Ubuciko pre-Columbian Melika. impumelelo yobuciko kanye izakhiwo sezizwe pre-Columbian Melika

Lapho abaMhlophe bokuqala bafika Americas, zibhekene impucuko ukuthi kwakuhluke kakhulu yini babebonile ngaphambili. Abantu bakule ndawo ngangingazi ukuthi imiqondo eziningi eside futhi ebambelela ngokuqinile Old World. Abantu pre-Columbian Melika abaningana abazange bayisebenzise le wheel, musa bamba ithambo amathuluzi ukhwele amahhashi.

Eqinisweni Okuningi kungamangalisi ukuthi amaNdiya, njengoba babeyibiza kanjalo le kwaboMdabu baseMelika babevela e-Europe, wakwazi ukwakha wempucuko kuhle eziphambili. Enemizi, izifundazwe eside migwaqo ekhonkiwe phakathi nemizana, ngokubhala, ukufunda izinkanyezi, kanye zobuciko kwezobuciko esiyingqayizivele.

Impucuko of America pre-Columbian kwaphakama ngayodwana ezifundeni ezimbili yokuhlala - e zaseMesoamerica nase-Andes. Kuze kube ukunqoba iSpanishi, lezi zindawo babe izikhungo zokuphila bokusungula namasiko aleli zwekazi.

zaseMesoamerica

Lokhu kwendawo eklanywe njengomumo womhlaba ihlanganisa indawo ephakathi eningizimu yeMexico, Belize, Guatemala, e-El Salvador, eHonduras, eNicaragua futhi Costa Rica. Abantu bafika kokuthoma lapha ngekhulu le-12 yeminyaka BC. Amadolobha futhi uthi kwavela enkulungwaneni yesithathu yeminyaka BC. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuze kube ekuqaleni kwenqubo yokwakhiwa kwamakoloni Spanish e zaseMesoamerica, kwakukhona amasiko eziningana athuthukile.

Bokuqala yimpucuko Olmec ukuthi wahlala ogwini eGulf of Mexico. Kwakungumsebenzi thonya elikhulu zonke isiko okwalandela izizwe abahlala esifundeni.

isiko Olmec

Ubuciko Melika pre-Columbian eminingi yasendulo presents zobuciko engavamile kakhulu futhi engaqondakali. Itshe lesikhumbuzo edume kunazo sempucuko Olmec giant amakhanda zenziwa basalt ezinguzungeni ezinkulu. osayizi yabo isukela amamitha eyodwa nengxenye kuya 3.4 amamitha, futhi bahlola kuka-25 no-55 amathani. Kusukela Olmec babengenalo ulimi okubhaliwe, injongo yalezi zilwane alwaziwa. Ososayensi abaningi bathambekele bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kwenziwa ekumeni cishe zababusi lasendulo. Lokhu kuboniswa izingxenye headgear, kanye neqiniso lokuthi labo ukubaza akuzona efana nomunye.

Esinye isici yobuciko Olmec - imaski jade. Bona babulawa ngobuciko obukhulu. Ngemva ukunyamalala impucuko Olmec, lezi buso ziye zatholakala eyayenziwa ama-Aztec, ngubani oluqoqwe futhi lagcinwa kubo njengoba zobuciko ezibalulekile. Ngokuvamile, isiko Melika pre-Columbian kwamiswa zingaphansi kwethonya elinamandla yalaba bantu lasendulo. Imidwebo, imifanekiso kanye eziqoshiwe the Olmecs bathola amakhulu ezimpawu ukusuka ezindaweni zabo kanye matasa kuwo.

impucuko Mayan

Okulandelayo isiko enkulu zaseMesoamerica Yasungulwa cishe 2000 BC, wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngenkathi ingcindezelo European. Kwakuwusuku impucuko Mayan, eshiya imisebenzi emikhulu eminingi yobuciko kanye namatshe. Ukwanda eliphezulu kakhulu isiko Maya kwaba esikhathini kusuka eminyakeni 200 kuya ku-900 BC. Kulomkhakha wekuvuselela Melika pre-Columbian sihlangabezane bachuma lwekutfutfukisa.

Esemathuneni akudala, bas-imifanekiso kanye eziqoshiwe amaMaya enziwe Finesse okukhulu. Basuke ngempela kukudlulisela ngokunembile umzimba womuntu ngezabelo. The Mayas sibhala nekhalenda, nabo wadala ibalazwe eningiliziwe esibhakabhakeni futhi bakwazi ukubikezela trajectory of the ukunyakaza amaplanethi.

Fine Art Maya

izithombe Umbala zigcinwa kahle ezindaweni ezinomswakama. Ngakho-ke, ukuze ezisekhona yasezindongeni akunjalo eziningi Mayan. Noma kunjalo, izinsalela izithombe ezinjalo emhlabeni atholakala emadolobheni yalesi sizwe lasendulo. Izingcezu lokusinda abonisa ukuthi ubuciko Melika pre-Columbian kwakungelona wawungaphansi imisebenzi engcono yezimpucuko zasendulo Izwe Elidala.

