Female WaseTurkey Sultanate

Kulesi sihloko sizobe ukuchaza ngokuningiliziwe Female Sultanate uMbuso WaseTurkey. Sizokwenza ukukhuluma ummeleli wakhe futhi ibhodi ku izilinganiso nale nkathi emlandweni.

Ngaphambi kokuba sihlole ngokuningiliziwe sultanate abesifazane yoMbuso WaseTurkey, amazwi ambalwa isimo lapho siyenzeka. Kuyadingeka ukuthi sinesithakazelo ukungena inkathi emlandweni umongo.

I uMbuso WaseTurkey ubizwa nangokuthi WaseTurkey. It yasungulwa ngo 1299. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho mina, u-Osman Gazi, owaba sultan lokuqala zombuso, imemezele ukuzimela ensimini Seljuk isimo encane. Nokho, eminye imithombo ithi libike ukuthi isihloko Sultan sika okokuqala ikwamukele ngokusemthethweni Murad kuphela mina, nomzukulu wakhe.

Sokuthuthwa kwempahla yoMbuso WaseTurkey

Yokubusa Suleiman mina Ezinhle (kusuka 1521 kuze 1566) kubhekwa sokuthuthwa kwempahla yoMbuso WaseTurkey. Portrait of Sultan ethulwa ngenhla. Emakhulwini eminyaka 16-17, isimo WaseTurkey wayengomunye walaba ezinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Insimu Empire ukuba 1566 kuhlanganisiwe ezweni esisogwini idolobha Persian yeBaghdad empumalanga Budapest futhi Hungary enyakatho kuya eningizimu Mecca futhi Algeria entshonalanga. Ithonya lalokhu isimo kule ndawo kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 kancane kancane anda. Empire ekugcineni zigoqiwe ngemva ukuduka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.

Iqhaza labantu besifazane abasezikhundleni zikahulumeni

Phakathi neminyaka engu-623 ka- lwamakhosi WaseTurkey wabusa ezweni kwakungekaNkulunkulu lonke leli zwe, 1299 kuya ku-1922, lapho amakhosi ohlanga abasekho. Abesifazane unesithakazelo embusweni wethu, ngokungafani kuya monarchies yeYurophu, Sanikwa ukuba elawula isimo. Nokho, lesi simo kwaba kuwo wonke amazwe amaSulumane.

Nokho, umlando yoMbuso WaseTurkey, kukhona inkathi ebizwa ngokuthi sultanate abesifazane. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-ubulili fair babe ngenkuthalo ahileleke uhulumeni. Izazi-mlando eziningi ezidumile baye bazama ukuqonda ukuthi Sultanate abesifazane, ukuqonda indima yayo. Siphinde ukukunikeza ukubazi nale nkathi ezithakazelisayo emlandweni.

Igama elithi "Sultanate Labesifazane"

Ngokokuqala ngqá leli gama aphakanyisiwe ukusetshenziswa ngo-1916, Ahmet Refik Altynay, isazi-mlando-Turkish. Litholakala encwadini usosayensi. umsebenzi wakhe ubizwa ngokuthi - "sultanate ngayo abesifazane." Futhi mpikiswano namuhla esishubile ngomonakalo owenziwa okube nawo ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sikhathi yoMbuso WaseTurkey. Kukhona ukungavumelani ngokuqondene imbangela eyinhloko lesi simo sibangelwa okungavamile kangaka ngoba izwe Islamic. Ososayensi iphikisane nayo ngokuthi ubani okufanele kubhekwe omele lokuqala Abesifazane we Sultanate.

izimbangela

Ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi le nkathi kwaba eyenziwe isikhathi sokuphela kwemikhankaso. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uhlelo komhlaba ukunqoba futhi wamukele kusukela onakala pi yayisekelwe kubo. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi abesifazane ku Sultanate yoMbuso WaseTurkey uvele sibonga umzabalazo ukuqedwa umthetho "Ngo Succession", enyatheliswa Mehmed II Fatih. Ngokusho kwalo mthetho, bonke abazalwane Sultan kumelwe nakanjani abulawe emva ukubusa okwakufanele abe inkosi. Akunandaba kwaba, ukuthi izinhloso ababenabo. Izazi-mlando abaphethe lo mbono bakholwe Hjurrem Sultan omele lokuqala Abesifazane we Sultanate.

