EJalimane ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I: ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuvuselelwa

Njengesizwe esilahlekile eJalimane emva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yabhekana nenkinga enkulu yezomnotho nezenhlalakahle. Elizweni, umbuso waqothulwa, futhi endaweni yawo kwafika i-republic, eyathola igama lika-Weimar. Lo mbuso wezepolitiki waqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngo-1933, lapho amaNazi efika emandleni, eholwa ngu-Adolf Hitler.

I-Revolution ka-Novemba

Ekupheleni kuka-1918, iKaiser Germany yayisemgodini wokunqotshwa kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Izwe lalincibilikiswa ekuchithweni kwegazi. Umphakathi sekuyisikhathi eside uvuthwe ngokunganeliseki amandla kaWilliam II. Kwaholela ku-Revolution kaNovemba, eyaqala ngoNovemba 4 ngokuvukela kwasolwandle edolobheni laseKiel. Muva nje, kube khona izenzakalo ezifanayo eRussia, lapho ubukhosi obunamakhulu eminyaka buye bawa khona kakade. Okufanayo kwenzeka eJalimane.

NgoNovemba 9, inhloko kahulumeni uMaximilian Badensky umemezele ukuqedwa kokubusa kukaWilliam II, owayesevele elahlekelwe ukulawula lokho okwakwenzeka ezweni. I-Chancellor waseRussia idlulisele amandla akhe kwinqubomgomo kaFriedrich Ebert futhi yasuka eBerlin. Inhloko entsha kahulumeni ingomunye wabaholi bethandwa eJalimane Social Democratic movement kanye ne-SPD (Social Democratic Party yaseJalimane). Ngosuku olufanayo kwamenyezelwa ukusungulwa kwe-republic.

Empeleni, ukungqubuzana ne-Entente sekumile. Ngomhlaka-11 kuNovemba, kwasayinwa isiqu e-Compiegne Forest e-Picardy, okwagcina iphelile ukuchithwa kwegazi. Manje ikusasa laseYurophu lalizandleni zabadiplomates. Izingxoxo kanye namalungiselelo enkomfa enkulu yaqala. Umphumela wazo zonke lezi zenzo kwakuyiSivumelwano SaseVersailles, esayinwe ehlobo ka-1919. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezandulela isiphetho sesivumelwano, emva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, eJalimane yahlangabezana nemicimbi eminingi emangalisa yangaphakathi.

Ukuvuka kwamaSpartacists

Noma yikuphi ukuguqulwa kuholela ekuvuthweni okungenasici, okuzama ukuthatha amandla ahlukene kakhulu, futhi ukuguqulwa kukaNovemba ngalowo mqondo kwakungenjalo. Ezinyangeni ezimbili emva kokuwa kobukhosi nokuphela kwempi eBerlin, kwaqhamuka impikiswano phakathi kwamandla athembekile kuhulumeni kanye nabasekeli beqembu lamaKhomanisi. Lo wesifazane wayefuna ukwakha i-republic yaseSoviet ezweni lakubo. Amandla amakhulu kule nhlangano yayiyiSpartacus Union namalungu ayo adumile kakhulu: uKarl Liebknecht noRosa Luxemburg.

Ngo-January 5, 1919, amaKhomanisi ahlela isiteleka esasichitha yonke iBerlin. Ngokushesha kwakhula kwaba ukuvukela okuhlomile. IJalimane ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kwakuyi-cauldron esivuthayo, lapho izimpikiswano nezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zahlukana. Ukuvuswa kwamaSpartakist kwakuyisiqephu esikhanyayo sale mpikiswano. Ngemva kwesonto, le nkulumo yahlukunyezwa ngamabutho, ahlala ethembekile kuHulumeni oPhezulu. NgoJanuwari 15, uKarl Liebknecht noRosa Luxemburg babulawa .

I-Republic of Bavarian Soviet

Inkinga yezombusazwe eJalimane emva kweMpi Yezwe Yomhlaba yabangela enye ukuvukela okukhulu kwabasekeli beMarxism. Ngo-Ephreli 1919, amandla eBavaria ayengabaseBavaria Soviet Republic, ephikisana nohulumeni ophakathi. Uhulumeni owakhona wawuholwa ngu-Communist Evgenie Levine.

