Inkululeko yentando yeningi yiyiphi?

Kuze kube manje, amazwe amaningi akhethe intando yeningi njengendlela kahulumeni. Kusukela olimini lwesiGreki lasendulo, igama elithi "intando yeningi" lihunyushwe ngokuthi "amandla abantu", okusho ukutholwa ngokubambisana kwezinqumo zezombusazwe nokusetshenziswa kwazo. Lokhu kuyayiphazamisa embusweni wobumbuso kanye nobubumbulu, lapho ukuphathwa kwezindaba zomphakathi kugxila ezandleni zomuntu oyedwa - umholi. Lesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi intando yeningi yiphalamende iyini.

Uhlelo lweDemokhrasi

Ukuze ucabangele uhlobo olunjalo lukahulumeni njengephalamende, umuntu kufanele anakekele uhlelo lwentando yeningi njengalo lonke, ukuthi kuyini. Intando yeningi ngokwayo inezinhlobo ezimbili: eqondile futhi emele. Indlela yokuveza intando yeningi ngokuqondile yimbonakaliso yezithakazelo zomphakathi ngokuqondile, ngokubamba kwama-referendums, imishayalo, imibuthano, imibuthano yesignesha, njll Inhloso yalezi zenzo ukuthethelela iziphathimandla, abantu bafuna ngokuqondile ukugcwaliseka kwezidingo zabo. Kulokhu, izakhamuzi ngokwazo ziveza izithakazelo zabo, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa usizo lwalaba noma abanye abaxhumanisi.

Inkululeko yentando yeningi iyahlukahluka ngokushesha lapho abantu behlanganyela empilweni yezombusazwe kahulumeni hhayi ngokuzimela nangokuqondile, kodwa ngosizo lwabaSebenzi abakhethayo. Izigungu zomthetho zikhetha abaphathi abaphethe imisebenzi ehlanganisa ukuvikela izithakazelo zabantu. Intando yeningi yephalamende ingenye yezibonelo zakudala zesistimu kahulumeni.

Iyini iphalamende?

Ngamafuphi, i-parliamentarism iyindlela kahulumeni lapho abaphathi bamabandla omthetho bekhetha futhi beqoka amalungu kahulumeni. Baqokwa ngamalungu eqembu abambe amavoti amaningi okhethweni lephalamende. Leli fomu likahulumeni, njengentando yeningi yephalamende, akunakwenzeka kuphela ekushiwo yizinhlelo zentando yeningi. Kungaba khona emazweni ase-monarchic, kodwa kulokhu umbusi akanalo amandla amaningi. Singasho ukuthi umbusi olawulayo, kodwa awuthathi izinqumo ezibalulekile zombuso, indima yakhe ayincane futhi, cishe, okufanekisela: kubambe iqhaza kunoma imiphi imikhosi, inkokhiso kumasiko. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi isimo esihle sokusungulwa kwephalamende kungukuthi kukhona uhlelo lwebipartisan, okudingekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwezombangazwe.

Futhi uhlobo olunjalo lwentando yeningi lungaba khona ngaphakathi kohlaka lwephalamende lephalamende, okusho ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ummeleli omele amandla akhethe inhloko yombuso. Kodwa inhloko yomzimba kahulumeni nayo ingenza imisebenzi yekhanda.

IPhalamende: izindlela zokuqalisa

Okuyinhloko yendlela indlela lolu hlobo lwesimo sombuso, njengentando yeningi yephalamende, olufezeka ngayo, lukhethweni olugcinwe emahhovisi. Isibonelo yi-US Congress. Ukuze umuntu omele uhulumeni - iCongressman - ukuveza izithakazelo zezinga elilinganayo labavoti, njalo eminyakeni eyishumi kukhona ukubuyekezwa kwemingcele yezifunda ukubalula inani lezizakhamuzi ezifanele ukuvota.

Abafakizicelo bamaphini baphakanyiswa ikakhulukazi ngamaqembu, okwenza phambi kwabo umsebenzi omkhulu ekudaluleni isimo sengqondo somphakathi, ukucela ukwesekwa kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene abantu. Bahlela imicimbi yomphakathi, basakaze izinto zokwazisa i-propaganda futhi baba yingxenye ebalulekile yomphakathi.

