Transistor ukushintshwa. Isimiso wesifunda yokusebenza

Lapho besebenza imidvwebo eziyinkimbinkimbi kuyasiza ukusetshenziswa amaqhinga ahlukahlukene lobuchwepheshe ezingaba sifinyelele lo mgomo ngomzamo omncane. Omunye wabo ukudalwa Semiconductor ukushintshwa. Yiziphi? Kungani kufanele ukudala? Kungani zibizwa "okhiye electronic"? Yiziphi izici le nqubo, futhi yini okumelwe siyibheke?

Yini eyenza Transistor ukushintshwa

Basuke ababulawa ukusetshenziswa emkhakheni noma transistors okuguquguqukayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho ihlukaniswe okhiye kuqala futhi Tir ukuthi ukulawula p-n-okuhlangana kuyo. Phakathi okuguquguqukayo ukuhlukanisa / ayegcwele. Transistor ushintshele 12 V ngeke kwaneliswe izidingo eziyisisekelo kusuka radio amateur.

imodi static

Kuyo ihlaziya uthi avaliwe nekhululekile ukhiye. Itheku sokuqala zinamandla ezingeni eliphansi, elimelela okunengqondo isignali zero. Ngo imodi ezinjalo, kokubili inguqulelo kukhona ohlangothini reverse (cutoff kutholakala). Futhi ngalendoda zamanje kungenziwa kuphela kuthinte ukushisa. In the state evuleleke ekufakeni ukhiye kuyinto high voltage ezingeni elihambisana logic isignali eyodwa. Ukusebenza kungenzeka e izindlela ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa. ukusebenza enjalo ingase ibe esifundeni ukugcwaliswa noma isifunda komugqa isici okukhiphayo. Sizakuragela ukuxoxa ngokuningiliziwe.

ukhiye ukugcwaliswa

Ezimweni ezinjalo, ushintsho Transistor kuthiwa nganhlanye ohlangothini phambili. Ngakho-ke, uma ushintsha base wamanje, ukubaluleka ngalendoda ngeke kushintshe. Ngo-silicon transistors ngoba noma ukuchema kuzo ka mayelana 0.8 V kuyadingeka, kuyilapho i-germanium voltage liyashintshashintsha phakathi 0.2-0.4 V Ukhiye njengoba ukugcwaliswa jikelele kufinyelelwe? Ukuze wenze lokhu, base inyuka zamanje. Kodwa konke kunemingcele, kanye ukwanda ukugcwaliswa. Ngakho, lapho ufika inani elithile yamanje, iyeke zikhule. Kodwa kungani chitha saturation ukhiye? Kukhona isilinganiso ekhethekile, okutshengisa eziyimbangela. Nge komthwalo wayo okwandisa umthamo inyuka, ezithinta Transistor ukushintshwa, izici kungasimamisi uqale wokuthinta ibutho ezincane, kodwa kukhona Oqala ukungezwa aze agcine ukusebenza. Ngakho-ke, inani ukugcwaliswa isici ezikhethiwe kusuka ebucayini yezakhi, ukugxila inkinga okumele kwenziwe.

Okumbi ukhiye unsaturated

Futhi yini ebingenzeka uma kwakungasebenzeki izuzwe ukubaluleka elilungile? Khona-ke kukhona amaphutha ezifana:

1. ukhiye Voltage ukuwa evulekile ulahlekelwe kuze kube mayelana 0.5 V
2. Sibe sibi amasosha omzimba. Lokhu kungenxa impedance anda okokufaka, okuyinto okubonakale okhiye lapho zivuliwe. Ngakho-ke, ukuphazamiseka ezifana voltage spikes futhi kuzoholela ushintsho Transistor nemingcele.
3. ukhiye ayegcwele onezici eziphawulekayo lokushisa ukuzinza.