I-Soviet Republic yahlela i-Red Army yayo. Kwase kwesikhashana wakwazi ukuvimbela ukucindezelwa kwamabutho kahulumeni, kodwa phakathi kwamasonto ambalwa wahlukunyezwa futhi wabuyela eMunich. Ukushiswa kokugcina kokuvuswa kwaqedwa ngoMeyi 5. Izenzakalo zaseBavaria zaholela ekuzondweni okukhulu kwabantu abashiya imibono kanye nabasekeli bezinguquko ezilandelayo. Ukuthi amaJuda ayephezu kweSoviet Republic kwakuyi-wave ye-anti-Semitism. Kule mizwa ethandwayo, izazi zezwe ezidumile zaqala ukudlala, kuhlanganise nabasekeli bakaHitler.

Umthetho Weimar

Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa emva kokuphela kokuvukela kwamaSpartacists, ekuqaleni kwawo-1919, okhethweni jikelele lwenzeka, lapho uMhlangano Weimar Constituent ukhethwa khona. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kwakungaleso sikhathi abesifazane baseJalimane abanelungelo lokuvota okokuqala. Ngesikhathi sokuqala umhlangano ohlangene wahlangana ngoFebhuwari 6. Izwe lonke lalibukele kahle ukuthi kwenzekani edolobheni elincane laseThuningian lase-Weimar.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wabaphathi babantu kwakuwukutholwa komthethosisekelo omusha. Ukulungiswa komthetho oyinhloko waseJalimane kwaholwa nguHugo Preuss ongakwesokunxele, owabe eseMnyango Wezangaphakathi. UMthethosisekelo wathola isisekelo senkululeko yeningi futhi wawuhluke kakhulu kumaKaiser. Leli dokhumenti laba yinkinga phakathi kwamandla wezombusazwe ahlukene ngakwesobunxele nangakwesokudla.

Umthetho wasungula intando yeningi yephalamende ngamalungelo ezenhlalo nezenkululeko ezakhamuzi zawo. Umgwamanda omkhulu we-Reichstag ukhethwe iminyaka emine. Wamukele isabelomali sombuso futhi angaxosha inhloko kahulumeni (Reichskanzler), kanye nanoma yisiphi isikhonzi.

Ukubuyiselwa kweJalimane emva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ayengenakwenziwa ngaphandle kwesistimu yezombusazwe esebenzayo futhi elinganiselayo. Ngakho-ke, umtsetfosisekelo usungula i-post entsha ye-head of state - uMongameli weReich. Nguye owabeka inhloko kahulumeni futhi unelungelo lokuqeda iphalamende. UMengameli weRussia ukhethwe okhethweni lomnyaka wesikhombisa.

Inhloko yokuqala yeJalimane elisha kwakunguFriedrich Ebert. Wabambe lokhu ku-1919-1925. Umthethosisekelo we-Weimar, owabeka isisekelo sezwe elisha, wamukelwa nguMkhandlu oPhethe ngoJulayi 31. UMengameli weReich wasayina ngo-Agasti 11. Lolu suku lubizwa ngokuthi iholide likazwelonke eJalimane. Umbuso omusha wezombusazwe wabizwa ngokuthi yiRepublic Weimar ngokuhlonipha umuzi lapho umhlangano owakhiwa khona we-epochal wadlula futhi kwavela umthethosisekelo. Leli gunya lentando yeningi lakhona kusukela ngo-1919 kuya ku-1933. Isiqalo sabekwa yi-Revolution kaNovemba eJalimane emva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, futhi yaxoshwa amaNazi.

Isivumelwano seVersailles

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ehlobo lika-1919, izingxoxo ezivela emhlabeni wonke zahlangana eFrance. Bahlangana ukuze baxoxe futhi banqume ukuthi yini ezoba yiJalimane ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. ISivumelwano SaseVersailles, okwakuwumphumela wenqubo ende yokuxoxisana, isayinwe ngoJuni 28.