Hjurrem Sultan

Lona wesifazane (portrait zaso letinikwe lapha ngenhla) kwakunenkosikazi yesazi Suleiman I. wayengadlali ubani ngo-1521, ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni isimo, waqala ukugqoka isihloko "Haseki Sultan". Enguqulweni le nkulumo isho ukuthi "umfazi oyintandokazi".

Sitshele okuningi mayelana Hjurrem Sultan, ogama lakhe ivame ukuhlotshaniswa sultanate abesifazane e-Turkey. Igama lakhe langempela - Lisovskaya Aleksandra (Anastasia). EYurophu, owesifazane eyaziwa ngokuthi Roksolana. Wazalelwa 1505 eNtshonalanga ye-Ukraine (Rohatyn). Ngo-1520, Sultan Hjurrem got in Istanbul Topkapi Palace. Lapha Suleiman mina, Sultan of Turkey, wanika Alexandra igama elisha - Hjurrem. Nanti izwi elivela olimini lwesi-Arabhu kungenziwa elihunyushwe ngokuthi "kunilethele injabulo." Suleiman mina, njengoba sishilo, lona wesifazane wanika isihloko "Haseki Sultan". Alexandra Lisovskaya uthole amandla amaningi. Yena namandla ngisho 1534, ngesikhathi unina Sultan wafa. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi waqala egijima Hjurrem isithembu.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lo wesifazane kakhulu abafundile isikhathi sakhe. Yena ephethwe izilimi eziningana ezivela kwamanye amazwe, ngakho impendulo izinhlamvu ezicukuthwaneni abanethonya, ababusi kanye abaculi angaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Hjurrem Haseki Sultan uthola amanxusa akwamanye amazwe. Hjurrem empeleni umeluleki zezombusazwe ukuba Suleiman I. Umyeni wakhe wachitha ingxenye enkulu isikhathi imikhankaso, ngokuvamile ngakho waba ukuba singaphethi imisebenzi yakhe.

Ubumbaxambili ahlola indima Sultan Hjurrem

Akubona bonke ososayensi abavumelana nalowo umbono ukuthi lona wesifazane kufanele sithathwe njengehlelo kuvakashe ummeleli wendlunkulu Abesifazane we Sultanate. Omunye tiphakamiso letimcoka ukuthi ukwethula Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngayinye abamele nale nkathi emlandweni ziye libhekene amaphuzu amabili alandelayo: kokubusa amafishane sultans futhi khona isihloko "Walid" (unina Sultan). Akekho kubo asisebenzi Hjurrem. Akazange ukuphila ngokuvumelana iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, "Walid" kungenzeka ukuba uthole isihloko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba kungazwakali ukucabanga ukuthi igama elithi wokubusa Sultan Suleiman ngineminyaka engu Ngamafuphi nje, kungenxa Wabusa iminyaka engu-46. Nokho, njengoba, kwakungeke kube yinto engalungile ukuyibiza wokubusa "ukwehla". Kodwa sinesithakazelo esikhathini kubhekwe ngenxa nje "ukwehla" ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso. Kwaba nesimo esibi ezweni idale sultanate labesimame ngokuvukela uMbuso WaseTurkey.

Mihrimah indawo Hjurrem efile (eliboniswe ngenhla - kwengcwaba lakhe), ekubeni uSihlalo we dlo Topkapi. Futhi kunenkolelo ukuthi lona wesifazane wayesekhulile impela nethonya umfowabo. Nokho, ngeke kubhekwe kuvakashe ummeleli wendlunkulu Abesifazane we Sultanate.

Futhi ubani angasho kufanele kwenziwe isibaluli inombolo yabo? Sikunikeza uhlu ababusi.

Female Sultanate uMbuso WaseTurkey: uhlu abameleli

Ukuze uthole izizathu okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla, iningi mlando zikholelwa ukuthi abameleli kwakunamabandla amane kuphela.

• Eyokuqala wabo - Nurbanu Sultan (iminyaka yokuphila - 1525-1583). Ngo umsuka kwaba Venetian, igama wentombi - Cecilia Venier-Baffo.
• Eyesibili omele - Safiye Sultan (ngawo-1550 - 1603). Libuye libe Venetian, ogama lakhe langempela - Sofia Baffo.
• Esesithathu omele - Kösem Sultan (iminyaka yokuphila - 1589 - 1651). umsuka wayo Akwaziwa ngokuthé ngqo, kodwa mhlawumbe kwakuyizwi Anastasia ngesiGreki.
• Futhi zokugcina, ummeleli sesine - Turhan Sultan (iminyaka yokuphila - 1627-1683). Lona wesifazane - a Ukrainian okuthiwa Hope.

