Izinsizakalo zomphakathi: izimiso nezinhlobo

Esikhathini samanje, isimo sezenhlalakahle nezomnotho eRussia asizinzile, yingesizathu sokukhula kwenani labantu abadinga ukwesekwa kwezwe. Isixazululo salezi zinkinga inikeza izinsizakalo zomphakathi. Izimiso zalesi simiso zihlangabezana nezindinganiso zakamuva zokuhlelwa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zosizo futhi zakhiwe ngokucabangela izinkinga zezinkinga zomphakathi ezikhulayo .

Izinto zokuthuthukiswa komkhakha wezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle

Umqondo nemigomo yezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle iye yaguqulwa ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi yaguqulwa, njengoba izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokucubungula lezi zinkinga zivele. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwesimo somphakathi kanye nomphakathi, baye baba nzima kakhulu futhi banwetshwa. Kodwa-ke, izimiso zalolu msebenzi njengomsebenzi wenziwa ngisho nasekhulwini leminyaka ngaphambi kokugcina, ngakho-ke, maduzane, inhlangano yokusiza abantu abahluphekile ithole ifomu njengezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle. Izimiso zakhiwe ngaphansi kwethonya lamafilosofi, ezenhlalakahle, nezombusazwe zomsebenzi womphakathi. Esikhathini samanje, okuqukethwe kwabo kuhlangene nezidingo zomthetho.

Isiteji esisha ekuthuthukiseni uhlelo lweRussia losizo lwezenhlalakahle lwaqala emva kwezenzakalo zika-1991.

Izinsizakalo zenhlalakahle: incazelo nenhlaka yomthetho

Insimu yasekhaya yokusiza kombuso kubantu abampofu yonke indawo iguquliwe futhi ithuthukiswe. Umbono nemigomo yezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle akuzona kuphela Ngezici eziningi kubonisa imisebenzi ye-normative kahulumeni, kodwa futhi ikhombisa izinkombandlela zenqubomgomo yomphakathi ngokuphathelene nezigaba zomphakathi ezivikelekile.

Amaklayenti ezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle yizakhamuzi eziye zawela esimweni sokuphila okunzima. Leli gama lisho isimo (ukugula, ukukhubazeka, umama onesizungu, ukungasebenzi, ukuguga, njll), ngokuphula ngokweqile impilo yesakhamuzi esingenakunqotshwa yedwa.

Umqondo nemigomo yezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle yomphakathi inquma ukuthi yikuphi ukuhlelwa komsebenzi namakhasimende. Ekupheleni kuka-2013, umthetho omusha othi "Eziyisisekelo Zezinsizakalo Zezenhlalakahle Ezakhamuzi zaseRussia" wamukelwa, owamisa izizathu zomnotho, ezenhlalakahle nezomthetho kanye nokuhlelwa kwalolu hlobo lomsebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla asetshenziselwe kabusha ukuthi angaphakathi kwamakhono eziphathimandla zikahulumeni kanye neziphathimandla zesifunda emkhakheni womsebenzi ekukhonzeni izakhamizi nokuhlinzeka ngosizo lwezenhlalakahle ezifanelekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amalungelo nezibopho zabamukeli bezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle zamukelwa. Babizwa ngokuthi abantu abanezakhamuzi zaseRussia, kanye nabantu bezinye izizwe abangenawo lesi simo, kodwa abahlala kulo lonke izwe, isibonelo, ababaleki. Okokuthi, umamukeli wezinsizakalo angaba yisisakhamuzi, esaziwayo ngokomthetho njengoba edingwa usizo lomphakathi.

Umthetho omusha usungulwe umqondo, izimiso, izinhlobo zezinsizakalo zomphakathi. Kuyinto enenjongo yokuhlinzeka uhla lonke lwezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle emikhakheni ehlukene yabakhamuzi abaswele. Insizakalo yomphakathi yisenzo noma isenzo esenziwa ngokugcwele, ngezikhathi ezithile, isikhathi esisodwa sokuthuthukisa izimo zokuphila noma ukwandisa amandla okuxazulula okuzimele ubunzima bokuphila.

