Izimbangela kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo. Isendlalelo yezizathu kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo e-Europe

uthi Western Europe kwakungafanele lephelele Ephakathi. Ngalinye lalisekamelweni fiefs amakhulu ambalwa, nakho ihlukaniswe ezincane. Ngokwesibonelo, eJalimane, kwakukhona kungathi izingalo ezingamakhulu amabili uthi ezincane. Iningi lazo ayemancane kakhulu, futhi bakhuluma jest, ukuthi inhloko yawo umbusi ilele ku lezwe lakhe, futhi imilenze eyeluliweyo - in the ifa umakhelwane wakhe. Lokhu kwaba inkathi kwehlukana izinduna ukuthi kuye kwathonya amazwe eNtshonalanga Yurophu.

Lesi sihloko ithakazelisa kakhulu hhayi nje ngobe kutawutfutfukisa abafundi, okuyiwona wona ifingqwe ebhukwinitifundvo "Umlando Umhlaba. Libanga 6 ", kanye nabantu abadala, mhlawumbe kancane ibuthuntu wesikole.

Inchazelo

Feudalism - uhlelo zezombusazwe ukuthi kwavela Ephakathi sasizwakala ensimini ka amazwe ke European. Amazwe nenqubo ukulawula okufana zahlukaniswa izingxenye ngokuthi feuds. Lezi amazwe Kwasakazwa mithi, sovereigns e ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside izikhonzi yizicukuthwane - akhonze. Abanikazi obubusa ukuphathwa yawela endaweni ziye zaphoqeleka unyaka ngamunye ukuthi ngincome yengcebo isimo, kanye ukuthumela kumbusi ibutho kwenani elithile Knights nezinye ngamasotsha. Futhi ukuthi akhonze, esikhundleni salokho, hhayi kuphela ithole amalungelo yokusebenzisa umhlaba, kodwa kungenzeka ukuphatha umsebenzi kanye isiphetho ngabantu abacabanga yizikhonzi zabo.

Ukuwa umbuso

Ngemva kokufa noKarla Velikogo e 814, owamlandela ukulondoloza isimo owabadala kusukela kwamazinyo. Futhi zonke ingemuva kanye yezizathu kwehlukana izinduna waqala ukubonisa ke kusukela nje lapho frankiyskie yamakhosi, noma kunalokho, ibala, abangamalungu izikhulu zombuso, waqala ukuba ziyombamba umhlaba. Kulokhu, abantu khulula okungenzeka babehlala lapho, base iguqulwe ukuze akhonze ngaphansi kwabo futhi abalimi ophoqelelwe.

Izinduna ephethwe izigodi, ngokuthi Señor ababengenabani Eqinisweni ivaliwe amapulazi. Emasimini zabo bazenza zonke kunesidingo sokuba ukuphila imikhiqizo, ezisukela ukudla izinto kokuqeda ukwakhiwa izinqaba - izakhiwo ebiyelweyo kahle, eyayihlala abanikazi ala mazwe. Singasho ukuthi uqhekeko amakhosi asendulo e-Europe, kukhona futhi ngibonga kule umnotho wemvelo, laba kanjani nesandla ukuzibusa ngokugcwele abakhulu.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isikhundla igrafu waqala ukuba ngofuzo futhi avikelekile ngemuva bamazwe ngobukhulu. Abasaphili ukulalela lo mbusi, naphakathi nabahlonishwa encane amakhosi asendulo aphenduka akhonze.

isivumelwano sokuthula Verdun

Njengoba ukufa noKarla Velikogo sika emkhayeni wakhe baqala ukuxabana, okwaholela empini samanje. Ngalesi sikhathi, amakhosi ngobukhulu amakhosi asendulo aqala ukuba sizisekele. Kodwa, ekugcineni ukhathele impi njalo ngo-843, noKarla Velikogo nabazukulu banquma ukuphinde bahlangane emzini Verdun, lapho usayine inkontileka owawuthi umbuso waba yizinqamu ezintathu.

Ngokuhambisana nesivumelwano ingenye liyingxenye yezwe lidlule ku kwelifa loonyana Louis German. Waba umbusi indawo esenyakatho ye-Alps futhi empumalanga Rhine. Lesi simo uye wabizwa ngokuthi i-East-Frankish. Lapha wakhuluma lwesigodi lwesiJalimane.

Ingxenye yesibili wathola ekuphathweni uKarl, abathwala isidlaliso Bald. Lawa kwakungamadodana emazweni elise kuya entshonalanga Rhone mfula, Scheldt futhi Meuse. Yabe seyaziwa ngokuthi i-West Francia. Lapha, bekhuluma ngezilimi, okuyinto kamuva yaba yisisekelo ngolimi lwanamuhla French.