Turhan Sultan futhi Sultan Kesemen

Lapho Ukrainian Nadezhda engu-12 ubudala, YaseCrimea AmaTatar bathumba kuye. Bathengisa wakhe Ker Süleyman Pasha. Yena, zidayiselwe owesifazane Walid Kesemen, unina Ibrahim mina, umbusi ebhasha ngokwengqondo. Kukhona-movie ngokuthi "Mahpeyker" Sitshela ngokuphila kombusi nonina, empeleni wema ngasemnyango ikhanda ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso. Kwadingeka ukuphatha zonke izindaba, njengoba Ibrahim ngineminyaka engu ebhasha ngengqondo, ngakho akunakwenzeka kahle bafeza izabelo zabo.

Lo mbusi ethathe ubukhosi e 1640, eneminyaka engu-engu-25. Lokunye lokubaluleke ngalokulinganako lomcimbi isimo livelile ngemva kokufa Murad IV, umfowabo omdala (i-okuyinto eminyakeni yokuqala yezwe wayebuswa njengoba Kösem Sultan). Murad Iv kwaba kombusi zokugcina, eziphathelene lwamakhosi WaseTurkey. Ngakho-ke Kesemen waphoqeleka ukuba baxazulule izinkinga yokubusa olwengeziwe.

Umbuzo ka-ngokulandelana

Kunengqondo, ukuze akwazi ukuthola indlalifa abe isigodlo eziningi akunzima. Kepha kwakukhona catch. Kwakuwusuku yokuthi kombusi imbecile kwadingeka ukunambitheka engavamile futhi imibono yabo ubuhle besifazane. Ibrahim mina (portrait wakhe uvezwa ngenhla) uncamela abesifazane ezikhuluphele kakhulu. IziKronike kukhona amarekhodi leyo minyaka lapho kukhulunywa wawenziwa isancinza, ethanda. Isisindo sayo kwaba ngu-150 kg. Kule kuthathwa ngokuthi Turhan owanikeza indodana yakhe nonina, naye waba nesisindo eside. Mhlawumbe yingakho-ke wathenga Kesemen.

Zivela ngalesikhathi umzabalazo phakathi ezimbili Walid

Akwaziwa ukuthi zingaki izingane azalelwa amathemba Ukraine. Kodwa siyazi ukuthi ungowokuqala ezinye izancinza wamnika indodana Mehmed. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-January 1642 Mehmed wayebhekwa indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi. Ngemva kokufa Ibrahim mina, owabulawa ngo-kombuso, waba sultan entsha. Nokho, ngalesi sikhathi wayesevile eminyakeni engu-6 ubudala. Turhan, nonina, ngokuvumelana nomthetho eyajabula ngayo isihloko "Walid", okufanele ukuba kwakumangalisa wamphakamisa kuya phezulu uhulumeni. Nokho, izinto zizokwenzeka zazingahambisani umusa wakhe. Uninazala-Kösem Sultan, ngangifuna ukuba alinike. It usezuze lokho ngeke kwenzeke noma yimuphi owesifazane. Nanguya okwesithathu waba Valide Sultan. Lona wesifazane nguye kuphela emlandweni eyayinecilongo isihloko lapho ebusa umzukulu.

Kodwa iqiniso ibhodi yayo wasala Turhan. Esigodlweni iminyaka emithathu (1648 kuya 1651) lwavutha amahlazo umxhwele. Ngo-September 1651 lo Kesemen oneminyaka engu-62 ubudala wathola waklinywa. Waphelelwa ngamandla indlela Turhan.

Qeda sultanate zabesifazane

Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando eziningi ekuqaleni sultanate yabesifazane 1574. Labe Nurbanu Sultan wanikezwa isihloko Walid. Wathweswa iziqu ngesikhathi esifanayo kufanele sibe nesithakazelo e 1687, ngemva ukubusa yesihlalo sobukhosi sika-Sultan Süleyman II. Wayengumuntu kakade lapho usukhulile kwaba eliphakeme, ngemva kweminyaka engu-4 ngemva kokuba ashone Turhan Sultan, baba yakamuva enethonya Walid.