Amaphuzu aphambili ale dokhumenti aye kanje. UFrance wamukelwa eJalimane izifundazwe eziphikisanayo zase-Alsace noLorraine, alahlekelwa yimpi nePrussia ngo-1870. IBelgium yathola izifunda zomngcele zase-Eipen neMalmedy. IPoland yathola indawo ePomerania nasePoznan. I-Danzig yaba idolobha elingenalo hlangothi. Amandla anqobile athola ukulawula phezu kwesifunda saseBaltic Memel. Ngo-1923, idluliselwe eLithuania esanda kuzimela.

Ngomnyaka we-1920, ngenxa yama-plebiscites adumile, iDenmark wathola ingxenye yeSchleswig, nePoland - isiqephu se-Upper Silesia. Ingxenye encane yayo nayo yathunyelwa eCzechoslovakia engomakhelwane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yokuvota, iJalimane yahlala eningizimu ye-East Prussia. Izwe elilahlekile laqinisekisa ukuzimela kwe-Austria, Poland naseCzechoslovakia. Insimu yaseJalimane emva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ishintshe futhi ngomqondo wokuthi i-republic ilahlekelwe wonke amakoloni kaKaiser kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.

Imikhawulo nokubuyiswa

Ibhange elingakwesokunxele le-Rhine, elalingamaJalimane, lalingaphansi kokudambisa. Amabutho aleli zwe ayengasakwazi ukudlula uphawu lwabantu abayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu. Insizakalo yempi ephoqelekile yaqedwa. Imikhumbi eminingi engakafiki ihanjiswa emazweni anqobile. Futhi, iJalimane yayingasenayo izimoto zanamuhla zokuzivikela kanye nezindiza zokulwa.

Ukulungiswa okuvela eJalimane ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yomhlaba kwaba ngamamaki ayizigidi ezingu-269, okwakungamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu zegolide. Ngakho-ke, kwakudingeka ahlaziye ukulahlekelwa okubangelwa amazwe ase-Entente ngenxa yomkhankaso weminyaka emine. Kuthunyelwe ikhomishini ekhethekile ukucacisa inani elidingekayo.

Umnotho waseJalimane emva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ihlupheke kakhulu ekubuyiselweni. Izinkokhelo ziphelile izwe elichithiwe. Akazange asizakale ngisho nangeqiniso lokuthi ngo-1922 Russia Soviet yenqaba ukubuyiswa, ukushintshanisana nabo ngokuvumelana nokwakhiwa kwepahla yaseJalimane ku-USSR esanda kumiswa. Kuzo zonke izinto ezikhona, i-Weimar Republic ayizange ikhokhe imali evunyelweneyo. Lapho uHitler eqala ukubusa, waqeda ukufaka imali. Ukukhokhelwa kokubuyiswa kwaqala kabusha ngo-1953, futhi futhi ngo-1990, ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa kwezwe. Ekugcineni, ukubuyiswa okuvela eJalimane emva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ikhokhwe kuphela ngo-2010.

Izingxabano zangaphakathi

Akukho ukuthula ngemva kokuphela kwempi eJalimane ayizange ifike. Umphakathi wakhathazeka ngenxa yenkathazo yawo, wawulokhu uveza amabutho amakhulu futhi ahamba phambili, ayefuna abahlukumezi nabenzi bezinkinga. Umnotho waseJalimane emva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ayikwazanga ukubuyiselwa ngenxa yeziteleka eziqhubekayo zabasebenzi.

Ngo-March 1920, i-putsch yaseKuppov yenzeke. Ukuzama ukuxoshwa kombuso cishe kwaholela ekususweni kweRiphabhulikhi ye-Weimar ngonyaka nje wesibili wokuba khona kwayo. Ingxenye yebutho, ehlukaniswe ngaphansi kweSivumelwano saseVersailles, yahlubuka futhi yabamba izakhiwo zikahulumeni eBerlin. Ukuhlukaniswa komphakathi. Igunya elisemthethweni lakhishwa eStuttgart, lapho lancenga khona abantu ukuthi bangabasekeli ama-putschist futhi bathathe isiteleka. Ngenxa yalokho, abaqambi bamanga bahlukunyezwa, kodwa ukuthuthukiswa komnotho kanye nezakhizinda zeJalimane emva kweMpi Yezwe Lokuqala futhi kwamukelwa kakhulu.

