Isitimela Nuclear. Nuclear ukulwa uhlelo ujantshi missile (BZHDRK, isipoki isitimela). RT-23 MOLODETS

Phakathi ezihlukahlukene iziqhumane amasu izinhlelo ebhekene behlome lamazwe ahamba phambili emhlabeni, lempi ujantshi missile uhlelo (BZHRK esifushanisiwe) namuhla kubhekene kabusha. Lokhu lula ngenxa yezizathu eziningana, kodwa ngaphambi uzithinta, sibheke ukuthi yini le ukuthuthukiswa umkhakha ukuzivikela yesimanje. Endleleni, sizozama ukuthola ngalokho okwenzeka kuma-izitimela zenuzi zakudala.

Kuyini BZHRK?

Okokuqala, kungcono isitimela, ngezimoto zazo ibekwe hhayi abagibeli, washesha eholidini noma ngomsebenzi, futhi ilayisha kulindeleke ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zezwe, nezikhali ezicitshwayo esibulalayo, ukusebenza enkulu ukuhlaselwa ifakwe sezikhali zenuzi yabo. Inombolo yabo buyehluka kuye ngobukhulu besikhumba saleso eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Nokho, zikhona abagibeli - technical abesekayo Battle uhlelo ujantshi nangomcibisholo, kanye iyunithi ibuye ukuvikeleka. Ingxenye izimoto yakhelwe ukuze kuhlaliswe zonke izinhlelo kungenzeka zobuchwepheshe kanye nezinye for ukwethulwa yimpumelelo futhi hit okuhloswe kuphi emhlabeni.

Njengoba isitimela ezazigxishwe wezimpahla esibulalayo, lifana wempi, ngokuvamile unikezwa igama elisetshenziswe ke njengoba igama efanele. Ngokwesibonelo, 15P961 "kwenziwe." Uma ingxenye yokuqala yegama akayena ngempela elula lokhona ekuphimisweni, basigcina ngokushesha, bese elesibili ngempela omnandi futhi ajwayelekile endlebeni. Ukuze wakhe ngisho ufuna ukwengeza igama elithi "kuhle", kodwa maqondana uyakwazi eziyinkimbinkimbi icala lokubhidliza e Ngemizuzwana isimo isilinganiso European, lokhu isiphawulo kwamukelekile neze.

Dozen "Wenze kahle" ilinde lokhokho

eligadulayo okunjalo "abantamo lip engenhla" esikhathini kusuka 1987 kuya ku-1994 ezweni lakithi kwaba nambili. Bonke besemsebenzini Lwamasu Missile Amandla kanye, eziqwini main, kwadingeka eyodwa ngaphezulu, itholakala kuphela amadokhumenti wobuchwepheshe, - RT 23 UTTKh. Eminyakeni eyalandela, ngamunye ngamunye base zisasetshenziswa, adiliza, ngakho ukuthi ngonyaka ka-2007 esuka onogada yabo ekhazimulayo ababili kuphela, ibekwe eMnyuziyamu Russian Armed Forces.

By endleleni, le RT 23 UTTKh waqala eSoviet Union eziyinkimbinkimbi kuphela, elaqala production batch. Kutfutfukiswa izinhlelo ezifanayo elwa amashumi eminyaka, kodwa kuphela Eighties kwalethwa esigabeni, avunyelwe ukuthatha on ebhodini. uphawu "inombolo isitimela zero" wanikezwa i-ekusithekeni of izitimela yalolu hlobo.

ukuthuthukiswa American emkhakheni ofanayo

Kuyaziwa ukuthi phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, angaphandle, nabaqambi ikakhulukazi American nazo zazisebenza lapha ukudalwa izitimela ezazithwele ukufa zenuzi izimoto zabo. Ngenxa yalokho yokuphumelela eSoviet inkonzo intelligence, kanye indwangu ye izimfihlo eziphathelene nokuthandana konke elalihambisana ne Imboni yezokuvikela, ngaleyo minyaka, umfundi yayiningi uyazi okwengeziwe ngokuphathelene nokuthuthukiswa yabo kuka ipumelelo gunsmiths wendawo.

Yini kubikwa imibiko yabo angamaqhawe yethu "Stirlitz"? Siyabonga kubo, it is ukuthi ekuqaleni sixties uvele owokuqala okuqinile-fuel InterContinental e-US eyaziwa missile ballistic, ebizwa nge "Minuteman". Kuqhathaniswa ababengaphambi zabo, egijima uphethiloli ketshezi, sekuyisikhathi eziningi eziwusizo abalulekile. Okokuqala, sasingekho isidingo pre-uqale ukushaja, ngaphezu, kakhulu anda ukumelana layo ukwethusa vibration, nakanjani eziba khona phakathi nenkathi ezokuthutha.

