Okokuqala International: umlando ekudalweni nomsebenzi

Okokuqala International - ubeqhakambisa umbono kohlelo sezenhlalo empilweni. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba izenzakalo Okthoba 1917 iphrojekthi uvele emhlabeni. kwezombusazwe abazinze ezimbili eziyinhloko: Bakunin futhi Marx. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona ababethanda i sina nezingqondo ngobuholi ngemibono. ukumangalela umuntu IMisa asihlola, yalahla iRussia, ukunyundela namanye amacebo inyathelwa Bakunin. abasekeli kaMarx iwine. Kwasebenza njengesibonakaliso imibono imibono kaMarx kwamaBolshevik Abavukeli yethu. ukuthi isilinganiso a wokuqala wezizwe izenzakalo kuka-1917 eRussia? Lokho kwaba uzungu noma Yiqiniso ezivunguvungwini umlando? Sizozama ukuqonda.

Okokuqala International: ngonyaka sokudalwa

London inhlangano "International Workingmen Association" yasungulwa Septhemba 28, 1864. Abahleli - Marx no Engels abalandeli bakhe. Lokhu kusebenzisana ungowokuqala International.

imfundo INGEMUVA

I ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XIX - isikhathi non-okungahleliwe for kudalwe izinhlangano lezi zisebenzi. Ezweni kukhona izenzakalo eziningi ziye zaba nomthelela lokhu:

• Inguquko wobunxiwankulu e 1789 eFrance.
• Intuthuko enkulu umkhakha yesimanje eYurophu ukukhula izimboni, izitshalo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, inani lezisebenzi.
• Ushintsho olukhulu ezintweni zokuhamba. 1807 - kokusungulwa steamship, okuyinto ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX ngelinye ngokuphelele ngomkhumbi imikhumbi. Russia nase Turkey - kwamazwe okugcina European lapho namanje kuyabonakala. inethiwekhi sesitimela lakhula ngokushesha.

Konke lokhu izenzakalo ezabangela kunombolo izisebenzi bathoma ukucabanga amalungelo abo kwezomnotho kanye nezepolitiki. Nokho, wonke umuntu waqonda ukuthi sidinga ubuhlobo obuqinile phakathi kwezisebenzi. Fist, okuyinto ungakwazi ukumelana naleli gagasi capitalists ocebile izinsiza zokuphatha. Kuyinto kule nhlabathi evundile, waqala imisebenzi yayo ehlukile "Abefundisi" imibono enjalo - Marx no Engels. Bazama ukuqondisa izimfuno kwezomnotho wezisebenzi "ilungelo 'isiteshi zezombusazwe.

Nokho, kuyiphutha ukucabanga ukuthi ideologists babengamakhulu amabili. Abasekeli bale imibono babephakathi kwamaNethini imibuthano phezulu wezimali ka-Europe. Omunye wabo - Dzhordzh Odzher, uNobhala-London Trades Council. Sigqoka umbono ukumelwa abasebenzi 'ephalamende.

Zifaka Umfutho International

Ukudala Okokuqala International ixhunywe obumbi lokuqala kwezomnotho kohlelo kosozimali ku 1857-1859 biennium. Against ngemuva zezinkinga kanyekanye kuwo wonke amazwe anezimboni ifikile ukuqonda inyunyana global kanye nabasebenzi. Kuyinto kusuka kule nkathi Izinyunyana yesigaba sabasebenzi ka naseFrance sebefike esiphethweni sokuthi inhlangano eyodwa ngamazwe. Uphalafini emlilweni wathela umcimbi eRussia. Ngo-1863, u-Alexander II asebenzelana ngayo inguquko ePoland. Abavukeli yafuna ukuzimela.

Marxists baye bahlela imihlangano abasebenzi okwandile. Bachaza nezinsolo izindlela okunonya "punishers Russian" ngubani emvinini usike inkululeko yezombangazwe "nokuthula nabasePoland." Mayelana mthwalo kwezomnotho ePoland awuhambanga inkulumo. Lokhu izingxenye zombuso kwaba eziphambili kakhulu kule ndaba. Ngokomthetho yasekhaya Polish, kuhulumeni kungaphazamisi.

Ukwemukelwa zokukhwabanisa umbono weningi futhi wasebenzisa kwezombusazwe abazinze International. Bathumela uquqaba usebenza izimfuno zezombusazwe, okuyinto ebingekho ekuqaleni. Amemeza iziqubulo nempi kusincomo omkhulu yeRussia. Lena yesigaba sabasebenzi ngaqala ukuqonda ukuthi amandla ayo. Kunalokho, wamsiza ukukwenza.

"Zonya" Russian - uphawu ubunye abasebenzi European

Disemba 5, 1863 abasebenzi British abaphendukela isiphakamiso French izimfuneko ngokuhlanganyela ohulumeni. Izinhloso - empini eRussia ukuzimela lasePoland.

Ngemva konyaka, ngo-1864, sekuvele umhlangano ngokuhlanganyela London, ehholo St Martin. Ngakho, lapho ichaza isimo sase-Russia isibe okunqumayo ngoba inhlangano. Marx yena, owayengakaze wabonakala kulezo zenzakalo, wayekhona kulo mhlangano. Wayenomuzwa wokuthi ushintsho ukwazi isigaba sabasebenzi, ababeqonda ukuthi ungamandla amakhulu ashukumisela ukushayela emlandweni.