Khona-ke esifundeni saseRuhr, lapho kwakukhona khona izimayini eziningi, kwakukhona ukuvukela kwabasebenzi. Amasosha angena esifundeni esasiqede amandla, esiphikisana nezinqumo zeSivumelwano SaseVersailles. Ngenxa yokuphulwa kwesivumelwano, ibutho laseFrance langena eDarmstadt, eFrankfurt am Main, eHanu, eHomburg, eDuisburg nakwamanye amadolobha asentshonalanga.

Amasosha angaphandle aphinde ashiye eJalimane kuphela ehlobo lika-1920. Nokho, ukungezwani ubudlelwane namazwe anqobile kwaqhubeka. Kwabangelwa inqubomgomo yezezimali yaseJalimane ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Uhulumeni wayengenayo imali eyanele yokukhokha ukubuyiswa. Ephendula ngesikhathi sokuphumula ekukhokheni, iFrance neBelgium bahlala endaweni yaseRuhr. Amabutho abo ahlala lapho ngo-1923-1926.

Inkinga yezomnotho

Inqubomgomo yangaphandle yaseJalimane emva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yayiqondiswa umsebenzi wokuthola uhlobo oluthile lokubambisana okuzuzisayo. Eqondiswa yizicabango, ngo-1922 iRiphabhulikhi ye-Weimar yasayina i-Rapallo Treaty neRussia yaseSoviet. Idokhumenti inikezwe ukuqaliswa koxhumana nabo abaxhumana nabo phakathi kwamazwe ahlukene angaphandle. Ukuhlangana phakathi kweJalimane ne-RSFSR (futhi kamuva i-USSR) kwabangele ukunganeliseki phakathi kwamazwe ase-European capitalist angamnaki amaBolshevik, ikakhulukazi eFrance. Ngo-1922, amaphekula abulala uWalter Rathenau, uNgqongqoshe wezezizwe owahlela ukusayinwa kwesivumelwano eRalallo.

Izinkinga zangaphandle zaseJalimane emva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yaphela phambi kwangaphakathi. Ngenxa yezenzo ezihlomile, ukushayisana nokudilizwa, umnotho wezwe ubulokhu uhudulela kwalasha. Uhulumeni wazama ukusindisa lesi simo ngokukhulisa inkinga yemali.

Umphumela wemvelo wenqubomgomo enjalo kwakuyi-inflation kanye nokwehla kwamandla kwabantu. Inani lemali kazwelonke (iphepha lokubhala) laliyehla kancane kancane. Ukwehla kwamandla emvelo sekuye kwaba yi-hyperinflation. Umholo wezikhulu ezincane kanye nothisha wawukhokhelwa ngamakhilogremu wemali yamaphepha, kepha kwakungekho lutho lokuthenga lezi zigidi. Isitofu sishiswe ngemali. Ubumpofu buholela ekufutheni. Izazi-mlando eziningi kamuva zaphawula ukuthi kwakuyizimpikiswano ezenhlalo ezenza abakwazwelonke bakwazi ukusebenzisa ama-slogans abadumile.

Ngo-1923, i-Comintern yazama ukusizakala ngale nkinga futhi yahlela umzamo wokuvuselela okusha. Uhlulekile. Isikhungo sokulwa phakathi kwamaKhomanisi nohulumeni kwakunguHurgand. Amasosha angena emzini. Noma kunjalo, usongo aluzange luvele kuphela ngakwesobunxele. Ngemuva kokuqedwa kweBavarian Soviet Republic, uMunich waba yinqaba yabaningi bezwe. Ngo-November 1923, kwaqhutshwa umbuso edolobheni, owahlelwa umholi wezombusazwe osemusha u-Adolf Hitler. Ephendula omunye umengameli weRepublic u-Ebert wethula isimo sokuphuthumayo. I-putsch ye-Beer yaxoshwa, futhi abaqalayo bayo bazama. UHitler wachitha izinyanga ezingu-9 ejele. Ebuyela enkulumweni, yena ngamandla amakhulu aqala ukukhuphuka emandleni.

