukusungulwa ikhwalithi nemakhono labawatfolile nabafundi ulwazi.

Lemisiwe ngamaphuzu, nibekezelela ezikoleni Russian, kusikisela ezinye umehluko kuye engu-abafundi, futhi bamele ngesilinganiso ambalwa kusukela zi oyedwa kuya kwabahlanu. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi isikole esebenzisa uhlelo emihlanu-phuzu, futhi empeleni trohballnaya, ngoba ezingeni "iyunithi" futhi "abanelisi" is cishe bangaveziwe, njengoba ubheke into efanayo - umfundi akafundi into.

Okwamanje, kwakukhona ukuphikisana sina phakathi izimfuno ezenziwe ezikoleni uMnyango Wezemfundo, kanye nokuhlola. Ngokwesibonelo, GEF unaka ngokukhethekile ekuthuthukiseni nobunye bomuntu ngamunye ezinhlelo umfundi ngamunye, ukwakheka kucabanga ngalokujulile, khulula, ubuntu yokudala, elikwaziyo ngokuzimela amakhono azo athuthuke. Kodwa, njengoba sekushiwo, lapho lezi zimfanelo ezibalulekile ungekho isikhundla ukuze aqinisekise le emihlanu-phuzu uhlelo kokuhlaziywa. Isimo sokunquma sezisunguliwe izikole ngendlela yakudala, lapho isici esibaluleke kunazo kwaba ukuthola ulwazi. Kuzo kukhona zokudala temisebentiluhlolo, ukukhula ngabanye, self-imfundo.

Ukulinganisa ezikoleni Russian

izikhungo eziningi zemfundo Namanje usebenzisa ukuhlolwa uhlelo olusekelwe amaphuzu amane. Ngaphezu amamaki "lemihle kakhulu" (uphawu 5), "okuhle" (amaphuzu 4), "eyanelisayo" (3) "abanelisi" (2), kukhona futhi nokuhlolwa "iyunithi" (1) Nokho, othisha bayo neze asebenzise . Sizozama ukuthola ukuthi yini izidingo achazwayo ngoba iphuzu ngalinye kulawa, nibekezelela e esikoleni umagazini electronic.

Mfundisi wasebenzisa emihlanu-phuzu uhlelo kokuhlaziywa. Isimo sokunquma ahlotshaniswa ne izikhundla eziningana, lapho iphuzu ngalinye limelela isibonisi okuhlangene lolucuketse:

• Izinga lolwazi umfundi, njengoba kulinganiswe indinganiso oluthile;
• Ngokuqhathanisa luthuthukisa mayelana jikelele ekilasini ezingeni;
• Ukuqhathanisa impumelelo umfundi ngesikhathi esedlule, ngesisekelo okuyinto uphawu isethwe.

Ngeshwa, lokhu okukhethwa kukho ziyabonakala ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma sihlaziye izinga lezinkulumo mathematics, umbandela esiyinhloko elikhiphe uphawu kuyoba ziqhathaniswa lokuma. Kodwa kukhona ezinye imisebenzi okuyiwona-ke isici esibaluleke kunazo zonke Fielding uphawu izinga abafundi bachazela agumenti futhi amaqiniso.

Othisha abaningi "mncane out" ingxenye "ngazimbili", "ayisihlanu" kuze kube sekupheleni ikota ukuze uthole umphumela eyamukelekayo, umbukiso njengoba kusho izibalo kwe-current. Ukuhlolwa Ujwayele subjective kakhulu, kuye ngokuthi ubuhlobo uthisha umfundi.

Indaba uhlelo ukuhlolwa

Uyini emihlanu-phuzu uhlelo kokuhlaziywa? Lapho umqondo ukucacisa lezi zibalo yolwazi? abafundi ngokuzimisela eRussia lisho inombolo ekhulwini XIX. Khona-ke, ngo-umphakathi izikole othisha wammisela kusuka 0 kuya 5:

• Null wakufakazela ukuthi ingane akazange ukubhekana nemisebenzi yawo. Uma efika isiyalo ezimbili zero owodwa zezemfundo, Wasongelwa kuhlawuliswa ngekushaywa.
• Omunye futhi ababili wafakwa Kulezo zimo, uma isifundo abakulungiselweyo ngobudedengu.
• Troika ukuthi embukisweni ngenxa yesimo sengqondo Okuqukethwe akuzwakali esihle ngokufunda.
• Four umfundi wathola izimfuno kokuqeda kahle.
• Five elibekwe kuphela uma ukubonakaliswa esiphelele ulwazi oludingekayo.