Ngokungangabazeki, izinsizakalo zenhlalakahle zinencazelo ehluke ngokuphelele kwamanye amazwe. Izimiso, izinhlobo zokusebenza nomphakathi ezweni lakithi nakwamanye amazwe Kunqunywe yizindawo ezithile, ezomnotho, zamasiko nezinye izinto ezikhethekile zombuso noma isifunda esithile.

Ukwakhiwa kwezinsizakalo zomphakathi

Namuhla eRussia, kuthuthukiswa uhlelo lwezinga eliphezulu, olubandakanya amafomu nobuchwepheshe bomsebenzi, izikhungo, izinhlangano ezenza izinsizakalo zomphakathi. Izimiso kumele zihlonishwe yilowo nalowo umphakeli ngaphandle kombuzo futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumnikazi we-ejensi ethile.

Uhlelo lukahulumeni lwezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle luyinkimbinkimbi futhi lubandakanya:

• Isikhulu esiphezulu sezinga lesifundazwe, umsebenzi walo ukuthuthukisa nokusebenzisa izinhlinzeko zomgomo womphakathi kanye nomthetho wezomthetho kanye nomthetho emkhakheni wezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle;
• Igunya lesifundazwe igunya lesifunda eligunyazwe ukusebenzisa iziqinisekiso zombuso zokusizwa komphakathi;
• Ngokuqondile izinhlangano nezikhungo zezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle yabantu, ezilawulwa yiziphathimandla eziphezulu zikahulumeni, zesifunda nezendawo;
• Izinhlangano ezingenzi inzuzo nezentengiselwano (ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni) ezinemvume (ukuvumela) ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zomphakathi ezakhamuzi ezidingayo;
• Owesomabhizinisi ngabanye onguchwepheshe bezinsizakalo zenhlalo.

Umthetho uphinde uchaze izihloko (abahlinzeki) nezinto (abamukeli) abambe iqhaza kwinqubo futhi banelungelo elingokomthetho kumasevisi enhlalakahle angabizi. Izimiso, ukuhleleka kokuhlelwa kwemisebenzi yezikhungo zabantu kuthuthukiswa ngokucabangela izici zesifunda sezindaba zaseRussia. Amakhasimende ezinsizakalo zezenhlalakahle abantu abavame ukukhubazeka, abahola impesheni, imindeni engaphelele nemikhulu, abasebenzi basezempi, abangasebenzi.

Izinguquko ezenzeka ezingeni likahulumeni zithinta ngokuqondile izinsizakalo zenhlalo kubantu. Izimiso, izinhlobo, imisebenzi kufanele ikhombise ukusebenza komsebenzi ezimweni eziphuthumayo nasezimweni zokuxoshwa kwamanye amazwe.

Imisebenzi esemqoka yesistimu

Abacwaningi basisekelo somsebenzi wezenhlalakahle babone amaqembu amabili emikhulu yemisebenzi ehlobene nezinsizakalo zomphakathi:

1) okuyisisekelo-umsebenzi (ukuphathwa kwezenhlalakahle, ukuvimbela, ukuguquguquka, ukuvuselela umphakathi, ukuvikeleka-okuvikela);

2) ukuziphatha nokuphila (umuntu kanye nomphakathi).

Ziyabonakala emazingeni amaningi namancane ezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle. Ukusebenza kahle kwezakhi kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zezinsizakalo zomphakathi zihlobene ngokuqondile nokusebenza kwazo okusebenzayo.

Kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi imisebenzi nemigomo yenkonzo yezenhlalakahle ayinwetshiwe kuphela kumamukeli owodwa, kodwa nakubantu bonke abahlanganiswe nenkinga evamile. Okusho ukuthi, lo msebenzi uqhutshwa kokubili emazingeni ahlukene ngabanye neqembu.