I-Golden Twenties

Ukungena kwe-hyperinflation, ukuzamazama i-Republic yase-Weimar encane, kwaqedwa ngokusungulwa kwemali entsha - uphawu lokuqashiswa. Ukuguqulwa kwezimali nokufika kwezimali zokuthengisa kwangaphandle kwaletha kancane izwe leli zwe, ngisho naphezu kobuningi bezingxabano zangaphakathi.

Ikakhulukazi ethintekayo kakhulu ngemali evela kwamanye amazwe ngendlela yaseMelika ngaphansi kwepulani likaCharles Dawes. Eminyakeni embalwa, ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho eJalimane emva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kwaholela ekuqiniseni isikhathi eside. Isikhathi sokuchuma okuncane ngo-1924-1929. Wabizwa ngokuthi "iminyaka engamashumi amabili egolide."

Inqubomgomo yangaphandle yaseJalimane ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yaleyo minyaka nayo yaphumelela. Ngo-1926, wajoyina i-League of Nations futhi waba yilungu eligcwele lomphakathi womhlaba owadalwa ngemuva kokuqinisekiswa kweSivumelwano SaseVersailles. Ubuhlobo obuseduze ne-USSR bugcinwe. Ngo-1926, abadibanxisi baseSoviet naseJalimane basayina isivumelwano esisha saseBerlin ngokungathathi hlangothi nangobugebengu.

Esinye isivumelwano esibalulekile sezombusazwe kwakuyisivumelwano seBriand-Kellogg. Lesi sivumelwano, esisayinwe ngo-1926 ngamandla omhlaba omqoka (kuhlanganise neJalimane), samemezela ukulwa kwempi njengethuluzi lezombangazwe. Ngakho kwaqala inqubo yokwakha uhlelo lokuvikeleka kokubambisana kweYurophu.

Ngo-1925, ukhetho lwabanjelwa uMongameli weReich entsha. Inhloko yombuso yayinguGeneral Paul von Hindenburg, owayephethe isihloko se-Field Marshal. Wayengomunye wabaphathi abakhulu bebutho likaKaiser phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, kuhlanganise nokuqondisa izenzo ngaphambili epumalanga yePrussia, lapho kulwa khona izimpi nebutho lamaRussia aseKaras. I-Hindenburg's rhetoric ihluke ngokuphawulekayo ngombono we-predecessor wakhe, u-Ebert. Amadala amadala asetshenziselwa ukutshengisa izibalo zesiphithiphithi se-anti-socialist nezwe lobuzwe. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezombangazwe kwezeminyaka eyisikhombisa eJalimane emva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kwaholela emiphumeleni enjalo engavamile. Ezinye izibonakaliso ezimbalwa zokungazinzi ziye zaphawula. Isibonelo, iphalamende yayingenalo iqembu elihola phambili, futhi ama-coalitions amakhomikhali ayelokhu ewa phansi. Cishe kuzo zonke izizathu, abaphathi baphikisana nohulumeni.

Ukucindezeleka Okukhulu

Ngo-1929, ukushayisana kwemakethe ye-Wall Street kwenzeka e-United States. Ngenxa yalokhu, izikweletu zangaphandle eJalimane zaphela. Inkinga yezomnotho, ngokushesha yabizwa ngokuthi i-Great Depress, yathinteka emhlabeni wonke, kodwa yayiyiRiphabhulikhi ye-Weimar eyathola kakhulu kulo. Futhi lokhu akumangazi, ngoba izwe liye lazuza ukuqiniswa okuhambisanayo, kodwa hhayi okuzinzile. Ukucindezeleka Okukhulu Kwenzeka ngokushesha ukuwa komnotho waseJalimane, ukuphulwa kwezingaphandle, ukungasebenzi okukhulu kanye nezinye izinto eziningi ezibucayi.