Lo wesifazane wafa ngo-1683, eneminyaka engu-eminyakeni 55-56. zesidumbu sakhe sangcwatshwa ethuneni e mosque, ke sidle. Nokho, hhayi 1683, futhi 1687 kubhekwa usuku olusemthethweni kokuphela kwesikhathi Labesifazane we Sultanate. Labe abaneminyaka engu-45, Mehmed Iv yehliswa esihlalweni sobukhosi. Lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa Uzungu, okuyinto kwakuhlelwa Koprulu, indodana Grand Vizier. yaphela Ngakho sultanate abesifazane. Mehmed ayichitha ejele iminyaka 5 futhi wafa 1693.

Kungani indima yabesifazane liye landa kule kwezwe?

Esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko ukuthi indima yabesifazane liye lenyuka in uhulumeni, kukhona eziningana. Omunye wabo - Lyubov Sultanov abobulili fair. Enye - umthelela ukuthi ine phezu izingane zabo unina. Esinye isizathu - iqiniso lokuthi sultans abangu ehlatshwa isikhathi ukubusa okwakufanele abe inkosi. Kungaphawulwa futhi zobuqili oceba abesifazane nje kwaqondana abavamile. Esinye isici esibalulekile - kungcono lokho vizier grand njalo esikhundleni. Isikhathi sabo kuthathe kokuthunyelwe kwakhe kwaba ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, okuyisilinganiso sabangu-esingangonyaka nje. Yiqiniso, waba negalelo elikhulu nokwahlukana neziyaluyalu zezombusazwe ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso.

Kusukela ngekhulu le-18, sultans beza sobukhosi kakade ubudala sasivumela ovuthiwe. Umama ka-abaningi babo bayafa bekhumbuza abantwana babo aba kanjani ababusi. Abanye base bebadala ukuze ayisekho bakwazi ukulwela amandla futhi bahlanganyele izindaba zomphakathi ezibalulekile. Singasho ukuthi maphakathi nekhulu le-18 Walid akazange inendima ekhethekile esigodlweni. Abazange iqhaza kuhulumeni.

Ukuhlolwa kwesikhathi sultanate abesifazane

Sultanate Female e yoMbuso WaseTurkey Kulinganiselwa edidayo kakhulu. I ubulili fair abake baba izigqila bakwazi ifike isimo siya Walid, zazivame awakulungele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuziphatha ezindabeni zezombangazwe. Ngo amkhethayo ukhetho aphoyintimenti ezikhundleni ezibalulekile, babencike ikakhulu iseluleko kumngane. Kukhethwa lwaluvame azisekelwe ikhono abantu abathile noma ubuqotho babo lwamakhosi elibusayo nokuthembeka kwabo zinhlanga.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-sultanate zesifazane uMbuso WaseTurkey kwadingeka ngasohlangothini oluhle. Siyabonga kuye, wakwazi ukusindisa oda monarchical, isici kule wombuso. Yayisekelwe yokuthi bonke sultans kumelwe zisuke lwamakhosi efanayo. Ukungaziwa noma amaphutha akhe ababusi (ezifana nesihluku Sultan Murad IV, ogama portrait is letinikwe lapha ngenhla, noma udidekile ngokomqondo Ibrahim mina) offset ithonya namandla konina noma abesifazane. Nokho, umuntu akakwazi acabangele yokuthi izenzo abesifazane, eyenziwa kule nkathi ezaba nomthelela yokujama tsi ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso. Ngokwezinga elikhulu lokhu kusebenza Turhan Sultan. Mehmed IV, indodana yakhe, 11 Septhemba 1683 elahlekile Battle of Vienna.

Ekuphetheni

Ngokuvamile singasho ukuthi esikhathini sethu akukho ukuhlolwa ocacile futhi owamukelwa komlando umthelela okuye kwaba on ukuthuthukisa zesifazane Sultanate umbuso. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ibhodi wobulili fair uye kwaphoqa lizwe ongayikuchithwa. Abanye bacabanga ukuthi kwaba kunalokho umphumela kuka imbangela ukwehla wezwe. Nokho, kunento eyodwa ecacile abashiwo kuso: owesifazane yoMbuso WaseTurkey aba nethonya ingasaphathwa futhi babe okwengeziwe okuningi kude absolutism kuka umbusi wabo wesimanje eYurophu (isibonelo, u-Elizabeth I futhi uCatherine II).