Maya safinyelela ubuhle enkulu ekwakhekeni zobumba, kuhlanganise ngesineke. Okulolongwa ngebumba, awayona abamukeli kuphela kodwa futhi imifanekiso yonkulunkulu, nababusi, izilwane totem, kanye izigcawu kusuka ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Babefunda ubucwebe ezenziwe ngamatshe ayigugu kanye babehilelekile ukhuni eqoshwe.

, Izinto eziqoshwe ngamathambo ezindlovu eminingi bas-imifanekiso, ezembula umlando Melika pre-Columbian langaleso sikhathi. Maya abaculi kushiya ezihlalayo itshe izenzakalo ezibalulekile zokuphila emphakathini. On izithombe eziningi zikhona izimpawu ukuthi kuyasiza kakhulu incazelo ka-mlando amelwe lezi zindaba.

Architecture Mayan

isiko American phakathi nesikhathi amaMaya wazibonela nenkathi yokudlondlobala kwawo, okungase hhayi kodwa uzindle izakhiwo. Emadolobheni lamakhulu, ingabe ngaphezu amakhaya yokuhlala babe eziningana izakhiwo ezikhethekile. Njengoba izazi zezinkanyezi nomdlandla, amaMaya eyakhelwe zokubuka lezinto zasezulwini. Futhi ngenxa yalokho, yathola isisekelo ibhola imidlalo. Abakwazi kubhekwe bababonisi yesimanje zebhola. Sami amabhola Yenziwe ubisi ka esihlahleni zenjoloba.

Maya esakhiwe amathempeli ngesimo imibhoshongo wangenela, phezu okuyinto kwaba engcwele. Bakha isiteji elikhethekile, kuze amamitha amane ukuphakama futhi senzelwe emikhosini zomphakathi kanye emikhosini engokwenkolo.

Teotihuacan

Ensimini ka eMexico yesimanje Iyidolobhana isipoki kwamaNdiya lasendulo izakhiwo kahle walondoloza. Akukho ndawo is pre-Columbian izakhiwo American azifinyelelanga eziphakeme ezifana (ngokoqobo futhi ngokomfanekiso) njengakulolu Teotihuacan. Kukhona Sun Pyramid - giant ukwakhiwa ukuphakama 64 metres uphinde uthele kancane phansi ngamamitha angaphezu kuka-200. Ngaphambili, esontweni lokhuni ema phezu kwalo.

Eduze the Pyramid of the Moon. Kuyinto isakhiwo ngobukhulu Teotihuacan. Yakhiwa emva Pyramid weLanga futhi lunikezelwe lonkulunkulukazi omkhulu zomhlaba nenzalo. Ngaphezu ezimbili ezinkulu, muzi-tiered ezine izakhiwo ezincane eziningana wangenela.

Izithombe Teotihuacan

Cishe wonke izakhiwo emzini ube nemidwebo. Ingemuva kuzo, ngokuvamile osasitini. Okunye imibala asetshenziselwa izinhlamvu kanye nezinye izingxenye zesithombe iphethini. Iziza nemidwebo kakhulu ukufanekisa ngezimpawu kanye namanye zenkolo, okubonisa izinganekwane we pre-Columbian Melika, kodwa kukhona futhi izigcawu emisebenzini yansuku zonke. Futhi, kukhona izithombe ababusi amaqhawe elwa. Ngo Teotihuacan ukubaza eziningi, kuhlanganise nalezo okuyizinto izakhi ezakhiwo izakhiwo.

Toltec isiko

Namuhla, isilinganiso selanga esincane aziwayo ngalokho kwaba pre-Columbian Melika esikhathini esiphakathi kwelanga impucuko Mayan futhi ukuvela Aztec. Kukholakala ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi amaToltec babehlala zaseMesoamerica. Ukuze uthole ulwazi mayelana lezi zazi yesimanje abathola ngokuyinhloko kusukela legends-Aztec, lapho amaqiniso angempela zivame zithandelana eqanjiwe. Kodwa ubufakazi bemivubukulo Kusengenzeka ukuthola ulwazi ezinye okuthembekile.

Toltec inhlokodolobha Tula wawusegunjini lokho manje eMexico. Esikhundleni salo, izinsalela imibhoshongo ezimbili, enye yazo sanikezelwa unkulunkulu uQuetzalcoatl (inyoka enezimpiko). Ngezinye phezulu kwakhona izibalo amane okukhulu esibonisa Toltec amaqhawe.

-Aztec namasiko

Lapho abaseSpain efika eMelika Ephakathi, lapho babehlangana khona yaba umbuso onamandla. Lokhu kwaba isimo Aztec. On isiko yalesi abantu njengoba kufanele sitshele esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo hhayi kuphela. Ngenxa mlando iSpanishi, wachaza lokho ebona impucuko walondoloza ukwaziswa mayelana nekhono olusankondlo, zomculo waseshashalazini Aztec.