Njengoba ubona, le nqubo namanje kangcono ukufeza, ukuze ekugcineni uthola idivayisi ephelele.

isivinini

Lokhu ipharamitha incike esiphezulu imvamisa kuvunyelwe, kungaba kwenziwe lapho amasignali usuke. Lokhu-ke kuncike isikhathi yenqubo shintsho, okuyinto kunqunywa inertia we Transistor, kanye nethonya nemingcele yisinanakazana. Ukuze ube njani isici ukusebenza logic ngokuvamile bubonisa isikhathi isilinganiso ukuthi kwenzeka uma isignali ibambezeleke ukudluliselwa kwawo inkinobho Transistor. Umdwebo obonisa yayo evamile ngokunembile lokhu kuba khona isilinganiso sabangu impendulo ububanzi kanye nemibukiso.

Ukuxhumana nabanye okhiye

Ukuze wenze lokhu, couplers esetshenziswa. Ngakho, uma inkinobho okukhipha sokuqala ngesikhathi high voltage ezingeni ke kukhona ngesikhathi sesibili ukuvulwa itheku futhi isebenza imodi kusengaphambili. Futhi okuphambene nalokho. Onjalo wesifunda zokuxhumana kakhulu kuthinta izinqubo lezivakashi ezenzeka phakathi ukushintsha, futhi ijubane okhiye. Nakhu indlela switch Transistor. Okuvame kakhulu yilona uhlelo lapho ukuxhumana senzeka phakathi transistors ezimbili kuphela. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba enze idivayisi ezizosetshenziselwa izakhi ezintathu noma ezine noma ngisho nangokwengeziwe. Kodwa ngo umkhuba lokhu kungaba nzima ukuthola ukusetshenziswa, ngakho umsebenzi lolu hlobo Transistor inkinobho alisetshenziswa.

Yini ukukhetha

Yini umsebenzi ongcono? Ake sicabange ukuthi sinawo Transistor inkinobho elula, supply voltage okuyinto 0.5 V Khona-ke, usebenzisa i oscilloscope kungaba thatha zonke izinguquko. Uma zamanje ngalendoda of 0.5mA ngesikhathi iqoqo rate, voltage uwela 40 mV (based kuyoba cishe 0.8 V). Ngu amazinga inkinga singasho ukuthi lokhu impela ukuphambuka abalulekile, okuyinto unemingcele yokuthi ushayela ukusetshenziswa uchungechunge yonke izikimu, isibonelo, ukushintsha, amasignali analog. Ngakho-ke, kufanele atitfobe ekhethekile ensimini-umphumela transistors, okuyinto has a ukulawula p-n-okuhlangana kuyo. Izinzuzo zabo phezu nozakwabo okuguquguqukayo yilezi:

1. Inani kancane ukucindezeleka izinsalela ukhiye esimweni ukuthunyelwa.
2. I ukumelana okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi ngenxa yalokho - a wamanje encane owawugobhoza ilungu avaliwe.
3. It kuhla amandla kancane, ngakho akudingeki umthombo obalulekile lokulawula voltage.
4. Kungenzeka ukushintsha amaza kagesi ongaphakeme ezingeni, okuyinto bakha amayunithi microvolts.

ukushintshela Transistor inkinobho - lena isicelo ekahle emkhakheni. Yiqiniso, lo mlayezo ibekwe kuphela kubafundi unombono mayelana nokusebenzisa kwabo. A kancane yolwazi nokuhlakanipha - kanye nokwenzeka ekusebenziseni, esesikhundleni Transistor ukushintsha ukuba livele ngokuchichimayo.