Okokuqala Congress: inhlangano kuhlelwe iziteleka

Ngo-1866 e-Geneva, imisebenzi Okokuqala International ezihlobene inhlangano iCongress kuqala. It bamukela komthetho-sisekelo, lwentiwe Marx, wakhethwa General Council wezwa ngemibiko yokuhlupheka kwalabo abasebenzi. Ngemva lwengqungquthela uMkhandlu omusha waqala ukuhola isiteleka wezisebenzi. Manje lawa aziqabukeli izenzo isenzo kunezinxushunxushu futhi ehlelwe kahle. Nakuba ezinye amaphoyisa ukuhlakaza ababhikishi ngakolunye uhlangothi edolobheni sebeqala ushaye abanye.

The Second Congress: ukudalwa amaqembu ezombusazwe

E Lausanne ngo-September 1867, ke obize le Congress of the First World yesibili. Kulo mhlangano kwakukhona ezibalulekile: iqhaza zamabutho sezenhlalo ukusekela mass wezisebenzi ukuphila kuleli zwe. Ngemva kwakhe, onxiwankulu waqala ukubonisa ukukhathazeka sina ngemali yabo futhi ithuba elihle emphakathini.

The Third Congress: shayela i-impi

Ngesikhathi Congress wesithathu e Brussels e 1868 wayeshilo ukuthi umqondo wezempi ukuvikela imibono yabo. Eqinisweni, i-International Okokuqala wabiza revolution ekilasini. Ngesikhathi Congress kwakukhona isinqumo "ku ukubonakaliswa enkulu yomsebenzi." Ungabuka ekuguquleni umqondo nezidingo zomnotho ukubiza kokugumbuqelwa uhlelo esikhathini esifushane.

Kungaba esakubekezelela futhi iziphathimandla noma onxiwankulu. Qala ukushushiswa zezombusazwe. Umi France, Paris isigodi owayehlakazekile. Lena igalelo sina International. Abasekeli kulo lonke elaseYurophu waqala uphonswe etilongweni, axoshwe emsebenzini, njll

Ubani iyalidinga?

In amazwi isazi sezomthetho esidumile Roman Cassius, uma kukhona ubugebengu, khona-ke umuntu okudingayo. Ngempela, ubani kwakuzodingeka revolution Europe ithuthuka ngokushesha. Kuyisimanga ukuthi ukubukwa olukhulu kakhulu futhi izingcingo impi ewela esiqongweni ukuthuthukiswa. Ungalokothi ngaphambi kokuba abeLungu akazange ziphile ezimweni ezinjalo. Umlando kwaphinda kwenzeka, futhi ezweni lethu. Kwakuphakathi nenkathi ka nombuso omkhulu isimo emlandweni wonke uMbuso Russian ocushiwe ezinjena kuphoqa ezweni lethu. Nokho, umphakathi wethu ubelokhu wehluleka ukubhekana nalezo zinsongo. Kungani Okokuqala International kwakungelona iphila? uma wanyamalala umzabalazo zezombusazwe? Lokhu Kuzoxoxwa.

Okokuqala International: kafushane ngentuthuko okwengeziwe

I-International yayingazimisele ukuba bahlanganyele umzabalazo ezivamile wamavukelambuso eYurophu. BaseYurophu Hlakaniphile waqaphela ukuthi kwakudingeka sibonise silandele indlela liberalism, hhayi lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso. Emva kwalokho, i-General Council of the International wathuthela e-United States. Esinye ukubonakaliswa nethonya layo umlando wethu ngokuhamba Februwari bese futhi Okthoba linemibhikisho. Luyofika kusuka eU.S. ekusungulweni umqondo zezwe revolution Lev Trotsky, Nokho, sicabanga ukuthi mhlawumbe kungcono nje ukuqondana kwezinto. Okokuqala International ngokusemthethweni yayikhona kuze 1876, e-Philadelphia lapho wanquma qeda it.

Imiphumela

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi wokuQala nowesiBili International ayehloselwe ukugumbuqela isimiso sezombusazwe saziso ngokushesha ukuthuthukisa Europe. Imibono zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni Bakunin njengoba isikhathi kwaba ngokumelene nalo. Wabiza kuphela ukuthuthukisa abaphilayo ukusebenza ekilasini zabasebenzi. Mhlawumbe, ngakho-ke, ngaye ihlelwe uzungu kaMarx. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, wayewenza ukuze aqede abancintisana naye. abaholi International kwakubalulekile ukuthi inguquko sezenhlalo, ukubhujiswa elichumayo Europe.

Mayelana nalezi imiklamo International Lenin ukhuluma emibhalweni yakhe: "Lapho kudalwa lo" International Workingmen Association "yethulwa ngamazwe mass inhlangano ezimele yesigaba sabasebenzi emlandweni, okuyinto, sibonga kobuholi Marx based imisebenzi yakhe isimiso engaphelele yomzabalazo wezigaba kanye nonxiwankulu."

izenzakalo emlandweni lokhu futhi kuholele. Njengoba nje yisandla esiphithiphithini sezwe singenziwe Socialist International kanye namabutho ubuzwe Germany, owafika emanxiweni neMpi Yezwe II. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi usizo yomnikeli kuHitler inikezwa bebhange kusuka e-United States. Mhlawumbe, futhi lokhu nje ukuqondana kwezinto.