Izizathu ekunqandeni nep. Nep: Okusho ukuthi, ukuphikisana, imiphumela

Kukholakala ukuthi Mashi 21, 1921 izwe lethu liye lathatha isinyathelo indlela entsha ubudlelwane lezimpahla-kwezomnotho: ngalolu suku usayine ukuhleleka kuka isimemezelo Is kuze buyisa phezulu ukuya iqoqo isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona intela ukudla. Yilokho isiqale nep.

AmaBolshevik wayesiqaphela isidingo sokuhlala nokubambisana kwezomnotho njengendlela iqhinga impi ubukhomanisi ukwesaba wanika nomphumela omubi ngaphezulu ngokuya eqinisa imihlola separatist emaphethelweni republic abasha, hhayi kuphela lapho.

Ngokwethulwa inqubomgomo entsha kwezomnotho we amaBolshevik babeziphethe eziningi imigomo kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe:

• Susa ukungezwani emphakathini, uqinise igunya uhulumeni abasha Soviet.
• Buyisela emnothweni wezwe, phansi ngokuphelele ngenxa Lokuqala Umhlaba futhi kulwiwa.
• Konke lokhu kwabeka isisekelo ephumelelayo yokuhlela komnotho.
• Ekugcineni, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba afakazele "ophucukile" ukuhlobana emhlabeni futhi semthethweni lo hulumeni omusha, kusukela kuleso sikhathi ivangeli eSoviet Union ubekade ngabodwa eqinile ngamazwe.

Namuhla sizoxoxa kanjani okushiwo inqubomgomo kahulumeni abasha baseSoviet, bese nixoxa main izimbangela coagulation we nep. Lokhu kuncike Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu, ngoba eminyakeni embalwa kwenqubomgomo entsha kwezomnotho ngokwezinga elikhulu sasishaywe kunqunywa izici isakhiwo kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho yezwe amashumi eminyaka ezayo. Nokho, kude ke, njengoba angathanda abadali kanye abasunguli zalesi simo.

Ingqikithi yalo mkhuba

Njengoba ngokuvamile kwenzeka ezweni lakithi, i-nep laqanjwa washesha, ekubalekeni nge ukwamukelwa izimiso Kwakwethusa, uhlelo ecacile isinyathelo, akekho wayengekho. Thola imikhuba engcono kanye nokuqaliswa ezifanele inqubomgomo entsha wathwalwa cishe lilonke. Futhi akumangalisi ukuthi hhayi ngaphandle semali amaphutha. Ngakho-ke nangobufakazi "kwenkululeko" kwezomnotho sokuba izinkampani ezizimele: uhlu unwetshiwe ke cishe ngokushesha ayisesemikhulu.

Ingqikithi yalo Inqubomgomo nep kwakuwukuthi, ngesikhathi esifanayo ulondoloze isimo kwamandla ayo inqubomgomo kwamaBolshevik kanye nokuphatha, kumkhakha wetemnotfo benikwe inkululeko ethé xaxa, okuvumela kumiswa ubudlelwane emakethe. Eqinisweni, inqubomgomo entsha kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha uhlobo ukubusa kobushiqela. Njengoba thina sekuphawuliwe, inqubomgomo kuhlanganisiwe uhla izinyathelo, eziningi zazo obala waphikisa nomunye (izizathu lokhu isivele eshiwo ngenhla).

izici zezombangazwe

Njengoba for ohlangothini zombusazwe daba, nep kwaba zakudala kwamaBolshevik autocracy lapho bonke ephikisayo kule ndawo ngokuqinile ukuyiveza. Kunoma ikuphi, ngeziphambeko kusukela "line isikhungo" iqembu ungalilahli ncamashi wamukelekile. Nokho, emkhakheni kwezomnotho, Fusion kunalokho oluyinqaba izakhi yezindlela zokuphatha kanye luyingxenye emakethe yokulima:

• States ukugcina eliphelele lokulawula zonke ukusakaza ezokuthutha, izimboni ezinkulu naphakathi.
• Engxenyeni ezimele kwakunenzuzo ethile enkululekweni. Ngakho, izakhamizi zikwazi ukuqasha indawo eyoqasha izisebenzi.
• It bavunyelwe ukuthuthukiswa capitalism yangasese kwezinye imikhakha yezomnotho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokomthetho engasenamahloni imizamo eminingi ukuthi capitalism uqobo, okwenza wonke umzamo lutho ngezindlela eziningi.
• It ikuvumela ukuba ukuqasha bezinhlangano eziphethwe uhulumeni.
• Trade isibe bakhululeke. Lokhu kuwachaza kahle imiphumela kuqhathaniswa omuhle nep.
• Ngesikhathi esifanayo, phakathi ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni nezisemakhaya ukuthuthukisa kuwukuphikisana, ngemiphumela lapho okusaphenywa wazizwa: izikhungo yezimboni banikwa amathuluzi nemishini lapho abantu kwadingeka ukhokhe "baphile" imali, lapho esedolobheni mahhala wathatha ukudla requisitioned ngenxa yentela uhlobo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kwaholela ukugqilazwa virtual we abalimi.
• Ngo umkhakha, kwakukhona elinganiselwe izindleko kwemibiko.
• kabusha lwezezimali kwenziwa, okuyinto ngcono kakhulu emnothweni.
• ukuphathwa komnotho ngokwengxenye, kwakungenxa endlalekile, ethathwe amandla kuhulumeni.
• Kube amaholo ucezu.
• Naphezu kwalokhu isimo ungayeki ezandleni privateers ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba, okwenza isimo kule ndawo kuye kwaba ngcono kakhulu kakhulu.

Ngaphandle kokwehluka osekushiwo, kumelwe ususe umbono ngalokho ebangela coagulation we nep kakhulu alala ngomsuka wayo. Mayelana nabo manje sizoxoxa.

imizamo Hlukanisa ashintshe

Ngaphezu kwakho konke, amaBolshevik wenza isandla abalimi, izinhlangano zomasibambisane (ekuqaleni ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe kwaba abakhiqizi ezincane ukuqinisekisa ukuqaliswa kwempahla yomphakathi), kanye nezimboni encane. Kodwa lapha kufanele baqonda ngokucace ukuthi izici nep, okuyinto wayezelwe futhi ethola ngenxa yalokho, sihluke kakhulu komunye nomunye.

Entwasahlobo ka-1920 iziphathimandla wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi phakathi edolobheni futhi lizwe elula ukuhlela exchange ngqo kwezimpahla, umane ngokushintshana imishini kanye neminye imikhiqizo ye ukukhiqizwa yezimboni ukudla kanye neminye imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa kuleli dolobhana. Uma sikubeka kalula, nep eRussia ekuqaleni wazalwa olunye uhlobo intela ngendlela efanayo, lapho abalimi babesizana ngokuvuna bavunyelwe ukuthengisa enaleni yabo esele.

Ngakho iziphathimandla wayethemba ukuthi ukhuthaze abalimi ukwandisa ekutshaleni. Nokho, uma sihlola lezi izinsuku emlandweni isiRashiya, kuyacaca ukuthi ukwehluleka okuphelele kwale nqubomgomo. Abantu ngaleso sikhathi kuya phambili ayekhetha zidala ngangokusemandleni, engafuni ukondla iqulo izakhamizi ezisemadolobheni ngaphandle ukuthola bangibuyisele ngokuthile. Ukuze aqinisekise abalimi uthukuthele kuhlulekile: kakade sobala kakhulu ekupheleni konyaka, ayizange ikhuphuke ekuvuneni okwedlulele okusanhlamvu ngokuvamile kungatshalwa kulindeleke. Ukuze nep baqhubeka, sasidinga ezinye izinyathelo juqu.

Inkinga ukudla

Ngenxa ubusika kwaba khona indlala esabekayo wahlasela izindawo ukuthi kukhona abantu okungenani abayizigidi ezingu-30 ekhaya. Abafela kuyo ngenxa yendlala mayelana 5.5 million. Izwe ubonakele izintandane abayizithulu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili. Ukuqinisekisa izikhungo kwezezimboni isinkwa, kwathiwa kudingeka hhayi amakhilogremu esingaphansi 400 million, futhi abaningi Kalula nje wayengekho.

Ukusebenzisa izindlela ngesihluku, ne kakade 'aphundla "abalimi wakwazi ukuqoqa kwezigidi ezingu 280 kuphela. Njengoba ubona, nezici ezifanayo kakhulu kwadingeka ezimbili okuphambene ngokuphelele ekuqaleni shazi Strategy: nep nempi nobukhomanisi. Qhathanisa kubo kubonisa ukuthi kuzo zombili izimo, abalimi ezindaweni zasemakhaya ngokuvamile baye baphoqeleka ukuba unike ize sonke isivuno.

Ngisho nabalandeli ardent wobukhomanisi lempi waqaphela ukuthi eminye imizamo fleecing izakhamuzi ukuba kukhona okuhle okungaphuma ngeke kuholele. ukungezwani Social uvukile kakhulu. Ehlobo lika-1921, kwaba sobala kakhulu ukuthi udinga ukunwetshwa wangempela inkululeko kwezomnotho sabantu. Ngakho, inqubomgomo kweMpi ubuKhomanisi futhi nep (ekuqaleni) kakhulu eduze kakhudlwana exhumene kunabaningi wacabanga.