Izimiso zokuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo zomphakathi

Izimiso zezinsizakalo zomphakathi kubantu Kubonakala sengathi iphelele, ihlangene, isebenza ngezinhloso zabamukeli bezinsizakalo. Isizathu sokusebenzisana nezakhamuzi ezivela ezingxenyeni ezingavumelekile ezivikelekile kunamalungiselelo ekugcinwa kwamalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, ehlonipha yena njengomuntu, ayivumeli ukuhlambalaza isithunzi nenhlonipho yomuntu, ilandela isimo sengqondo sabantu abanesimo sengqondo kumakhasimende.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo zokumelela izinsizakalo zenhlalo yizi:

• Ukufinyelela okukhululekile nokulinganayo kwesakhamuzi kwanoma yisiphi ubudala, ubulili, ulimi, inkolo, ubuzwe, izinkolelo, indawo yokuhlala, ubulungu ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi ezivunyelwe kuhulumeni. Kulokhu kulandela ukuthi imithetho yezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle Qinisekisa abampofu amathuba afanayo ekutholeni izinsizakalo ezidingekayo.
• Ukuhlinzekwa okuhloswe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokusizwa komphakathi, okungukuthi, isethi yamasevisi ezenhlalakahle kufanele kusetshenziswe ngokucabangela izidingo zeklayenti ethile, izinsiza zangaphakathi.
• Abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zezenhlalakahle kufanele bafinyelelwe ensimini yokuhlala komamukeli wabo, inombolo edingekayo yabanikezeli ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende, kanye nenani eliphelele labasebenzi, ezezimali, ulwazi kanye namanye amathuba ezenhlalo zomphakathi.
• Ukulondolozwa kokukhulu kwesimo esivamile esingcono sokuhlala komthengi;
• Isiqalo sokuzithandela.
• Ukuyimfihlo komsebenzi: umhlinzeki wezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle uzimisele ukugcina futhi angabonakali idatha yomuntu siqu, imininingwane yomuntu kanye nolunye ulwazi mayelana neklayenti. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuvunyelwe ukudalula ulwazi oluyimfihlo, nolwazi. Ukuphulwa kwalesi simiso kuhambisana nokubandakanyeka komuntu onomthwalo wemfanelo ohlinzekwe ngumthetho waseRussia. Ngemuva kokuthola imvume ebhaliwe yomamukeli (ummeli womthetho) wezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle kungenzeka ukudlulisa, ukukopisha ulwazi ngabanye abantu ngenhloso yomamukeli. Kodwa-ke, kunezizathu zomthetho ezivumela ukuphula umthetho wemfihlo nokucela ulwazi: isicelo seziphathimandla zenkantolo, uphenyo, uphenyo nabanye ngokuphathelene nokuziphatha kwecala kanye nezinye izinqubo, lapho kusetshenzwa ukucubungula emasangweni enkonzo yomphakathi noma amanye amarekhodi ngokuhambisana nomthetho.

Lapho uhlela umsebenzi neklayenti, yonke imigomo yezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle kubantu kufanele ihileleke. Ngakho-ke, kungaba kuhle ukuvumela indlela edidiyelwe yokuhlelwa kwemisebenzi yokusiza.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi imigomo yemisebenzi yezenhlalakahle ezakhamuzi iyacatshangelwa lapho ithuthukisa amazinga wombuso kanye nemithethonqubo yokuphatha yokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo kulabo abadinga kuwo wonke amazinga: kusukela ehhovisi likahulumeni kuya esikhungweni sendawo.

Amalungelo agunyaziwe abamukeli bezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle

Izimiso zomthetho wezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle zikhombisa izinga lomuntu wesifunda nomphakathi ngokuphathelene nezakhamuzi ezidingayo.