Ingxenye yesithathu bezwe, kanye isihloko umbusi, waya uyena owayemdala kunabo bonke abazalwane - Elisabeth. Wayenezinkomo ezindaweni kanye emfuleni iRhine kanye Italy. Kodwa ngokushesha baxabana abazalwane, futhi phakathi kwempi futhi aluthatha ngemva kwalokho. Louis Carl zimunye ekulweni Lothair, walithatha izwe lakhe, wazinquma bodwa. Ngalesi sikhathi isihloko umbusi cishe wayesho lutho.

Kwakungemva ukwehlukana yangaphambili state noKarla Velikogo eNtshonalanga Yurophu langena enkathini eyiminyaka kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo. Ngemva kwalokho, ifa abazalwane abathathu sebeyizinceku lizwe ukuthi zikhona kuze kube namuhla - lena e-Italy, Germany neFrance.

amazwe Medieval European

Ngaphezu umbuso noKarla Velikogo, kwakukhona kwelinye izwe enkulu yaseYurophu. Ngo-1066, iNkosana u yaseNormandy (isifunda etholakala enyakatho yeFrance), ukuze nginqobe-Anglo-Saxon imibuso, wazihlanganisa nabo, waba yinkosi yase-England. Igama lakhe kwakungu uWilliam uMnqobi.

Ngasempumalanga uthi German kakade yakha uthi Slavic, ezifana Czech Republic, Poland futhi Kievan Rus. Futhi phezu iDanube River, ubuswa abayimizulane abafika lapha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lalibukeka isiHungary Kingdom. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona Sweden, eDenmark naseNorway engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Europe. Konke lokhu uthi isikhathi esithile iye united.

Ukuwa uthi medieval

Ngakho lokho sasingabantwana lapha ngenxa kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo? Isizathu sokuba kuwa umbuso ngaleso sikhathi awazange kuphela feuding ababusi. Njengoba wazi, izwe elalingelemizi uhulumeni noKarla Velikogo, bamunye ngenxa amandla izikhali. Ngakho-ke, izizathu zokungavumelani izinduna baqamekela yokuthi kwake kwazanywa ukuqoqa kwelinye umbuso yezizwe ezihlukahlukene kakhulu, ongazange afune ukuhlala ndawonye. Ngokwesibonelo, isibalo sabantu West Francia wabizwa ngokuthi yi-isiFulentshi, eMpumalanga-Frankish --Jalimane, abantu bahlala Italy - amaNtaliyane. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi imibhalo yokuqala kakhulu ngomumo izilimi abantu abahlala lapha, sebevele phakathi emzabalazweni kombusi noKarla Velikogo abazukulu. Ngakho, uCharles the Bald futhi Louis German baye yasayina isivumelwano esishoyo ukuthi bayafunga ame ndawonye wokulwa umfowabo omdala Elisabeth. Lamaphepha abadonsekela phezulu French nesiJalimane.

Amandla izicukuthwane

Izimbangela kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo e-Europe incike izenzo ibala nezikhulu eziphakeme, okuyinto inhlobo nababusi ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zezwe. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lapho baqala ukuzwa amandla cishe angenamkhawulo, izinduna saphela nililalele yinduna. Manje base Abanini bomhlaba kuphela ogama indawo babe izigodi zabo. Nokho, babika ngqo duke noma earl, futhi ngisho nangalesosikhathi phakathi nempi kuphela, lapho kwenziwa emkhankasweni wahola amabutho akhe waya kahle. Lapho phambili emhlabeni, base ezimele ngokuphelele futhi uphathe emazweni awo nabantu enihlala kuzo, njengoba ibona kufanele.

isitebhisi izinduna

Ukuze udale yempi yakhe, nezikhulu eziphakeme futhi Earls wanikeza ingxenye izindawo zabo smallholders ngaphezulu. Ngenxa yalokho, abanye baba abadala (ezinkulu) kanye nabanye - ayephelezelwa yabo (izinceku lempi). Esethatha fief, le ngaphansi kwesizwe waguqa ngamadolo phambi zenkosi yakhe, bazithoba kuye. In ukubuya, Mr wamnikela izakhamuzi yayo egatsheni lesihlahla nedlanzana emhlabeni.