Yiqiniso Ukulungiswa

Ngu Ekwindla yalowo nyaka, lapho ingxenye yesithathu yezwe Kwase kusele kancane yendlala, amaBolshevik waya esabelweni sokuqala sina: ekugcineni ukuhweba ephakathi, esidlule emakethe sahoxiswa. Ngo-August 1921, isimemezelo wakhishwa ngesisekelo okuyinto kwaba ukusebenza ngomshini wama umnotho nep:

• Njengoba sishilo, ke baqala ukuphathwa endlalekile ezimbonini. Ngakho, inani amabhodi emaphakathi lancipha kusuka amahlanu 16.
• Amabhizinisi banikezwa inkululeko endaweni self-marketing.
• Hhayi ibhizinisi yaqashiswa kwakufanele ivalwe.
• Kuzo zonke izimboni isimo ekugcineni kokuvusayo ezinkulu ngokwezimali abasebenzi yethulwa.
• Abaholi kuhulumeni kwamaBolshevik ukuba bavume ukuthi izinhlupho nep eU.SSR Kufanele abe isicebi ngempela, ngeke ngcono isimiso sezomnotho ezweni ngokusebenzisa kahle lezimpahla-imali, hhayi inzuzo engokwemvelo izimali.

Ukuqinisekisa yesondlo ofanele ubudlelwane lezimpahla-imali, i-State Bank, amahhovisi evulekile sokukhishwa nemalimboleko futhi ukuthola yokonga yasungulwa ngo-1921 futhi bafaka imali kuphoqelekile nokusetshenziswa kwezithuthi zomphakathi, imisebenzi kahulumeni kanye yocingo. It ibuyiselwe ngokuphelele uhlelo intela. Ukuze kuqiniswe futhi ugcwalise isabelomali isimo, lawushaya eziningi izinto ezibizayo.

Zonke kabusha eminye zezimali yayihloselwe ngokuqinile ukuqinisa lwemali kazwelonke. Ngakho, kukhululwe lwemali ekhethekile, iSoviet zegolide wethulwa 1922. Empeleni, kwaba okulingana (kubandakanya okuqukethwe igolide) esikhundleni eziyishumi yasebukhosini. Lokhu isilinganiso nomthelela omuhle kakhulu ku bayasethemba ruble, okuyinto ngokushesha baqashelwa phesheya.

¼ of the lwemali entsha inikezwe izinsimbi eziyigugu, abanye zezimali angaphandle. I ¾ asele waqinisekisa ngokusebenzisa amanothi promissory, kanye eminye imikhiqizo ephezulu okufunekayo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi uhulumeni akuvunyelwe nakancane wokukucima zemali zegolide incurred kusilela isabelomali. Basuke ihloselwe kuphela izinhlinzeko zoMthetho wamaZinga isikhewu imisebenzi ethile exchange angaphandle ukuthengiselana.

Kuwukuphikisana nep

Kumele baqonde into eyodwa elula: (!), ungalokothi Uhulumeni omusha osethe umgomo ukwakha isimo abanye emakethe ngobunikazi umnyuziki yangasese. Ubufakazi okungukuthi la mazwi adumile of Lenin: "Akukho lutho ngokuvamile asiyazi ...". Yena njalo yafuna abangane uvalwe ukulawula izinqubo zezomnotho, ukuze nep eU.SSR wayengalokothi ngempela ezimele mkhuba kwezomnotho. Kungenxa kungazwakali zokuphatha kanye party ingcindezi inqubomgomo entsha enganikanga isigamu njengoba imiphumela emihle esasiyobhekana ngenye indlela.

Ngokuvamile, nep futhi impi ubukhomanisi, ukuqhathanisa ukuthi zivame ukuliveza abanye abalobi ngendlela isici luyingxenye romantic kwenqubomgomo entsha, ayefana ncamashi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwabonakala kuyinqaba kungase kubonakale. Yiqiniso, bona ayefana ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kwenkathi ukuthunyelwa wezinguquko kwezomnotho, kodwa ke ukufana usukela ngaphandle kobudisi.

Inkinga

Kakade ngo-1922 Lenin ukuthi isandla sokuthuthukisa amakhono capitalists kufanele wayeka ngokuphelele, ukuthi nep lidlule. Reality uye kushintshwe lezi zakudala. Kakade ngo-1925, inani eliphakeme elivunyelwe abasebenzi emapulazini singezelelwe eyikhulu namashumi abantu (ngaphambili - hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-20). Kulak wavunyelwa ngokomthetho ama cooperatives, abanikazi bamazwe kunganikeza up iziza zabo ukuze iqashwe kufika eminyakeni engu-12. enqabelo ku ukusungulwa credit izinyunyana, kanye ixazululwe ngokugcwele aphume amapulazi ohlanganyelwe (ukusikeka) abangu kukhanselwe.

