Ukweshumi ... Ukunikela okweshumi kuRussia yakudala

Ukweshumi kwenzakala njengesilinganiso somhlaba owawunefomu le-parallelogram engxenyeni enezinhlangothi ezimbili ezihlukahlukene:

• Ama-fathoms angu-80 no-30 - "amashumi amathathu";
• Ama-fathoms angu-60 no-40 - "amashumi amane".

Yanikezwa igama "okweshumi okusemthethweni" futhi yenza isilinganiso esikhulu seRashiya sezwe.

Ukuchazwa kwalo mqondo

Ishumi yiyunithi yokulinganisa yaseRussia ezikhathini zasendulo ngokuphathelene nomhlaba, okulingana namafathomitha angu-2,400 (angaba ngu-1.09 hectares) futhi wasetshenziswa eRussia ngaphambi kokwethulwa kwesistimu ekhethekile ye-metric.

Futhi kuyadingeka ukuchaza igama elithi "sazhen" - isilinganiso saseRashiya sobude, esinqunywa ngobukhulu bomzimba womuntu. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, i-sazhen encane - kusuka ehlombe kuya phansi, futhi i-oblique - ukusuka ngaphakathi enyaweni yonyawo lwesobunxele kuya endaweni ephezulu yeminwe yesandla esiphakanyisiwe.

Amaqiniso avela emlandweni walomqondo

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XV indawo yomhlaba yayilinganiswa emibili. Ingxenye yeshumi yomhlaba yayiyi-geometric figure, njengesikwele ngezinhlangothi ezilingana ne-1/10 versts (2500 sq. Fathoms). Ngokuhambisana nemilayezo yemingcele, kusukela ngo-1753, ubukhulu bayo babilingana namafathomitha angu-2 400 (hayi 1,0925).

I-Typology yesilinganiso sezwe esidala saseRussia

Ngesikhathi se-XVIII sekupheleni kwekhulu lama-XX. Ukukhipha okweshumi kwasetshenziswe futhi, indawo yayo eyayimelwe yizinhlobonhlobo ezifana nalezi:

1. Ukutshalaliswa yi-fathoms engu-80 no-40 (izikwele ezingu-3200).
2. Ama-fathoms angu-60 kuya kwangu-60 (izikwele ezingu-3600).
3. Ikhulu liyi-100 yi-fathoms eyi-100 (izikwele ezingu-10 000).
4. I-Melon - 80 kuma-sazhens angu-10 (izigcawu ezingu-800), njll.

Kwabe sekupheleni kwe-Revolution ka-Okthoba, ngenxa yokushintshela komshini we-metric, ngokusho komthetho weKhomishana Yabantu KaKhomishana Ye-RSFSR yangoSeptemba 14, 1918, isilinganiso seshumi sasinganiselwe ukusetshenziswa, kusukela ngoSeptemba 1, 1927, savinjelwa ngokuphelele.

Kanye nayo, ezinye izingxenye ezijwayelekile zokulinganisa zishiywe esikhathini esidlule:

• I-vertosh (0,045 m);
• I-Arshin (0.71 m);
• I-Verst (1,06 km);
• I-Sazhen (2.13 m).

Kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula futhi ukuthi okweshumi komhlaba kwakulingana nokuhumusha kumayunithi ethu wokulinganisa amahektha angu-1.09.

Esinye isici sokusetshenziswa komqondo ocatshangelwayo

Ukuyishumi kwe-Ancient Rus nakho kuyindlela yentela, okwenzelwa abafundisi, iziphathimandla noma umphakathi wenkolo. Ukuyiqoqa ezihlalweni zababhishobhi, kwakukhona ngisho nesiphathimandla esikhethekile - ishumi.

Ngaleso sikhathi, okweshumi kwakuyizifunda zesayizi ezincane emasosini, aqondiswa yizikhulu ezikhulunywe ngenhla, bese-ngabadala bompristi. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kulezi zifunda, ngemuva kwekamelo lokukhulekela laseStoglav , kubonakala sengathi abapristi babapristi babenza imisebenzi ethile yalesi sikhulu esingenhla. Bakhethwa eMoscow ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XVIII.

Umsuka wegama elikulo mbuzo

Kuyadingeka ukukhumbula futhi ukuthi okweshumi ku-Old Rus kuyinto intela ekhokhwa yi-Rusichi horde ngesikhathi se-Tatar-Mongol yoke. Uhlelo lokuphatha ngalezo zinsuku lwaluboniswa yizikhala ezinjenge-foreman, centurion, thousandir, isikhulu. Futhi kule fomu kwaba khona iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Njengoba kwacaca, le nqubo inegama elilodwa elimpande - umphathi weshumi. Lena akuyona isikhathi esingahleliwe.