Ikakhulu isimo izinduna luyinkosi. Wabalwa uJehova ibala nezikhulu eziphakeme. Ngo lokuma kwazo babe ngamakhulu nasemizaneni inani elikhulu amayunithi lempi. A notch ngezansi babe izikhulu, ababe akhonze we ibala nezikhulu eziphakeme. Babefanele ngokuvamile hhayi nemizana kweshumi ezingaphezu kwezintathu, futhi ihlukane yamasosha. Kwezicebi walalela Knights encane amakhosi asendulo.

Umphumela waba yokwehlayo izinduna imali kwabikwa uJehova ngenxa encane, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo wayengumuntu selikhonza we ezicukuthwaneni emikhulu. Ngakho-ke savela isimo ngempela ezithakazelisayo. Labo ezicukuthwaneni ababe akhonze yenkosi, awazange sibophekile ukuba silalele kuye futhi afeze imiyalo yakhe. Kwakukhona ngisho umthetho ekhethekile. Yayithi: "ngaphansi kwesizwe of ngaphansi kwesizwe sami - hhayi ngaphansi kwesizwe sami".

Ubudlelwane phakathi amakilasi zazifana isitebhisi lapho ezitebhisini phansi babe noMbusi wababusi encane amakhosi asendulo, futhi phezu - ezinkudlwana eliholwa inkosi. Kuyinto yilesi sigaba kamuva waziwa ngokuthi isitebhisi amakhosi asendulo. Abalimi kwakungeyona ingxenye ke, ngoba wonke amakhosi futhi akhonze babeziphilisa yomshikashika wabo.

umnotho wemvelo

Izimbangela kwehlukana izinduna baseNtshonalanga Yurophu itholakala lokuthi abahlali kuphela izifunda ngazinye nasemizaneni, futhi cishe kwakungadingeki noma iyiphi zobudlelwano nomphakathi nabanye zasemakhaya. Zonke izinto, ukudla kanye namathuluzi imikhiqizo ezidingekayo babengakhiqiza ngokwabo noma umane nasekuhwebeni nomakhelwane. Ngaleso sikhathi nje ukuthi liyanda umnotho bezinga, lapho ukuhweba ngokwayo abasekho.

inqubomgomo lempi

kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo, izimbangela kanye nemiphumela okuyinto kwakufanele nomthelela emandleni lempi langempela ibutho bobukhosi, akakwazanga ukumsiza hhayi kuphela ukuze luqine, kodwa futhi ukwanda igunya uhulumeni emehlweni ngaphambi kwabanikazi bamazwe enkulu. Izinduna ngo Ngekhulu leshumi kwadingeka isikhathi ukuthola squads yabo. Ngakho-ke, ibutho yangasese yenkosi akakwazanga ukumelana ngokugcwele akhonze ezinjalo. Ngaleso sikhathi, umbusi isimo kwaba akuxhomekile nje kuphela bese ikhanda lonke uhlelo phezulu. Empeleni, kuleli zwe lalibuswa yamakhosi - ezo, kwezicebi nezikhulu.

Izizathu Ngokuwa uthi European

Ngakho, bonke izimbangela eziyinhloko kwehlukana izinduna ziye zikhonjwe inqubo ukutadisha sokuthuthukisa amasiko nezomnotho yaso amazwe eNtshonalanga Yurophu eNkathini Ephakathi. Lokhu isimiso sezombangazwe kuye kwaholela kuyanda ngokuya impahla inhlalakahle, kanye nokuqhakaza kwayo isiqondiso esingokomoya. Izazi-mlando baye baphetha ngokuthi inqubo kwehlukana izinduna kwaba ngempela okunengqondo futhi umgomo. Kodwa lokhu kwenzeka kuphela kubantu amazwe aseYurophu.

Lapha evame ukubuzwa yibo bonke uthi, ngaphandle kokukhetha, izizathu ka kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo, kafushane ngokufingqiwe amaphuzu amabili:

● Ukuba khona umnotho wemvelo. It is, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunikeza kuyanda sasivumela elibukhali ukuchuma ukuhweba, kanye ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha bomhlaba, futhi ngakolunye - ukungabi oluphelele iyiphi lunye izindawo ngabanye futhi kulinganiselwe kakhulu ubudlelwane kwezomnotho kanye nakwamanye amazwe.

