Bipolar Transistor: ukushintsha izifunda. I usuke ukujikeleza + Transistor okuguquguqukayo nge emitter ezivamile

Omunye amathathu electrode uhlobo Semiconductor amadivayisi kukhona transistors okuguquguqukayo. kwe-circuit kuxhomeke ekutheni banayo conductivity (imbobo noma electron) nemisebenzi.

ngezigaba

Transistors zihlukaniswe amaqembu:

1. Ngokusho izinto: i-evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu gallium arsenide ne-silicon.
2. Njengoba imvamisa isignali: ongaphakeme (kufika ku 3 MHz), eliphakathi (kufika ku-30 MHz), okusezingeni eliphezulu (kufika ku-300 MHz), ultra-high (ngenhla 300 MHz).
3. Ukuze esiphezulu amandla ukushabalalisa: kufika 0.3 W, kuze kufinyelele 3 Watts, ezingaphezu kuka 3W.
4. Ngokusho uhlobo idivayisi: ezintathu ezihlobene ungqimba Semiconductor ngu yanjalo ngokushintsha izindlela eqondile ephambene okuphothula conduction.

kanjani transistors?

I engxenyeni engaphandle futhi engaphakathi Transistor uxhumeke kwi-electrode phambili, ngokulandelana ngokuthi emitter, ngalendoda kanye isizinda.

Emitter futhi ngalendoda akuzona sihluke nomunye izinhlobo conductivity, kodwa degree of doping ukungcola wale mithandazo lingaphansi kakhulu. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukwanda ovumelekile okukhipha voltage.

Kumila, okuyinto ungqimba maphakathi has a ukumelana, njengoba yazalwa Semiconductor nge doping ababuthakathaka. It has oxhumana endaweni enkulu nge ngalendoda, ethuthukisa ukususwa ukushisa ngenxa ukuhlanekezela ukuchema kuzo ushintsho, futhi kusiza ukudlula abathwali esizweni esincane - electron. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izingqimba inguqulelo zisekelwe isimiso esifanayo, le Transistor yidivayisi quin. Ngokushintsha izindawo izingqimba okwedlulele we conductivity efanayo ayikwazi ukuthola nemingcele elihambisana zedivayisi Semiconductor.

Schematics ka transistors okuguquguqukayo bayakwazi uyigcine ezimbili uthi: kungaba evulekile noma avaliwe. Esikhathini imodi esebenzayo, lapho Transistor evulekile emitter inguqulelo offset senziwa ohlangothini phambili. Ukuze sicacise lo cabanga, isibonelo, i-Transistor ka npn uhlobo, kufanele nginomdlandla emthonjeni, njengoba kuboniswe kulo mdwebo ongezansi.

Umngcele kamasipala yesibili ngalendoda kwalapho uma lokhu ivaliwe futhi zamanje ukuba engena kulo akufanele. Kodwa umkhuba, kwenzeka okuphambene ngoba indawo eduze ushintsho ngomunye nomunye futhi lithuthukise zabo bobabili. Njengoba emitter ixhunywe "lokususa" ibhethri inguqulelo evulekile ivumela electron agelezele zone isizinda, bakuphi recombination akakhethi izimbobo - abathwali esemqoka. isizinda Kwakheka zamanje mina _b. Kunamandla njengoba linjalo, njengeliyiZwi yakheke ngaphezulu okukhipha zamanje. Kuleli isimiso umsebenzi yokukhulisa umsindo usebenzisa transistors okuguquguqukayo.

Ngemva base yilona lodwa ezokuthutha diffusive ka-electron, ngoba akukho senzo wensimu kagesi. Ngenxa okuncane ungqimba ukushuba (microns) kanye ezidlula amakhulu we umyela lokuhlushwa izinhlayiya omubi icala, cishe bonke of them awela esifundeni ngalendoda, nakuba ukumelana base ngokwanele ezinkulu. Kube they nyakazo udonsa ensimini kagesi, ukuthuthukisa ezokuthutha amandla awo okwelapha. UNkulunkulu wayengajabule ngalendoda kanye emitter imisinga makhulu alinganayo, uma ukulahleka hhayi azinakwa kwenkokhiso okubangelwa recombination e base: Mina _nge = mina _b + mina _k.

Kwemigomo transistors

1. Izinto inzuzo ngoba voltage U _EQ / U _BE futhi zamanje: β = _Ngithande / mina _b (inani langempela). Ngokuvamile, β Coefficient ingeqi 300, kodwa angase afinyelele abakuzuzile 800 nangaphezulu.
2. impedance wokufaka.
3. Impendulo imvamisa - we Transistor ukusebenza kuze kube imvamisa predetermined ngenhla okuyinto transients ayinayo isikhathi ushintsho isignali isicelo.