Leli gama lisho isikhundla esikhethiwe, okungukuthi, oyedwa okhethiwe ukhethwe kwabayishumi owaziwayo komunye nomunye, isibonelo, abalimi. Lo muntu wayezimisele ukuxazulula izinkinga ezihlukahlukene emphakathini futhi emele izithakazelo zakhe ngaphakathi komzana, amakhulu, njll. Wasizwa yiwo wonke umphakathi - abalimi.

Lokhu kusekelwa kwakungokwemvelo - ukusebenza isikhathi esengeziwe emndenini womqashi, kanye nokunye kokudluliswa kwempahla kwengxenye yesitshalo sakhe. Ngakho, okweshumi kwaba ngu-10% wesikhathi sokusebenza noma isivuno esivunyiwe. Lokhu kwenzeka njengento okuthiwa i-mite, eyathathwa yilo lonke ilunga lomphakathi, ngaphandle komphathi weshumi ngokwakhe, ngenxa yezizathu ezivamile.

Ifomu lezinto zokweshumi

Kungaba izithelo, okusanhlamvu, nemifino, newayini, kanye nezilwane kamuva, ezazibhekwa njengomkhiqizo womhlaba. Akuzange kubhekwe ukuthi inkokhelo yenziwa njengemali, ngoba umthetho kaMose wawunqume ukuthi ungowokuNkosi kuzo zonke imikhiqizo yomhlaba. Le mali yayisetshenziselwe ukuthengwa kwayo edolobheni futhi ayizange ibe yinto efana nayo.

Ishumi - kwakungumthelo ngesimo sezilwane nezipho zasemhlabeni. Akukho ndawo ekhonjiswe emiBhalweni ukuthi lezi zingaba amabhange asebhange noma amasheke asebhange adinga ukuthi abekwe esitokisini sesonto njalo ngesonto, njengoba kwenzeka ezikhungweni zesonto zanamuhla ngamathredrals afanelekayo.

Okweshumi: lokhu kungakanani

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngokwemiBhalo yeBhayibheli, u-Israyeli wayala ukuba anikele okweshumi iminyaka eyisikhombisa. Kwahlukaniswa yaba izinhlobo ezintathu. Ngokusho kweThestamente Elidala, okweshumi kokuqala kwadluliselwa kubapristi namaLevi ngesamba sika-10 - 100% esiphezulu sezwe ngomjikelezo wokuqala weminyaka eyisithupha.

Owesibini - wanikezwa ngamaholide futhi kwaba ngu-10 - 90% esele ngemuva kokudluliselwa okweshumi kumaLevi. Wadliwa phambi kweNkosi. Lokhu okweshumi kwahlukaniswa kuphela ngonyaka wokuqala, wesibili, wesine nowesihlanu. Owesithathu - wanikwa abampofu ngesamba esingu-10 - 90%. Ifomu lenkokhelo elibhekwa lihlehlisiwe kuphela ngonyaka wesithathu nowesithupha. Ayikho yezinhlobo zayo ezidluliselwa kumnyaka wesikhombisa (ngoMgqibelo).

Phendula umbuzo: "Ukweshumi kungakanani?" -sesimweni sesimanje ngisho nezikhonzi zesonto zivinjelwe.

Umlando weshumi ebuKristwini

Ngesikhathi sokuqala lo mqondo uzwakala eTestamente Elidala. Lokhu kukhulunywa kwenziwa ngomongo wokuthi zonke izipho zomhlaba zingeNkosi, futhi ukugcinwa kwengxenye encane kunazo zonke kwakubhekwa njengesenzo sokuba kuNkulunkulu. Akekho okholwayo ngisho nokucabanga ngokunganikeli okweshumi.

Esikhathini seTestamente Elidala kwakungekho ithempeli noma isonto, ngakho uNowa, u-Abel kanye namanye amakholwa benza umnikelo ngokunikela okweshumi ngqo ngaphansi kwezulu elivulekile. Kwakuvunyelwe, uma befisa, ukwakha i-altare lomuntu ngamunye, lapho kwakungenzeka ukukhokha kuNkulunkulu.

Nokho, emva kwesikhashana, iNkosi yakhetha abantu nabantu abathile ukwenza izinsizakalo kanye nenqubo yokuqoqa okweshumi. Konke ngaphandle kokuletha kwaletha ngesikhathi sokuxoshwa kukaMose kathathu ngonyaka.

Ngakho-ke, okweshumi kuyisihlobo sosizo ethempelini, elihlanganisa ukusekela imisebenzi yalo kanye nenkonzo, eyasebenza njengomholo wabapristi, kanye nabasizi babo, ukushumayela kokubili ezindlini nasethempelini.