● indlela ixazululwe zokuphila onogada. Ngamanye amazwi, ushintsho amalungu ayo kule ilungelo izinduna okuyinto unelungelo lobunikazi ezweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla abo phezu abantukazana kwaba olungenamkhawulo. Wawuzoba nethuba bahlulele abantu futhi abajezise amaphutha ahlukahlukene. Lokhu kuye kwabangela lube buthaka ithonya emaphakathi inqubomgomo kahulumeni ezindaweni ehlukile. Futhi, kukhona izimfanelo ikhambi ngempumelelo nezinkinga bamabutho empi bendawo.

kwehlukana izinduna yamazwe Russian

Izinqubo ezenzeka eNtshonalanga Yurophu kusukela X leminyaka, ayengeke akushalazelele ubukhulu, lapho Eastern lwamaSlav wahlala. Kodwa kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi izimbangela kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo e Rus waba umlingisi ekhethekile. Lokhu zingachazwa ngezinqubo nezinye izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho, kanye lendawo amasiko ngokulandelana.

isimo ngokuhlukana we ubukhulu kwakubangelwa elikhulu, owasetshenziswa izikhulu zendawo, ngokuthi boyars. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ephethwe landholdings elikhulu asekelwe izikhulu zendawo. Futhi kunokuba bazithobe iziphathimandla Kiev, bavumelana bodwa.

ufuzo zobukhosi

Njengoba e-Europe, kwehlukana izinduna waqala neqiniso lokuthi inzalo eziningi kubabusi ayikwazanga ukwabelana amandla. Uma amazwe aseNtshonalanga isinyathelo Salic umthetho sobukhosi ifa, bafuna ngodli sobukhosi kuze kudlule nguyise owamazibulo, wabe esethatha isinyathelo Lestvicheskoe ilungelo emazweni Russian. It enikeziwe zokudlulisela amandla avela umfowabo omdala ukuba abasebasha nokunye. D.

inzalo eziningi yibo bonke abazalwane bakhula, yilowo nalowo kubo wafuna zidonse isikhathi eside. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isimo saba ngaphezulu eyinkimbinkimbi kanye pretenders yesihlalo sobukhosi njalo futhi ngokuzikhandla sakara ngokumelene nomunye.

Embangweni lokuqala sina baba empini phakathi izindlalifa Prince Svyatoslav, owashona ngo-972. Owinile ephumile indodana yakhe uVladimir, labo ababebhapathizwa Russia kamuva. Ukuwa isimo waqala ngemva kokubusa Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich, owashona ngo-1132. Ngemva kwalokho, le kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo aqhubeka umhlaba kuze waqala eMoscow hlanganani emhlabeni.

Izizathu nokwehlukaniswa emazweni Russian

Inqubo kwasani Kiev Rus ihlanganisa inkathi kusukela ekuqaleni kuze XII XIV leminyaka. Kulomkhakha wekuvuselela izikhulu zazizinde futhi olunegazi zombango ukunwetshwa umhlaba Holdings.

Nazi izimbangela ebaluleke kakhulu kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo, ngamafuphi futhi ngokucacile washayelwa e amaphuzu amane, kusebenza kuphela eRussia:

● Ukuqiniswa yemibango yangaphakathi ngenxa Amathrendi amabili ukuthi ibe khona imithetho ngokulandelana yesihlalo sobukhosi sika-Kiev. Omunye wabo - umthetho WaseByzantium, okuvumela ukuba uthumele amandla avela nguyise owamazibulo, kwesibili - ngokwezifiso Russian lapho indlalifa kumelwe abe abaphezulu ubudala.

● A kuyadamba abalulekile indima Kiev njengoba igunya central. Lokhu kwakubangelwa kuphangwa Polovtsy besohambweni eduze Dnipro kuyingozi ngoba lokho waqala ngokufuduka kusuka Kiev, enyakatho-ntshonalanga.

● A kuyadamba enkulu kunosongo Normans futhi Pechenegs, kanye ukunqotshwa le Khazar Khanate nokumiswa elala ababusi yoMbuso WaseByzantium.

● Ukudalwa Yaroslav the Hlakaniphile kohlelo oluthile. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe 1054 ezweni Russian kugwinywe uchungechunge yonke izimpi zombango. Old Russian isimo ebalulekile yokubusa kwamakhosi ematheni yaguqulwa federal, elaqala eliholwa izikhulu eziningana onegunya Yaroslav.

Sithemba ukuthi lesi sihloko kuye kwangisiza ukuba kudle ulwazi hhayi kuphela abafundi baqhutshelwa isihloko "Izizathu kwehlukana izinduna" yencwadi "Umlando Umhlaba. 6 ekilasini. " Kuyoba uvuselele inkumbulo abafundi baseyunivesithi of ezenzakalweni Ephakathi. Nokho ngesihloko ezifana kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo, izimbangela nemiphumela esiye kuchaziwe kwezinye imininingwane, ubona, kuyinto ehluke ezithakazelisayo.