It is uvunyelwe ukwenza ukulwa missile iqala kusukela ezihambayo isitimela ezisekelweni ngqo ngibenze cishe invulnerable uma kwenzeka impi. Inkinga kuphela kwakukuhle kanjani ukuthi sasikwazi ukuqala rocket kuphela ngokuqinile kuchazwa, yindawo walungisa ngokukhethekile, njengoba uhlelo zabo isiqondiso sasihlobene pre-ukubala izixhumanisi.

Melika ekukhanyeni "Big Star"

A impumelelo enkulu ukuthi wenza kwenzeka ukwakha isitimela e-US ne zenuzi ezicitshwayo isibe kuthengiselana emikhulu eyenziwa ngo-1961 futhi eziphethwe ngaphansi igama imfihlo "Big Star". Njengengxenye yalolu isitimela umcimbi, iyona prototype kohlelo missile esizayo wathuthela ngaphesheya inethiwekhi ezisebenza nojantshi zwe.

Injongo ekusebenziseni kwaba ukuhlola ukuhamba yabo kanye kungenzeka ukuhlakazwa esiphezulu e-United States. Ngemva kokuhlinzwa, imiphumela yayo ziye ihlanganiswe, futhi ngesisekelo yakhelwe isitimela yenuzi arsenal okuyinto rocket emihlanu "Minuteman".

Ukunqatshwa iphrojekthi ekhona

Nokho, lesi simo sengqondo kwakungamelwe uthole ebhodini. Ekuqaleni kwathiwa bazitshela ukuthi ngo-1962 umkhakha ukuzivikela wezwe amathathu ala izitimela bayokhululwa, ehlome ingqikithi ngayikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu rocket. Kodwa ekupheleni design imisebenzi izindleko iphrojekthi uthathwa ngokweqile, futhi ngenxa yalokho yashiywa dengwane.

Ngaleso sikhathi, okwami Iziqalisi okuqinile "Minuteman" atholakele ephumelela kakhudlwana, futhi bathi kungcono kunokuba. Inzuzo yabo obungenakuphikwa iyona eziphansi futhi angabacwasi thembeke bavikelekile Soviet InterContinental ezicitshwayo ballistic ukuthi azange abe ngaleso sikhathi adingekayo nokubhujiswa kwabo ukunemba ukushaya.

Ngenxa yalokho yephrojekthi, enikezwe onjiniyela American wasebenza kuyo 1961, yavalwa, futhi esiqaliwe ngesisekelo izitimela yayisetshenziselwa ukuthutha okufanayo "Minuteman" abakhiqizi izimboni lezisekelo izitshalo, lapho kwenziwe ukuthunyelwa okwami.

Intuthuko yamuva nje eyenziwe e-US

New umfutho ngendalo Melika izitimela ithwale zenuzi, kwaba ukuvela ngo-1986 ezisindayo InterContinental missile ballistic yesizukulwane esisha LGM-118A, eyaziwa ngegama lalo esifushane MX.

Ngalesi sikhathi-ke ikhuphuke kakhulu kuthinta ikhono zikhali zaseSoviet yakhelwe ukubhubhisa isitha missile iziqhumane. Kule ndaba, ukunakekelwa okukhethekile sakhokhwa aphephe MX ukubekwa.

Ngemva mpikiswano kakhulu phakathi abasekeli bendabuko silo-ukuthunyelwa kanye abaphikisi babo ukusilela yathinteka okwaphumela rocket amahlanu zafakwa ungowami, okufanayo emsamo entsha, ngokukhethekile walungisa lenhloso kwengoma.

Nokho, lesi simo sengqondo akazange abe nekusasa. Esikhathini nineties zakuqala ngenxa izinguquko yeningi eziye zenzeka ezweni lethu, iMpi Yomshoshaphansi yaphela, futhi uhlelo ukusungula ujantshi izakhiwo zenuzi, ngalahlekelwa ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo, sivaliwe. Okwamanje, intuthuko enjalo kungukuthi enikeziwe futhi, ngokusobala, kungukuthi ehlelelwe eminyakeni ezayo.

ukuthuthukiswa okusha ka CB "Wik"

Kodwa ake ubuyele lokhokho. Manje akusona Imininingwane lempi imfihlo ukuthi isitimela yenuzi wokuqala wase-USSR aqala ukufinyelelwa ngokuhambisana oda eMnyango Wezokuvikela, ungene ngemvume Januwari 1969. Ukuthuthukiswa kwale phrojekthi esiyingqayizivele waphathiswa design ehhovisi "South", okuyinto ke wasebenza ososayensi ezimbili ezivelele KwabaseSoviet Kwakugxile Khona - academicians, bazalwane Alexei Fedorovich futhi uVladimir Fodorovich Utkiny. Zahola ku iphrojekthi entsha.