IJalimane elisha lentando yeningi emva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, ngokufishane, yaxoshwa yizimo, ezingenakuguqulwa. Izwe lixhomeke kakhulu e-United States, futhi inkinga yaseMelika ayikwazi ukuhluleka ukulimaza. Kodwa-ke, osombusazwe basekhaya nabo bathela amafutha emlilweni. Uhulumeni, iphalamende kanye nenhloko yombuso babelokhu bephikisana futhi bebengakwazi ukusebenzisana kakhulu.

A yi engokwemvelo ukunganeliseki isimo samanje labantu isibe ukukhula olukhulu. Njengoba siholwa lisebenza Hitler NSDAP (National Socialist German Party) unyaka nonyaka etholwe ukhetho ezahlukene amavoti amaningi. Umphakathi baba agumenti ethandwa mayelana angahlaba emhlane, sokukhaphela necebo abangamaJuda. inzondo sibi nakakhulu ngoba isitha ongaziwa wazibonela intsha owakhulela ngemva kwempi futhi akazange aqaphele horror wakhe.

I eza emandleni amaNazi

Ukuthandwa iQembu LamaNazi kwaholela umholi walo u-Adolf Hitler kwezombusazwe. Uhulumeni namaLunga wePalamende waqala cabanga ubuzwe wokuvelela njengoba ilungu yangaphakathi amandla inhlanganisela. amaqembu Democratic ungazange akha umfela ngokumelene zonke amaNazi kuyanda. centrists Abaningi ifuneka sizana kaHitler. Abanye babecabanga pawn yakhe ibingaba eyesikhashana ngempela. Eqinisweni, uHitler, yebo, ayikaze sibalo ukulawuleka, futhi deftly Sasebenzisa wonke amathuba ukuze ukwandisa kwayo, kube-ke nenhlekelele kwezomnotho noma ukugxekwa bangamakhomanisi.

Ngo-March 1932, sasidlula okhethweni oluzayo kwamaNazi uMongameli. Hitler wanquma iqhaza emkhankasweni wokhetho. Barrier ngaye yayiwukuba kwakhe isakhamuzi siqu Austria. Ngobusuku obandulela ukhetho, kusho uNgqongqoshe wezangaPhakathi Brunswick sifundazwe esimisiwe isiphathimandla Inqubomgomo kuhulumeni Berlin. Lokhu Okusemthethweni avunyelwe Hitler ukuthola yisakhamuzi German. Okhethweni ngo round yokuqala neyesibili, wathatha indawo yesibili, ukulahlekelwa kuphela Hindenburg.

umongameli kwamaNazi kwakungekaNkulunkulu umholi we NSDAP ngokuqapha. Nokho, kudingeka ukuqapha ikhanda asekhulile uhulumeni elaliswa abeluleki zakhe eziningi, ikholelwa ukuthi uHitler kufanele ungesabi. Ngo-January 30, 1930 i-ubuzwe ethandwa, waqokwa likaShansela - inhloko kahulumeni. Hindenburg lesilinganisiwe wacabanga babekwazi ukulawula minion fortune, kodwa ayenephutha.

Eqinisweni, ngo-January 30, 1933 kwaba sekupheleni yeningi Weimar Republic. Ngokushesha, imithetho "Ngo eziphuthumayo Amandla" futhi "Ngo nokuVikelwa Abantu noMbuso", sona sasungula amanye ubushiqela we-Third Reich athathwa. Ngo-August 1934, ngemva kokufa Hindenburg osemdala, Hitler waba sokudumisa (umholi) eJalimane. NSDAP kwathiwa party zomthetho kuphela. Hhayi ikhumbula yamuva umlando isifundo, eJalimane ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I futhi waqala emgwaqeni ka impi. Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphikelela imibono isimo esisha baba revanchism. Njengoba ayenqotshiwe empini yokugcina amaJalimane waqala ukulungiselela i zokuchitha igazi ngisho esabekayo ngaphezulu.