Transistor Bipolar: izifunda ukushintsha, ukusebenza izindlela

Operating izindlela ziyehluka okuncike indlela wesifunda libuthene. Esiginali kufanele usetshenziswe futhi kukhishwe amaphuzu ezimbili kudaba ngalunye, kepha zikhona izikhonkwane ezintathu kuphela. Ngakho, enye electrode kumele kokubili basonta input bese okukhipha. Ngakho kungafaka noma yimaphi transistors okuguquguqukayo. kwe-circuit: ON, OE futhi Kulungile.

1. Ukushayela nge OK

I usuke wesifunda we Transistor okuguquguqukayo nge ngalendoda ezivamile: isignali is fed Resistor R _L, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi kufakwe wesifunda ngalendoda. uxhumano okunjalo ubizwa ngokuthi i-common-ngalendoda.

Lolu khetho kudala inzuzo zamanje kuphela. Buhle umlandeli emitter ukuhlinzeka impedance esikhulu zokufakwayo (10-500 ohms), okuvumela elula Ukudidiyela asibekela.

2. Ukushayela nge ON

I usuke ukujikeleza + Transistor okuguquguqukayo e isisekelo ezivamile: isignali ezingenayo ngokusebenzisa C ₁ nangemva okhulisa isuswe ekhishwa wesifunda ngalendoda, lapho base electrode labiwa. Kulokhu, nzuzo voltage iyafana isebenzisana MA.

Ububi kuyinto impedance okokufaka ezincane (30-100 ohms), futhi wesifunda KU isetshenziswa njengenhlangano oscillator.

3. Umdwebo nge MA

Ngo embodiments abaningi, lapho zisetshenziselwa transistors okuguquguqukayo, izifunda ukushintsha ikakhulukazi senziwa emitter ezivamile. Voltage supply sidla ngokusebenzisa umthwalo Resistor R _L, futhi emitter exhunywe kwi-pole engakhi sangaphandle ugesi.

isignali AC kusukela ukugcina okokufaka ingena emitter futhi base electrode (V _e), futhi kuba ezinkudlwana ezidlula (V _CE) esifundeni ngalendoda. Uhlelo oluyisisekelo oluthi izakhi wesifunda: a Transistor, a _L Resistor R kanye nemibono ekhishwa wesifunda amplifier ne sangaphandle ugesi. Asizayo: capacitor C ₁ evimbela ukudlula zamanje ngqo phezu kwengungu okuphakelayo isignali okufakwayo, kanye R Resistor _1, nge okuyinto Transistor liyavuleka.

UNkulunkulu wayengajabule ngalendoda voltage kwe-circuit Transistor kanye nemibono ekhishwa _L Resistor R ndawonye alinganayo ezidlula _{EMF: V CC = mina C R L} + V CE.

Ngakho, V _e isitshengiselo elincane okokufaka sinikezwa ukushintshashintsha DC amandla AC okukhipha inverter Transistor ephethwe. Isikimu inikeza ukwanda lamanje lokufaka izikhathi 20-100, kanye voltage - ezikhathini 10-200. Ngakho, amandla kwandisa.

uhlelo Ukuntuleka: ukumelana okokufaka ezincane (500-1000 ohms). Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kukhona izinkinga kumiswa okhulisa izigaba. I ukumelana wokukhipha 2-20 ohms.

Lezi imidvwebo ukubonisa indlela Transistor okuguquguqukayo. Uma ungathathi izinyathelo eziqhubekayo ukusebenza yabo izobe kakhulu ehlaselwe amathonya zangaphandle, njengokushisa okweqile kanye isignali imvamisa. Futhi, isisekelo emitter kudala ukuhlanekezela harmonic ngesikhathi okukhiphayo. Ukuze uthuthukise ukuthembeka, isifunda kuyinto feedbacks exhunyiwe, umshini, nokunye. N. Kulokhu inzuzo ziyancipha, kodwa idivayisi iyashelela.

izindlela wokusebenza

Umsebenzi Transistor kuthinta ukubaluleka voltage axhunyiwe. Zonke izindlela ungaboniswa uma isicelo wesifunda we Transistor okuguquguqukayo enikeziwe ngaphambilini nge emitter ezivamile.

1. asikiwe Imodi

Lokhu mode wadala lapho V _BE voltage Sehlile 0.7 V Kulokhu, lapho kuhlangana emitter kuyinto avaliwe futhi ngalendoda zamanje engekho, njengoba engekho electron khulula e base. Ngakho, emabhuloki Transistor.