Izinkondlo-Aztec

art esankondlo pre-Columbian Melika, ngokusobala, kwadingeka emasikweni akudala. Noma kunjalo, ngesikhathi abaseSpain Aztec babe izinkondlo Emncintiswaneni labetibambile embuthanweni amakhulu wabantu. I izinkondlo zivame ubuhanjelwe sifanisongco, amagama nemisho nge anezincazelo ezimbili. Kwakukhona eziningana tetemibhalo letimisiwe: izinkondlo lyric, ballads lempi, yezinganekwane basezinganekwaneni, nokunye ..

ubuciko kanye izakhiwo Aztec Visual

Inhloko-dolobha ye umbuso wama-Aztec kwaba Tenochtitlan. isakhiwo sayo yayibuswa amafomu lathumela, okuyinto yasungulwa impucuko yangaphambilini ye pre-Columbian Melika. Ikakhulukazi, idolobha rose iphiramidi imitha-50, okusikhumbuza izakhiwo efanayo amaMaya.

Okupendiweyo bas-imifanekiso zibonisa Aztec njengoba izigcawu zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kanye ezihlukahlukene izenzakalo ezingokomlando zenkolo. Unabo futhi amaphethini imihlatshelo ngabantu, eyayiqhutshwa emikhosini yenkolo.

Omunye zobuciko engavamile kakhulu futhi engaqondakali iyona-Aztec Sun Stone - esiveza elikhulu eliyindilinga, ububanzi cishe 12 metres. Maphakathi unkulunkulu welanga njengomvikeli uvezwa, sizungezwe Amatshwayo nangenkathi ezine ezedlule. Duzane unkulunkulu elalibhalwe ikhalenda. Kukholakala ukuthi Sun Stone wakhonza njengephayona altare lomhlatshelo. Lokhu isiko mshini of pre-Columbian Melika lembula izici zokuhlakanipha eziningi - ulwazi lomkhathi, amasiko enobudlova, amakhono kwezobuciko ihlangana zibe yomkhakha owodwa.

Inca namasiko

Abantu pre-Columbian Melika kwafinyelela izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu yentuthuko hhayi kuphela abahlala engxenyeni ephakathi ye zwekazi. Eningizimu, Andes, impucuko Inca yaqhakaza esiyingqayizivele. Lokhu isizwe ngokwendawo nginqume amasiko Mesoamerican futhi ithuthukiswe ngokwehlukana.

Ama-Inca izuzwe ubuhle e izinhlobo eziningi art. intshisekelo omkhulu lwamaphethini indwangu, ngokuthi tokapu. injongo wabo wayengekho kuphela ukwenza izingubo zikanokusho ngaphezulu. Ngamunye izakhi iphethini wayebuye uphawu zimise noma yiliphi igama. Akhiwe ukulandelana ezithile, akha amabinzana, nemisho.

umculo Andes

art zomculo we pre-Columbian Melika, ngokwengxenye ezigcinwe Andes lapho inzalo Inca siphile kuze kube yilolu suku. Kukhona futhi imithombo etemibhalo kusukela kwaqala ukwenziwa kwamakoloni. Kulawa, siyazi ukuthi Inca basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene umoya futhi zezinsimbi zomculo ezishaywayo. Umculo ephelezelwa imikhuba yenkolo, eziningi izingoma zihlotshaniswa umjikelezo umsebenzi ensimini.

Machu Picchu

Inca loke nje lidume ngokuthunga idolobha esiyingqayizivele eyakhelwe ezintabeni. Kwatholakala ngo-1911, kakade abalahliwe, ngakho igama lakhe langempela alwaziwa. Machu Picchu ngolimi Indian wendawo kusho "phezulu ubudala". Buildings kulo muzi yakhiwa ngamatshe. Blocks ngakho ngokunembile kushintshwe nomunye ukuthi amakhono lwabakhi lasendulo bayamangala Ochwepheshe ngisho yesimanje.

Isiko-Nyakatfo Melika

AmaNdiya, owayehlala enyakatho banamuhla eMexico, angabuye ayakhe izakhiwo itshe, ezifana Pyramid weLanga, noma Machu Picchu. Kodwa impumelelo kwezobuciko sezizwe pre-Columbian Melika, abahlala raoyne Mississippi River futhi Missouri, ubuye ngempela ezithakazelisayo. Kule ndawo, abaningi yokungcwaba izindunduma lasendulo.

Ngaphezu emagqumeni elula esime egqumeni, esigodini Mississippi River lapho wagibela ezisekelweni kanye ezindundumeni, lapho lamatshwayo izibalo zigutshuzelwe ezilwane ezihlukahlukene, njenge izinyoka nezingwenya.

Ithonya art okwamanje pre-Columbian Melika

Impucuko lasendulo amaNdiya esikhathini esidlule. Kodwa isiko American zamanje uzalela Imprint ngamasiko asendulo zangaphambi wamakoloni. Ngakho, zokulingisa kazwelonke ka abantu bomdabu Chile nasePeru zifana kakhulu izingubo Inca. Esikhathini imidwebo abaculi Mexican Avame ukutholakala temasu ekusetjentiswa kwelulwimi evamile ezobuciko amaMaya. Futhi ezincwadini abalobi Colombian imicimbi kumnandi eyinkimbinkimbi kuxhumene indaba namaqiniso kalula ajwayelekile izinkondlo zama-Aztec.