ke Lokho wayengumhlabeleli emihlanu-phuzu uhlelo kokuhlaziywa. Isimo sokunquma kusukela kuleso sikhathi abashintshanga neze, walahlekelwa kuphela eyokuqala amamaki amabili. ERussia tsarist, uthisha ihlola kuphela ekukhishweni sifundo, unikezwa phezu kwendlu. Akazange cabanga kokuthikamezeka we umfundi ekilasini, ikhono lakhe, ubudala, nokukhuthala. izimpawu Abanelisi ngokuvamile laba ithuluzi nokucindezela ubuntu, ukukhathazeka ukwesaba umjovo phakathi abafundi.

Ukuhlolwa emazweni ase-European

Ngokuvamile, kwakukhona uhlelo wezilinganiso ulwazi izikolo e XVI-XVII eminyaka ongumJesuit ezikoleni. Ayecabanga igoli kunalokho ngenhlonipho - ukuzifaka esikhundleni kuhlawuliswa ngekushaywa.

Ezintathu emphumelelo yemakhono uvele eJalimane. Ngosizo bonke abafundi abangu izigaba ezintathu. Kuhle inikezwa ezinegunya, futhi bavela amalungelo isisindo. Kodwa kancane kancane labo abafundi eyabizwa ngokuthi isikhundla Ngokwesilinganiso, yahlukana ku subclass, ukuze ngesilinganiso multi-level kwamiswa isikhathi eside esetshenziselwa kokuhlaziywa kwamathenda ulwazi namakhono abafundi.

Amazwe amaningi usebenzise esikoleni ohlelweni lwabo lokulinganisa, kodwa kukhona futhi namazinga omhlaba. Ngakho, IB Diploma kanye nohlelo IB MYP esebenzisa isikali kwemamaki eyodwa kuya eziyisikhombisa, futhi kungaba integers. EMoldova, Georgia, Belarus osebenza eziyishumi-iphuzu uhlelo kokuhlaziywa, futhi e-Ukraine isifundo esihle ubeke amaphuzu 12.

Ukuhlola imfundo Russian

Esikhathini Kiev Theological Academy, ekhulwini XVIII, amaphuzu aphezulu linjengezwi "imfundiso okuthembekile, ezinhle, ezitusekayo, ngempela." Impumelelo isilinganiso iphawulwe ngokuthi "imfundiso ntathu, nehudoe, Okuqukethwe akuzwakali." A yokufunda abanganaki lachazwa 'nyanyisa, yenza ngokuphelelwa yithemba, ababuthakathaka, ubuvila. "

Ngo-1937 kwakungekho esemthethweni, eyasungulwa iHhovisi likaNgqongqoshe weZemfundo, uhlelo emamaki: impumelelo ababuthakathaka - 1 iphuzu imiphumela Okuqukethwe akuzwakali -2, ekuzuzeni eyanele - 3, ukusebenza okuhle - 4, futhi ngokuzimisela okukhulu nangokuzikhandla ukuqeqeshwa - 5 amaphuzu.

kokuhlaziywa yesimanje

Ezikoleni Russian kancane kancane ukwethula amazinga amasha zemfundo. Bavele baphethe konke ukuqinisekisa esizimele ulwazi abaphothula aphansi, oyinhloko, esikoleni esiphakeme. Ngakho, ngemva ibanga lesikhombisa, izingane elinde isimo Luhlolo kokugcina. Kufika 2016 abafundi lidlule kuphela izivivinyo ezimbili kuyadingeka ukuze uthole idokhumenti imfundo yesibili ephansi, futhi kusukela kulo nyaka ngeke ivivinywe izifundo ezine, kuhlanganise isiRashiya kanye mathematics - izihloko ayimpoqo, kanye asele ezimbili kungenziwa kukhethwe njengoba oyifunayo.