Imikhosi enjalo yenziwa ngaphambi kokufika kukaJesu Kristu nokubethelwa kwakhe eKalvari. Emva kwalolu hlobo lomhlatshelo, ithempeli laseKalwaria labhujiswa, kanti amanye amaKristu asichaza ngokuthi ukuqeda okweshumi. Nokho, eTestamenteni Elisha ungabona ukuthi alikhanseliwe. Ngisho lapho kungekho khona amathempeli, okweshumi kwakunikelwa, ngoba kwakuyindlela ebalulekile yokuphila kwezwe kokubili abefundisi nenkolo yonke. Sekungekho indlela eningi yokuqinisekisa impilo, njengohlobo lwephawu lokukholwa nokulalela.

Ukuyishumi kwaqoqwa abapristi nabaphostoli, besakaza izintshumayelo zabo eJerusalem nasezweni lonke. Ukuqinisekisa amazwi kaJesu mayelana nokuqhubeka kwemithetho ekuqoqweni kwayo equkethwe ematheksthini eTestamente Elidala, abalandeli bobuKristu banikeza isibonelo esivela enkulumweni yakhe: "Angizange ngiphule, kepha ngigcwalise."

Inani le-10 ebuKristwini

Iveza uhlobo lokuphelela mayelana nokuhlelwa kukaNkulunkulu futhi isebenza njengenombolo yesithathu elangeni eliyingcwele - 3, 7, 10. Isibalo esithi "eziyishumi" sibonisa ukungabi khona kwephutha lapho umjikelezo ophelele uqediwe. Futhi inkokhelo embuzweni ibonisa ngokulinganayo njengoba kuyadingeka.

Singagcizelela amaphuzu alandelayo emlandweni ongcwele, obhalwe inombolo 10, okungukuthi:

1. Ukugcwaliseka kwesikhathi sesikhathi esidlule uNowa kwenzeka esikhathini sekhulu leshumi (Gen.

2. Imithetho eyishumi eyisisekelo yobuKristu.

3. Umthandazo weNkosi unamaphuzu ayishumi ayisisekelo.

4. Endimeni yokunikela okweshumi, kwanikezwa lokho umuntu okufanele akunike kuNkulunkulu.

5. Ukuhlengwa komphefumulo kuboniswe ngo-10 ger. (0.5 shekeli).

6. Umjikelezo wesahlulelo sikaNkulunkulu phezu kweGibhithe wanikezwa izilonda eziyishumi (Eks. 9:14).

7. Amandla omphik'ukristu asho imibuso eyishumi, echazwe izimpondo eziyishumi zesilwane sesine kanye neminwe eyishumi yeminwe yesithombe sikaNebhukadenetsare. Kwakukhona izizwe eziyishumi u-Abrahama ayezodingeka abe nazo ngesithembiso.

8. Isimbozo se-10 sigubha itabernakele (Eks. 26: 1).

9. Umlilo ovela ezulwini wehla izikhathi ezingu-10.

10. Izintombi eziyishumi ziveza ukugcwala kwalokhu okubizwa ngokuthi: abathembekile nabangathembeki.

Ngakho-ke, le nombolo yakhethwa yiNkosi hhayi ngengozi, ngoba, futhi, kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuthi lena inombolo yesithathu ehambisana nokuphelela.

I-Afterword

Ukuhlanganisa konke okushiwo ngenhla, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa izincazelo ezintathu eziyisisekelo zaleso sikhathi, ikakhulukazi:

1. Isonto leshumi lenza ingxenye yeshumi yenzuzo engenayo ukuthi izikhungo zesonto zithatha abantu. EmaRussia aseMandulo yasungulwa nguPrince Vladimir oyiNgcwele emva kokubhapathizwa okukhulu kweRussi futhi ihloselwe i-Kiev Tithe Church, futhi kamuva yathola umbala wentela yonke eyayilawulwa yizinhlangano zenkolo ezifanele, ngaphandle kwamasonto.

Isifunda sesonto eRussia sasebenza njengokweshumi, ingxenye ethile yesifundazwe ngaphambi kokuqala kwekhulu le-XVIII. Ekhanda kwakukhona indoda ephethe isikhundla esikhethekile - umphathi weshumi. Imisebenzi yakhe kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-1551 kancane kancane yathuthela abapristi babapristi nabapristi abapristi.

3. Ukunikela okweshumi komhlaba kuyisilinganiso esidala saseRussia endaweni yomhlaba. Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka lekhulu le-15 kwakubalwa ekuqaleni kwezindlu ezimbili futhi kwakukhona uhlobo lwesigca, izinhlangothi zalo ezilingana nama-0.1 amaqiniso (2500 sq. Fathoms). Kamuva, ngokuya komyalo wezomngcele owe-1753, isilinganiso somhlaba obabuzwayo sasilingana namafathomitha angu-2 400 (hayi 1,0925).

Ngokuqondene nombono wanamuhla womthetho weBhayibheli ngokuqondene nokweshumi, umakholwa ngamunye uyazikhethela ukuthi kufanele yini anikeze inkokhelo engenhla noma cha nokuthi ungakanani.