Kodwa kakade 1926 amaBolshevik bekhetha inkambo kwezombusazwe, ngenhloso owawungumnyaka kwamakhaya we nep. Abaningi izixazululo ukuthi abantu wathola ngonyaka odlule, abangu ezaqedwa ngokuphelele. Lapho zihlaselwa futhi ithole ezandleni zakhe, ukuze ukukhiqizwa encane bangcwatshwa cishe ngokuphelele. Ukucindezelwa bamabhizinisi yangasese kancane kancane lakhula kokubili emzini nasemaphandleni. Abaningi imiphumela nep abangu cishe nullified ngenxa yokuthi ubuholi yezwe akanawo umuzwa ngokwanele futhi yibobonke ezindabeni yezinguquko kwezombangazwe nakwezomnotho.

emithethweni ye nep

Naphezu kwazo zonke lezo ezathathwa kuwukuziphikisa sphere kwezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho isimo saba sibi nakakhulu. Thina kwadingeka anqume ukuthi sizokwenzenjani: ayaqhubeka izindlela luyingxenye kwezomnotho noma ukukhiqiza nep ekunqandeni bese ubuyela izindlela zokulwa nobukhomanisi.

Njengoba vele sesiyazi, sabatshayah Abasekeli indlela yesibili, okwakubekelwa eliholwa I. V uStalin. Ukuze iwukudambisa imiphumela lokusanhlamvu iqoqo crisis ngo-1927, kuye kwaba nenani izinyathelo zokuphatha: indima futhi kakhulu sithuthukiswe ekuphathweni sokuqondisa komkhakha kwezomnotho, cishe waqeda uzibuse wonke amabhizinisi ngoba emphahleni abangu kakhulu anda amanani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni ayisebenzisa intela inyuka, bonke abalimi, ongazange afune ukuthatha isinkwa yahlulelwe. Lapho ukuboshwa wenza ekuthathweni ephelele impahla nemfuyo.

abanikazi cannibalization

Ngakho, kuphela iVolga esifundeni Kuboshwe abalimi ezingaphezu kuka-33 eziyinkulungwane. Archives ukukhombisa ukuthi cishe ingxenye walaba bameleli walahlekelwa yonke impahla. Cishe bonke imishini yezolimo, okuyinto ngalesosikhathi atholwe ezinye amapulazi amakhulu baye bakhishwa isuswe umusa amapulazi collective.

Ukutadisha lokhu izinsuku emlandweni isiRashiya, ungabona ukuthi leyo minyaka samiswa ngokuphelele abolekise kwemabhizinisi lamancane, esiye saholela imiphumela engemihle kakhulu emkhakheni kwezomnotho. Lezi zenzakalo yayiqhutshelwa ezweni lonke, ngezinye izikhathi ukufinyelela iphuzu nangendlela engenangqondo. Ngo 1928-1929 GG. amapulazi amakhulu waqala sikhipha, ukudayiswa izinkomo, amathuluzi nemishini. Igalelo amapulazi ezinkulu ngetinhloso tetepolitiki, bakhombise kunganeliseki ngobuze nezinsolo zokuziphatha komnotho ngazinye, kubukela phansi izisekelo amabutho ithele emkhakheni nezokulima yezwe.

okutholakele

Ngakho, iziphi izizathu ka kwamakhaya we nep? Lokhu lula ngokujulile ukuphikisana yangaphakathi ubuholi yezwe abasha, okuyinto kuphela wawuhlanganisa ne imizamo evamile, kodwa izindlela eziphumelelayo ukuze sikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wase-USSR. Ekugcineni akazange asize ngisho oluqinisayo olukhulu ingcindezi zokuqondisa abahwebi yangasese, ngaleso sikhathi ngamgcina amathemba ekhethekile ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza lalo.

Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi nep ayizange kwezinyanga ezimbalwa: kwezolimo lokhu kwenzeka ekupheleni the 20s, imboni kwakungangqubuzani umsebenzi cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngesikhathi ukuhweba waqhubeka kwaze kwaba 30s ekuseni. Ekugcineni, ngo-1929, ke lathatha isinqumo phezu Ukunqamula ukuthuthukiswa sezenhlalo yezwe, okuyinto kunqunywa kwenkathi kwelanga we nep.

Ziyini izimbangela eziyinhloko zalokhu coagulation we nep itholakala lokuthi ukuthi ubuholi Soviet, yokufisa sengathi ngokushesha ukwakha imodeli entsha ukuhleleka emphakathini, uma izwe sizungezwe amazwe isicebi, ngaphoqeleka ukuba iphendukele izindlela eqinile nakho ngeke kusize kakhulu futhi engathandwa kakhulu.