Amakhasimende ezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle anelungelo loku:

• Isimo sengqondo sokuhlonipha nokuhlonipha;
• Ukuthola ulwazi ngamalungelo abo kanye nemisebenzi, izinhlobo, imigomo, inqubo, izimo, amanani okuhlinzeka ngamasevisi esikhungweni mahhala futhi ngokufinyeleleka; ngaphezu kwalokho, iklayenti ingakwazi ukuthola ulwazi mayelana nomhlinzeki wenkonzo, mayelana nokuthola usizo ngaphandle kwenkokhelo;
• Izakhamizi zinelungelo lokuzikhethela okuzimele nokuzikhethela kweziko lapho bangahlinzekwa khona ngensizakalo edingekayo;
• Ukwenqaba inkonzo;
• Isiqinisekiso sokuvikelwa kwamalungelo kanye nezithakazelo ezisemthethweni;
• Ukuqinisekisa izidingo zezenhlalakahle nezokuhlanzeka kwezimo zokuhlala nokunakekelwa kahle kwezikhungo zenkonzo yomphakathi;
• Ukufinyelela mahhala kumamukeli ngabamele abameli, izaziso, abameli kanye nabanye abantu ngesikhathi kusihlwa nasemini;
• Ilungelo lokusekelwa komphakathi.

Amalungelo akhethiwe aklayenti akakwazi ukwephulwa, ngaphandle kwalokho umthengi unezizathu ezizwakalayo zokufaka isicelo sokucaciswa eziphathimandla eziphakeme noma ukuthumela isitatimende sesimangalo enkantolo.

Imithwalo yabamukeli

Emibhalweni yomthetho evamile, imisebenzi yomthengi ngamunye nayo inqunywe, okungukuthi, noma yimuphi umamukeli wenkonzo yomphakathi kufanele:

• Nikeza imibhalo nolwazi oludingekayo ekuhlinzekeni kwezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle;
• Ngesikhathi esifanele azise umphakeli wezinguquko kumininingwane yomuntu noma izimo ezithinta ukuhlinzekwa kosizo;
• Ungaphuli imigomo yesivumelwano senkonzo , kufaka phakathi ukukhokha okufike ngesikhathi futhi okugcwele, uma kukhona;
• Ukungenzi ukwephula imithetho evunyelwe ngokuvamile nemigomo yokuziphatha emphakathini, isiyalo esikhungweni.

Ngenxa yokuphulwa komthetho owodwa noma eminingana, insizakalo yenhlalakahle inelungelo lokumisa okwesikhashana umsebenzi neklayenti noma wenqabe insizakalo eceliwe ngokuphelele.

Umthetho wesifundazwe uphinde unikezele amalungelo, izibopho zabathengisi. Ngamunye wabo ubophezelekile ukuhlinzeka ngokugcwele amasevisi aceliwe, ukwenza lo msebenzi ngesikhathi esifanele, ngokuhambisana nomthetho kanye nemithetho ekhona yemisebenzi.

Izimo zokuhlinzeka ngosizo lwezenhlalakahle

Izimiso ezisemthethweni zezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle zithinta inqubo yokuhlinzeka zonke izinhlobo zosizo. Isisekelo yisitatimende somuntu siqu (ikhalenda lommeleli), sidluliselwe esikhungweni, noma sikhala kuhulumeni kanye neziphathimandla zendawo, izinhlangano zomphakathi ngaphakathi kohlelo lokusebenzisana kwe-interagency.

Ngaphandle kwezindleko, izinsizakalo zenhlalakahle zinganikezwa kubantu abathintekayo abantu abangelwa yizinhlekelele zemvelo kanye nezinye izimo eziphuthumayo, ngokuhlukunyezwa kwamanye amazwe kanye nezikhali, kanye nezingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 ubudala.

Isicelo sithathwa esikhathini esibekiwe esinqunywe yimithetho, emva kwalokho isikhungo senza inqubo yokuqaphela isakhamuzi esifake isicelo somuntu odinga usizo lomphakathi. Uma umphakeli enqaba ukuhlinzeka ikhasimende ngezinsizakalo ezidingekayo, lo wesithathu unelungelo lokukhalaza ngokumelene nesinqumo enkantolo.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo zezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle ziyisibonelo sokuhlola ukusebenza kwabahlinzeki benkonzo. Uma zigcinwa, isisombululo sezinkinga zamakhasimende sisezingeni eliphakeme.

Ukuxhasa ngemali yezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle

Imithombo yokuxhaswa kohlelo lwezenhlalakahle ihlanganisa izimali zesabelomali (ama-federal, regional, amazinga kahulumeni); Iminikelo yokuzithandela noma iminikelo yokusiza; Ukukhokha izakhamizi ngezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle ezinikezwe zona; Izimali ezivela emisebenzini yebhizinisi noma eminye imithombo engavunyelwe umthetho.

