Impi yombango phakathi amazwekazi aseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika. Izimbangela empini ye 1861-1865

Impi phakathi amazwekazi aseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika isibe omunye izigaba zokuchitheka kwegazi okukhulu kunakho kwetinhlavu emphakathini wanamuhla American. Iminyaka 5 impi yezikhali abangazange okwamanje kumiswa e-United States, naphezu kwenqwaba yezisulu bakwazi iholele ukhona esikhathini esizayo kanye nentuthuko.

USA ekhulwini XIX kanye nokwahlukana yayo

Esokuqala futhi isizathu esiyinhloko of empini phakathi uthi wazalwa ekuqaleni kwenqubo yokwakhiwa kwamakoloni. Ngo 1619, izinceku zokuqala Afrika kwalethwa Virginia. Ngaqala ukwakha uhlelo senceku. Phakathi namashumi ambalwa eminyaka, laqala ukusetshenziswa izimpawu zokuqala ukushayisana esizayo. Abantu baye baqala ukukhuluma ngokumelana ebugqilini. Esokuqala kwaba Rodzher Uilyams. Step by step, kwaqala ukuvela umthetho wokuqala lula kanye nokulawula izimpilo wezinceku kancane kancane wathola amalungelo 'ongumuntu "zivame woniwa zabanikazi.

Ekhulwini XIX, lapho impi phakathi amazwekazi aseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika isibe akunakugwenywa, Congress namanje uzama ukuthola ebucayini by izindlela ezinokuthula. Ngakho, ngo-1820, i-Missouri Ukuhlehla, okwaphumela endaweni lobugqila sasayinwa inwetshiwe. Ngokusobala kwaba khona umngcele izindawo incekukazi ubambe. Ngakho, i-South elihlukanisiwe ngokuphelele uqobo kusukela North. Ngo-1854, isivumelwano sahoxiswa. Futhi, Republican Party on a yesikhulumi yezinhlangano walwa emelene ebugqilini kwamiswa kulo nyaka. Futhi ngo-1860 waba ummeleli kukamongameli la mandla zezombusazwe -Abraham Lincoln.

Ngawo lowo nyaka US elahlekile ezifundeni eziyisithupha eningizimu, okuyinto baye bamemezela ehoxile umfelandawonye kanye kudalwa United limise. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, ngemva kokuqala we Confederation eFort Sumter, ukuba bahoxe ekungeneleni US wathi eminye 5 esho. Northern uthi imemezele ukuthi ukugqugquzela - Yombango elihlanganisa iNyakatho neNingizimu Melika wethulwa.

American South futhi namasiko alo

Sasiyini ngxabano ngaphansi okukhulu phakathi uthi, nokuhlala ndawonye amakhulu eminyaka? Asinakusho ukuthi iNingizimu kwaba isigqila ngokuphelele futhi akunabuntu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, esikhathini esithile ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX, khona kwaba nomhlangano inqwaba izinkulumo ngokumelene ebugqilini, kodwa ngo-1830 base sikhathele siyingcuba.

Indlela uthi eningizimu ngokuyisisekelo abaphikisa North. Ngemva kweMpi States Mexican-American wathola izigodi omkhulu. Inhlabathi evundile kwakudingekile ukusingatha. Abatshali usuthole indlela yokuphuma by ukuthenga izigqila. Ngenxa yalokho, i-South isibe esifundeni kwezolimo, ezidinga njalo zabasebenzi lapho kusweleke abalulekile. Ngenxa amaholo aphansi impi phakathi amazwekazi aseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika. Ingqikithi yalo ingxabano, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando eziningi, walala ezijulile.

uthi enyakatho

Northern uthi babe okuphambene eliphelele wobunxiwankulu aseNingizimu. Ibhizinisi North engumthengisi ethuthukiswe ngokusebenzisa umkhakha futhi isiqoqi sama-softwe. Kwakungekho ubugqila, futhi ukhuthaze yezabasebenzi khulula. Kusukela wonke amagumbi wonke babuthana lapha abantu dream ukuceba futhi wenze umcebo. Ezindaweni enyakatho kwenziwa isungule uhlelo nezimo intela, kwakukhona esiza abantulayo. Kumele Waqaphela ukuthi, nakuba isimo izakhamuzi khulula, abantu abamnyama kanye North esasiyizakhamuzi lesibili ekilasini.

Izimbangela impi phakathi amazwekazi aseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika

• Ukulwela ukukhipha nokuqeda ubugqila. Izazi-mlando eziningi ubheke kuleli phuzu kuphela icebo zezombusazwe Lincoln, okuyinto edingekayo ukuze uqinise igunya layo eYurophu.
• Umehluko phakathi sengqondo sabantu basezifundeni ezisenyakatho eseningizimu.
• Isifiso ukulawula uthi esenyakatho omakhelwane eningizimu ngokusebenzisa iningi izihlalo the House of Abamele.
• Ukwencika izinguquko kwezezimboni ku imikhiqizo yezolimo aseNingizimu. Northern ezifundeni ukuthenga ukotini, ugwayi kanye noshukela ngesilinganiso zixhaswe, ephoqa Abatshali ukuze usinde kunokuba ukuthi aghubekele phambili.

Inkambo ezempi esikhathini lokuqala impi

Ngo-April 1861, kulwiwa kwaqala ngo amazwekazi aseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika. isikhathi Izazimlando eside ayikwazanga ukuthola othungele izimpi ezilwiwa ngezikhali. Ngemva kokuqhathanisa isihloko amaqiniso amabhomu ngu wezikhali, kwaba sobala ukuthi impi yayiqhuma Southerners.