2. Mode okusebenzayo

Uma zinamandla lisetshenzisiwe base okuyinto kwanele ukuvula Transistor, kukhona zamanje okokufaka amancane ngokukhiphayo yanda, kuye ngokuthi ubukhulu inzuzo. Khona-ke Transistor sizosebenza njengokulindelekile-amplifier.

3. ukugcwaliswa Imodi

It ihlukile imodi esebenzayo ukuze Transistor ivulekile ngokugcwele, futhi wamanje ngalendoda ifinyelela esiphezulu ukubaluleka kungenzeka. ukwanda kwalo kuphela azuzwe ngokushintsha osetshenziswayo amandla electromotive noma umthwalo phezu kwengungu okukhiphayo. Uma uguqula base ngalendoda zamanje aliguquki. ukugcwaliswa umbuso libhekene iqiniso lokuthi Transistor ivuliwe kakhulu, futhi lapha siwulimi inkinobho ivuliwe. Schematics ka transistors okuguquguqukayo ngokuhlanganisa asikiwe saturation izindlela ukuba ukwazi ukudala nokhiye kuma-computer.

Zonke izindlela wokusebenza zincike ubunjalo izici okukhipha iboniswa kugrafu.

Abakwazi khombisa, uma libuthene wiring Umdwebo Transistor okuguquguqukayo nge OE.

Uma wagqoka eksisi eqonde ngqo phezulu futhi kumasegmenti ovundlile amele esiphezulu ngalendoda zamanje kanye nenani supply voltage V _CC, bese uxhuma imikhawulo komunye nomunye, uthole umugqa umthwalo (obomvu). Ichazwa _{ukuthini inkulumo ethi: Mina C = (V-CC -} V CE) / R C. Kusukela sibalo kusobala ukuthi iphuzu yokusebenza lapho enquma ngalendoda zamanje mina _C no voltage V _CE, uzobe dengwane agudle umthwalo kusukela phansi kuze base okwandisa zamanje mina _B.

Zone V _CE phakathi eksisi futhi owokuqala okukhipha isici (ukubopha) lapho mina _B = 0 ephawula cutoff imodi. Kulesi reverse zamanje mina _C azinakwa kanye Transistor ivaliwe.

Isici kuqala iphuzu A ephambana umthwalo umugqa, ngemva kwalokho, nge _okunye ukwanda _wamanje ngalendoda mina ayikashintshi. Gcwalisa endaweni igrafu yiyona ndawo ukubopha phakathi _C-eksisi mina isici emibi.

Kanjani Transistor ezimeni ezahlukene?

I Transistor usebenza nge amasignali variable noma njalo yanikezwa wesifunda input.

Bipolar Transistor: ukushintsha izifunda, amandla

Isikhathi esiningi Transistor ukhonza njengomdala amplifier. Isignali kushintshana okokufaka kubangela ushintsho okukhipha sayo samanje. Ungakwazi ukusebenzisa uhlelo Kulungile noma nge-MA. Ngo-circuit okukhipha for isignali edingekayo umthwalo. Ngokuvamile sebenzisa Resistor aboshelwe wesifunda ngalendoda okukhiphayo. Uma kukhethwe kahle, okukhiphayo voltage ukubaluleka siphezulu kunamanye okokufaka.

umsebenzi amplifier kutjengiswe imidwebo isikhathi kahle.

Lapho amasignali ishayela iguqulwe, imodi kuyafana ukuthi ngenxa sinusoidal. Quality kokuwaguqulela izingxenye harmonic kunqunywa imvamisa izici transistors.

Umsebenzi kwimodi ukushintsha

Transistor ukushintsha enzelwe okungezona contact usuke uxhumano ezifundeni kagesi. Isimiso Ushintsho stepwise ku ukungawi Transistor. uhlobo Bipolar kahle nezidingo idivayisi ukhiye.

isiphetho

izakhi semiconductor elisetshenziswa izifunda yokuguqula amaza kagesi. ngezigaba okudingeka bashintshashintshe ngayo futhi esikhulu uvumele ukusebenzisa ebanzi transistors okuguquguqukayo. izifunda ukushintsha ukucacisa imisebenzi yabo futhi izindlela wokusebenza. Okuningi kuxhomeke izici.

Isifunda main ukushintsha transistors okuguquguqukayo khulisa, ukuguqula futhi zikhiphe amasignali okokufaka, futhi ukushintshela izifunda.