Ngokusho epulanini, zakha 15P961 "BZHRK kwenziwe" (Battle ujantshi missile uhlelo) yayihloselwe ukuziphindiselela abaphikisi, njengoba ukuhamba kwakhe futhi survivability sithuthukiswe avunyelwe ukuba nethemba lokuthi wayeyoba ayakwazi ukuqhubeka ephila ngaphansi uma kwenzeka ukuhlaselwa okungazelelwe yenuzi isitha. Okuwukuphela kwendawo lapho wenza ezidingekile yayo imishini missile ubekade Pavlograd Mechanical Plant. Le sayithi ezibalulekile yamasu ecasha leyo minyaka ezicashe a PO azikubheki "Pivdenmash".

Izinkinga ekuthuthukiseni

Ngo Umlando wakhe, V. F. Utkin wabhala ukuthi umsebenzi eliyifa lawo ethwele nobunzima omkhulu. Bona ngokuyinhloko eqinisweni lokuthi eyinkimbinkimbi kwadingeka sithuthe okujwayelekile ujantshi amathrekhi, kanye nezinye izitimela, futhi eqinisweni isisindo ngisho nangomcibisholo eyodwa nge isiqalisi walo wawenziwe amathani ngayikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu.

Abadali yephrojekthi kwaba nenqwaba yezinkinga zingaxazululeki efika kuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, indlela ukubeka nangomcibisholo e inqola ujantshi, nokuthi ngesikhathi esifanele ukuze uyinike ime mpo? Indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuphepha ngesikhathi ezokuthutha, uma kuziwa icala yenuzi? Ingabe ukumelana umthwalo omkhulu esitjhabeni wadala ngesikhathi ukudlula ukwakheka, komzila ejwayelekile, ujantshi embankments futhi amabhuloho? Ekugcineni, ame lapho ngesikhathi kuqalwa rocket isitimela? Zonke lezi mibuzo nabaqambi abaningi kwadingeka bathole izimpendulo oluphelele ngalokuvakalako.

Ghost isitimela, futhi labo uwaphathe

Kakade ngonyaka ozayo arsenal isitimela kwezikhali zenuzi senziwa rocket 15ZH61, lwavivinywa zasezindaweni zezulu yezwe - kusukela ezingwadule Asia Ephakathi ukuba zindawo polar. izikhathi Nesishiyagalombili waya kojantshi besitimela yezwe, Esenze Imininingwane ingxenye yesigidi amakhilomitha nokwenza ngesikhathi cosmodrome "Plesetsk" ukulwa oluqalisa ezicitshwayo yayo.

Ngemva kwengoma lokuqala kukhonjisiwe igrafu ukunyakaza ngaphansi zero inombolo, futhi kwakubonakala sengathi amawele. Njengoba uthuthuka ngokusebenzisa test ngasinye isitimela isipoki wema lisemsebenzini omunye missile regiments wezwe. Ungadliwa abantu abangu wokuthi abasebenzi bayo lalinabashumayeli amasosha ayisikhombisa.

Abazihlelele babengavunyelwe. Ngisho ubeka machinists futhi abasizi babo wathatha ensigns nezikhulu ngubani ngokukhethekile aqeqeshelwa ukuqhuba isitimela. zenuzi ezicitshwayo icala elifanayo kwaba ngaphansi kweso elibukhali ochwepheshe. Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1991 e-USSR kwakukhona izigaba ezintathu missile behlome ngemibese ezicitshwayo babe wesitimela.