Esikhathini 11 grade ukuhlolwa inikezwa ifomu yokuhlola. ukuhlolwa Special tekucubungula zenzelwe, futhi zihluke ngoba ezimpikweni ezahlukene. Umphumela eyinhloko iphindaphindwe isici ezithile incike eyinkimbinkimbi lwenteke kulamazinga lalandzelako: izabelo zesikole. Ngaphezu kwalokho, it is iguqulwe ibe ngamaphuzu aku-uhlelo emihlanu-phuzu amathebula ekhethekile eboniswa ku-website esemthethweni esihlanganisiwe isimo ukuhlolwa.

uhlelo Ukuhlolwa emayunivesithi Russian

Lapho yokwemukela isikhungo lesibili noma ephakeme Imfundo Russian Federation phakathi izicelo umbango sezitifiketi. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngesikhathi contender ukulinganisela ohlelweni emihlanu-phuzu. Ayanda score inani, amathuba kulapho umfakisicelo analo ukuqeqeshwa kwesabelomali.

eziyishumi-iphuzu uhlelo

Ekhuluma ukuqeqeshwa sephrofayela, othisha waphawula ukuhlobana ukuqaliswa kwe-ezahlukeneyo eziyishumi nokuhlola ulwazi. Ngokwesibonelo, umfundi "ezintathu" bendabuko lokulinganisa isikali isethwe uvunyelwe eziningi amaphutha. Mfundisi "uyazisola" ingane wazama, kodwa ayikwazanga ukuba babhekane ngokuphumelelayo umsebenzi, kuletha ngokucophelela ke "3" kumagazini i-esikoleni. Kungokufanayo "eyanelisayo" uphawu ithola quitter kanye quitter, ukuze bonakalise isithombe mazombe seragelo phambili ekilasini. Akekho ukuthi ubulungisa, njengoba ubona, ayiveli umbuzo.

Uhlelo eziyishumi lokulinganisa kusivumela ukuxazulula inkinga efanayo, okwenza uphawu uthembekile futhi wanelisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto ocace kakhudlwana ukuze abafundi, abazali babo nothisha ngokwabo. Ngokwethulwa uhlelo 10-iphuzu ezikoleni isiRashiya, njengoba ungenzanga emazweni amaningi aseduze nakude phesheya, othisha bazokwazi ukuhlola hhayi kuphela abafundi ulwazi, kodwa uma sicabangela ukuthuthukiswa wabo wokuzidela. The guys kuyodingeka isisusa sifinyelele imiphumela engcono ekuklanyweni kanye nemisebenzi ukufundisa nokucwaninga. Uthisha, esikhundleni salokho, uzokwazi isebenzisa izinhlobo ezihlukene zokusebenzelana ukulawula ezokwenza ngcono umnqopho kokuhlaziywa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izokwenziwa nokusesha okudala uthisha, wadala izimo indlela umahluko ekuthuthukiseni i-value-zokulawula imihlahlandlela abafundi '. Ngo ukusetshenziswa le ndlela kungenziwa bangeniswe kuhambisana nesiqondiso we zemfundo olusha nokuvivinya nokuqapha imisebenzi.

isiphetho

Nalapha futhi, uhlelo ezinhlanu-iphuzu kokuhlaziywa zindlela okuyinto zakhiwa ngesikhathi sokubusa kwamaSoviet, ilahlekelwe ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo futhi obonwa othisha ehola untenable, engafanele amazinga amasha zemfundo. Isidingo uthuthukise, usebenzisa zindlela ezintsha ehlaziya ukukhula siqu abafundi nangezinto abazifezile zezemfundo.

Kuphela uma ngokuletha isikali otmetochnoy ngokuvumelana nezimiso eziyisisekelo yokufundisa, sikwazi ukukhuluma akhawunti nobunye bomuntu ngamunye ezinhlelo ingane ngayinye. Phakathi okuyizidingo eziseqhulwini okufanele kucatshangelwe kokuhlaziywa sesimanje ohlelweni, ukuhlukanisa ukusetshenziswa multi-level iziqu amamaki, ukuze abafundi imfundo yasesikoleni bazohlolwa ngokwanele.

Kusuka emihlanu-phuzu uhlelo lokulinganisa wenqabile kakade emazweni amaningi siqaphela inketho okunjalo untenable ngoba yesimanje wehlelo lefundo zombelele. Ngaleso sikhathi samanje ukuba unqume ukuthi ukuyiguqula eRussia. Ngakho, ngokuvumelana GEF esikoleni sabaqalayo uzisusile amaphuzu bendabuko izingane ukuthuthukisa, ulime, zingakaze zibe ukungakhululeki ngokwengqondo.