Le mpi nokunqoba amasosha lokuqala limise okwenzeka eduze Fort Sumter. Ngemva kwalokhu ukunqotshwa, uMongameli Lincoln zilethwe "in the isibhamu" amavolontiya ayinkulungwane 75. Wayengafuni ikhambi olunegazi ukuba impi futhi wacela angabuyisela uthi eningizimu ngokwakho futhi ajezise abangobhongoza. Kodwa impi phakathi amazwekazi aseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika kwaba kakade ngenakugwemeka. Southerners ngokunqoba kokuqala okuphefumulelwe futhi bemagange ukuqhubeka alwe. Umqondo wokubuyelela nodumo obuqhawe abanesibindi abafana Wik ningamniki ilungelo ahoxe. Futhi izinzuzo at esigabeni sokuqala empini enkulu khona eNingizimu - inombolo ezanele amasosha aqeqeshiwe kanye nendlela okwakheke ngayo iqembu, kanye izikhali emadepho zazisekhona ngemva kwempi ne Mexico.

Lincoln bamemezela nokuvinjelwa zonke uthi limise.

Ngo-July 1861 kwakukhona impi Bull Run River, phakathi okwakubekelwa iwine amabutho we umbimbi. Kodwa esikhundleni ukuya esiphikisayo kuhlaselwa e-Washington, southerners wakhetha amaqhinga ukuzivikela, futhi walahleka sethubeni elihle lapho. Ukuchitheka siphakamisele ehlobo lika-1861. Nokho, sengathi kwakungazange kube Southerners ngobuchule, ngakho eyayingase iqedwe impi phakathi amazwekazi aseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika. Ubani nje nempela owayeke uwine kuleli qophelo ingxabano, ngakho-ke akuyona Federation.

Ngo-April 1862 kwenzeka enye yezimpi zokuchitheka kwegazi okukhulu kunakho e kulwiwa, zabulala abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyisithupha - Battle of eShilo. Le mpi, nakuba ukulahlekelwa esindayo, amabutho amaZwe Asizanayo iwine futhi kakade kule nyanga ngaphandle uhlwayi olulodwa wangena New Orleans futhi Memphis.

Ngo-August, amabutho Northern wasondela inhloko-dolobha umbimbi Richmond, kodwa kwesigamu ezincane ibutho limise eliholwa uJenene Lee, wakwazi ukumelana nabo. Ngo-September, amabutho futhi walwa at Bull Run River. Manje ungakwazi ukuzitholela eWashington, kodwa uzokwakhiwa inhlanhla futhi hhayi sihambisana Confederates.

ukuqedwa

Omunye trump imfihlo-Abraham Lincoln, lapho afundisa khona njengoba imbangela enkulu ingxabano phakathi uthi, kwaba nokuqeda ubugqila. Futhi ngesikhathi salo esifanele umongameli belisebenzisa yokuqeda ubugqila ezifundeni eyisihlubuki, njengoba impi phakathi amazwekazi aseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika ka 1861-1865 angase imisiwe kuze kudlule isikhathi eside.

Ngo-September, Lincoln wasayina Ukukhululwa Isimemezelo ezilwayo ne Union uthi. Dobrich ubugqila baqhubeka.

Ngakho, umongameli eyodwa shot ukubulala izinyoni ezimbili ngetshe elilodwa. Wamemezela yena emhlabeni njengoba indoda belwela amalungelo ezakhamuzi we labamnyama. Manje Europe abakwazi ukusiza umbimbi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, omunye ngomvimbo peni Wabaqhamisa kakhulu usayizi ibutho laso.

Eyesibili isigaba impi

Ngo-May 1863, isigaba emkhankasweni wempi yesibili. Amazwekazi aseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika empini uqalisiwe ngentshiseko entsha.

Ekuqaleni kuka-July, umkhankaso ukulwa oyingqophamlando ka Gettysburg, eyathatha izinsuku ezimbalwa, okwaphumela amabutho limise baphoqeleka ukuba ashona. Lokhu ukunqotshwa wathatha izinkulungwane zabantu futhi aphule ugqozi eNingizimu, baye benqaba, kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya kakhulu.

4 Julayi 1863 Vicksburg wawela Jikelele Grant. ngokushesha Lincoln embeka induna yempi ka northerners. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi waqala udweshu phakathi ojenene ababili Tactical - Lee futhi Grant.

Atlanta, Savannah, Charleston - idolobha ezweni ngaphansi kokulawula amabutho Union. UMongameli Lincoln Davis wathumela incwadi enikeza emhlabeni, kodwa North kwakudingeka alalele South, kunokuba ukulingana.

Impi phakathi amazwekazi aseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika ekhulwini le-19 yaphela nge yokubuyiswa amabutho limise, South yizicukuthwane elalinamandla lawa, futhi ibhizinisi futhi okhuthele North iwine.

Imiphumela

• Nokuqeda ubugqila.
• US federal wahlala imfundo ephelele.
• Abameleli beNdikimba uthi enyakatho iwine iningi izihlalo eNdlini yangibeka ezidingekile imithetho kwezebhizinisi nezimboni, ushaye "zemali" ka southerners.
• Abantu abangaphezu kuka-600,000 abulawa.
• Ukuqala izinguquko kwezezimboni ezindaweni eningizimu, kwezimboni Imininingwane.
• Ukunwetshwa ye-US zithenga ngamanani.
• Ukuthuthukiswa zabasebenzi kanye nezomphakathi.

Le miphumela wahola impi phakathi amazwekazi aseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika. Igama ethola Civic. Lokhu kwegazi phakathi izakhamuzi zawo wayengaselona e-United States.