ukusebenza isibonelo

Ake sihlole kabanzi indlela elula Transistor inkinobho. Ishintsha kusukela eyodwa isignali okufakwayo sidlulile futhi asuswe nezinye ophumayo. Ukukhiya ukhiye phezu kwesango Transistor usebenzisa voltage ophakeme kunalowo amagugu omthombo abakhwabanisi ukuba kunani 2-3 V Nokho, kufanele siqaphele ukuba singavumeli okungaphezu ububanzi kuvunyelwe. Lapho inkinobho ivaliwe, ukumelana kuqhathaniswa ezinkulu - okukhulu kuka-10 ohms. Lokhu value etholwe ngenxa yokuthi eminye awupheleli futhi ukuhlanekezela ukuchema kuzo samanje kwalapho PN. Esikhathini esifanayo isimo capacitance phakathi wesifunda isignali usuke kanye electrode esangweni ungaphakathi uhla 3-30 PF. Manje vula switch Transistor. Ukushayela futhi umkhuba sizobonisa ukuthi uma esangweni voltage sekuseduze zero, futhi kakhulu incike ukumelana umthwalo futhi switched voltage izici. Lokhu kungenxa lonke uhlelo kokusebenzisana esangweni, omthombo abakhwabanisi we Transistor. Lokhu kudala ezinye izinkinga ukusetshenziswa ikumodi chopper.

Ngenxa ikhambi lale nkinga, amaqhinga ahlukahlukene zenzelwe ukuthi unikeze voltage kuqiniswa ukuthi kwenzeka phakathi wesiteshi esangweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa Izakhiwo zanoma ngisho diode ingasetshenziswa njengoba enjalo. Kuze kube yimanje, kufanele kufakwe reverse isiqondiso Ukuvinjwa voltage. Uma kuzodala isimo kudingekile, diode uvala kanye p-n-ushintsho liyavuleka. Ukushintsha lapho voltage switched lisavuliwe, kanye ukumelana isiteshi engashintshwa, kungenzeka ukufaka asindayo Resistor phakathi omthombo ukhiye wokufaka. Futhi khona capacitor capacitances kakhulu ukusheshisa le nqubo lingatshajwa.

Ukubalwa inkinobho Transistor

Ukuwaloba isibonelo ekubalweni ukuqonda, ungakwazi shintsha imininingwane yakho:

1) voltage ngalendoda-emitter - 45 V. Le Imininingwane amandla ukushabalalisa - 500 MW. UNkulunkulu wayengajabule ngalendoda-emitter voltage - 0.2 V Imvamisa cutoff wokusebenza - 100 MHz. Kumila-emitter voltage - 0.9 V UNkulunkulu wayengajabule ngalendoda wamanje - 100 ma. Ngokwezibalo zamanje ukudluliswa isilinganiso - 200.

2) I-Resistor zamanje 60 ma 5-1,35-0,2 = 3.45.

3) ngalendoda ukumelana Inani: 3,45 \ 0,06 ohms = 57,5.

4) Ukuze kube lula, sithatha ukubaluleka ngokulinganisa of 62 ohms: 3,45 \ 62 = 0.0556 ma.

5) Sicabanga base wamanje: 56 \ 200 = 0.28 ma (0.00028 A).

6) Yeka ukuthi ngeke base Resistor: 5 - 0.9 = 4,1V.

7) Tfola ukumelana base Resistor: 4.1 \ = 0,00028 ohms 14,642,9.

isiphetho

Futhi ekugcineni, mayelana igama "okhiye electronic". Iqiniso lokuthi isimo sishintshwe wamanje. Futhi kuyini na? Kunjalo, iqoqo amacala electronic. Kule futhi kukhona igama lesibili. Kodwa bebonke, futhi zonke. Njengoba ubona, isimiso wokusebenza futhi idivayisi wesifunda Transistor ukushintsha akuyona into eyinkimbinkimbi kangaka ukuqonda lokhu - ke kuba nokwenzeka. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngisho nombhali lesi sihloko ukuze uvuselele inkumbulo yayo wathatha izincwadi inkomba kancane waboleka. Ngakho-ke, uma unemibuzo kuya amagama mina phakamisa kokukhumbula khona izichazamazwi lobuchwepheshe kanye befuna ulwazi olusha mayelana Transistor sekuqalile khona.