Kwakumelwe isibhakela enamandla zenuzi, uyakwazi, uma kunesidingo, ukuze akuqede ngophezu kwezitha. Engingakusho nje ukuthi isigaba ngasinye babefana izitimela nambili ethwele zenuzi ezicitshwayo. Ngaleyo minyaka, eMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-USSR kuwumsebenzi omkhulu osekwenziwe. Ngaphakathi endaweni engaba amakhilomitha ayinkulungwane avela indawo regimental ejwayelekile komzila kwathathelwa indawo ngoyisiwula kusinda ukumelana rocket isitimela wezimpahla yenuzi edinga izinyathelo zokuzivikela.

ukumiswa kwesikhashana izinhlelo BZHRK

Kuba nezinguquko eziphawulekayo e BZHRK patrol imizila benziwa ngemva komhlangano M. S. Gorbachova futhi uMargaret Thatcher, owawuse-1991. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ngokuvumelana esivumelwaneni, akusona isitimela isipoki akazange Nokho shiya izindawo zabo ukuthunyelwa unomphela, asele, phakathi kwababusi njengoba umile ukulwa iyunithi. Ngenxa yalokho, eziningi izivumelwano ngemvume eminyakeni ezayo, Russia waphoqeleka ukuba umhlalaphansi yonke imicibisholo evuthayo esekelwe ujantshi izitimela, kanjalo Zishiya lolu hlobo izikhali zamasu.

"Barguzin" (BZHRK)

Nokho, ukuze ukwehluleka okuphelele kweminsalo isiRashiya, ogibele izitimela, okungenani ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ekupheleni 2013 abezindaba libike ukuthi ekuphenduleni eziningi US izinhlelo izikhali ezweni lethu waqala umsebenzi ku-ukudalwa izitimela missile aphethe umqondo.

Ikakhulukazi kwakukhona inkulumo mayelana nentuthuko esisha esenziwa ngesisekelo zobuchwepheshe obuphambili, okuyinto iqanjwe "Barguzin" (BZHRK). Ukuze zonke imingcele futhi ukusetshenziselwa injongo ethile yayo angawi ngaphansi uhlu imikhawulo esabekwa isivumelwano samazwe we START-3 futhi ngenxa yalokho ukukhiqizwa yayo akuyona kungqubuzana nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.

Ngokusho kwemibiko, missile ethwele warhead yenuzi futhi ifakwe amaningi reentry warhead, kuhlelwe ukubeka emotweni, wazifihla njengendlela standard isitimela esiqandisini, abanesimo ubude ngamamitha amabili nane.

Inxanxathela "Barguzin" kuthiwa ukuhlomisa kweminsalo we "yars" ngokuyinhloko esekelwe tractor. Qeqesha akusebenzise inzuzo kulokhu isobala. Uma phansi ukufaka kukhona selitholakala kalula kusuka isikhala, lesi simiso BZHRK kuyinto izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana kusuka ezivamile ngesitimela esithwala impahla ngisho ukuhlolisisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhamba ujantshi missile uhlelo ushibhile izikhathi eziningana ukwedlula phansi, esekelwe izinhlobo ezahlukene tractor.

Ngebuhle nebubi BZHRK

Ephetha ingxoxo mayelana wesitimela missile izinhlelo, kuyafaneleka ukuba zihlale kubo izinzuzo ngokuvamile abantu bayabona nemibi lolu hlobo isikhali. Phakathi zako obungenakuphikwa ochwepheshe uqaphele okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuhamba izimoto, uyakwazi ekushintsheni ukuthunyelwa, ukunqoba ngayizolo izinkulungwane amakhilomitha, izikhathi eziningi njengengcebo enkulu kunemicebo izibalo ohambelana tractor. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele acabangele okusezingeni eliphezulu umthwalo nomthamo isitimela, ngesikhathi esifanayo uyakwazi ahambisa amakhulu amathani.

Kodwa thina awanakuziziba esingokwemvelo inezici ezithile ezingathandeki. Phakathi kwabo kufanele ukugqamisa nobunzima nge ukumaska isitimela kubangelwa izici ukumisa yayo, okuyinto lula ukuthola Ukwakheka usebenzisa satellite kwesimo endaweni yesimanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kuqhathaniswa nabangu-silos isitimela kancane evikelwe emiphumeleni igagasi kuqhuma. Esimeni lapho kuqhuma ibhomu lenyukliya olukhiqizwa kuphi kule ndawo, kungenzeka lilimele noma amankeyane.

Ekugcineni, kusimo abalulekile kaloliwe njengoba izinhlelo yenethiwekhi missile akunakugwenywa ezimweni ezinjalo ukugqoka ojantshi, ekuvimbeleni ukusebenza eminye kokubili BZHRK nesitimela ezivamile. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe yesimanje uvumele ukuxazulula ngempumelelo kakhulu lezi zinkinga, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ekuvuleni nethemba ukuqhubeka kanye sesimanje izitimela missile aphethe umqondo.