Amafomu nezinhlobo zezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle

Eqinisweni, izinsizakalo zomphakathi ziyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezenhlalakahle. Umqondo, izimiso, izinhlobo, zakha okuqukethwe kwayo.

Amafomu aphambili wokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle yilezi:

• Amasevisi asekelwe ekhaya;
• Insizakalo yesikhashana, okungukuthi, izinsizakalo zinikezwa ngezikhathi ezithile zosuku;
• Izinsizakalo zegciwane, okungukuthi: ukuhlinzeka ngamaklayenti kwenziwa ngokuqhubekayo noma okwesikhashana, izinsuku ezinhlanu ngesonto ezimweni zokuhlala unomphela esikhungweni.

Kodwa-ke, akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi izimiso zenziwa ngokomthetho kumqulu ojwayelekile. Izinhlobo zezinsizakalo zomphakathi zisho imisebenzi ehlukahlukene, eyenzelwe ukubhekana neqoqo lezinkinga zabathengi.

izikhungo Ukuvikelwa nezenhlalo zamanje nazo zinikeza amakhasimende ngezinsiza ezilandelayo:

• kwezenhlalo futhi ephilayo, ekubasizeni emkhakheni amaklayenti umthengi enqubeni wokuphila;
• impilo nomphakathi kanye, okuyinto yenzelwa nokugcina nasekusindiseni impilo amasevisi lomamukeli ngokusebenzisa inhlangano ukunakekelwa kahle kubo, nokunikezela usekelo zokuzijabulisa, inhlangano ukuqapha impilo jikelele nenhlalakahle ukuze kuvinjelwe okuvela ngeziphambeko;
• amasevisi womphakathi nezingokwengqondo ukunikeza usizo uhlamvu kweziMilo inqubo okuzivumelanisa izimo entsha yokuqonda umphakathi, kanye ukunakekelwa okuphuthumayo ezimweni ezinzima hotline ucingo;
• zenhlalakahle kanye Pedagogical, injongo okuyinto ukuvimbela ngeziphambeko ukwakha ubuntu, Ukuqinisa isithakazelo esihle, ukufunda amafomu afanele lenhlangano zokuzilibazisa; ukusiza noma umndeni ezindabeni wokukhulisa izingane;
• kwezenhlalo futhi bezikhandla ukuze basize ekusetshenzisweni iklayenti futhi simsize babhekane nezinkinga zingaveli lithathelwe izindawo baye emisebenzini;
• Socio-Legal ukunikeza usizo lwezomthetho, lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela amalungelo nezifiso umamukeli;
• amasevisi okuhloswe ngazo ukuthuthukisa amakhono okuxhumana of iklayenti banokukhubazeka;
• izinhlobo ezahlukene amasevisi esiphuthumayo nomphakathi: ukuhlinzeka iqoqo imikhiqizo noma ukudla okushisayo; izingubo nezicathulo; essentials; usizo ekutholeni izindlu zesikhashana; ukuhlinzekwa kosizo oluphuthumayo ngokwengqondo; Ukukhishwa yesikhathi esisodwa usizo lwezimali; enifeza iseluleko sezomthetho kanye namanye amasevisi.

izakhamuzi Abahluphekayo uma kunesidingo, asizwe, akuhlobene kwizinsizakalo zezenhlalakahle, noma - ababasekelayo.

Degree nobunzima, ubude amasevisi, izinga lezindleko zokukhiqiza nokwanela nokulandela izidingo zisekelwe criteria nokwethulwa ngokuyiko kwezinhlelo yezenhlalakahle maqondana nemikhakha ehlukene yezakhamuzi. ukuhambisana Wokulawula, ezimisweni zokuziphatha, futhi imithetho yangakini ukwenza amasevisi eliphezulu kwezenhlalo, umphumela izenzo zabo - ngempumelelo, zonke kuzosiza ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwezenhlalo emphakathini.