Ngenxa yokuvotela abavoti, abaphathi bamaphathi adlulisele ephalamende benza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "izingxenye". Enye yezinhlangano zezombusazwe ezithole inani elikhulu lamavoti linenani elikhulu lamaphini. Kuvela kuleli qembu ukuthi umuntu ophetheyo ukhethwe - kungaba nguNdunankulu noma omunye umsebenzi omele, kanye namalungu kahulumeni. Iqembu elibusayo liphishekela inqubomgomo yalo kuhulumeni, kanti labo abasele kubambalwa bamele ukuphikiswa kwephalamende.

Uyini uMongameli?

Intando yeningi kaMongameli i-antipode ephalamende. Okuyinhloko yeso simiso sezwe ukuthi zonke izenzo ezenziwa nguhulumeni kanye nephalamende zilawulwa ngumongameli. Inhloko yombuso ikhethwa yizakhamizi zezwe. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lolu hlobo lwamandla lusongela umbono wezingqinamba zentando yeningi futhi lungadlulela ekuziphatheni komphakathi, ngoba izinqumo eziningi zenziwe ngumongameli, futhi iphhalamende linamandla kakhulu.

Izinzuzo zePhalamende

Intando yeningi yephalamende njengendlela kahulumeni wombuso wanamuhla unamacala amaningi. Okokuqala, ukuvuleka nokukhangiswa. Wonke amalungu ephalamende aphethwe yizenzo zakhe namagama hhayi kuphela kuqembu lakhe, kodwa nalabo abamkhethile. Ukuhlukaniswa kwephini kubantu kungabandakanyi, ngoba indawo yakhe ayilungiselelwe kuze kube phakade-imihlangano nabantu, izincwadi, ukwamukelwa kwezikhalazo kanye nezinye izindlela zokuxhumana kuyimpoqo. Okwesibili, uhlobo lwenkululeko yentando yeningi lubonisa ukuba khona kwamalungelo alinganayo hhayi kuphela kwiqembu "elibusayo" kodwa futhi phakathi kwamaqembu aphikisayo. Wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuveza imibono yabo empikiswaneni futhi enze noma yimaphi ama-draft kanye neziphakamiso. Ilungelo elincane lokuzikhethela likhululekile.

Izinsalela zentando yeningi yephalamende

Njenganoma yimuphi omunye uhlelo lwezepolitiki, iphalamende linobuthakathaka obuningi. Ngokuvamile, abahlaziyi bezombusazwe baqhathanisa lolu hlobo lwenkululeko yeningi kanye noPresidentialism. Ngokuphathelene nalokho, intando yeningi yephalamende inezinsizakalo nezimo ezibuthakathaka.

1. Lolu hlobo lukahulumeni lungcono emazweni amancane. Iqiniso liwukuthi abavoti kudingeka baqoqe ulwazi oluningi mayelana nomuntu ozobhalwa ukuze baqiniseke ngokuzikhethela kwabo. Lokhu kulula ukuwasebenzisa emazweni amancane, azinzile - ulwazi lomfakisicelo luzophelela ngokwengeziwe.
2. Ukubuyiswa kabusha komthwalo wemfanelo. Abavoti bamiswa ngamaphalamende, futhi labo bahlela iHhovisi likaKhabhinethi labasebenzi futhi banikeze imisebenzi eminingi. Ngenxa yalokho, bobabili abaphathi namalungu kahulumeni bazama ukujabulisa hhayi kuphela abavoti, kodwa futhi namaqembu abakhethileyo. Lokhu kubangela "umdlalo wezinsimu ezimbili," okwenza ngezinye izikhathi kubhekane nobunzima.

Izizwe ngenkululeko yentando yeningi

Kuze kube manje, inqwaba yamandla ahlukene ahlukene amelwa emhlabeni, aqala ngohulumeni wentando yeningi futhi ekhululekile, ekupheleni kwemibuso yezibusiso. Isibonelo esivelele sezwe lapho intando yeningi yephalamende isebenza khona yi-United Kingdom. Inhloko yombuso waseBrithani uyinhloko-ngqongqoshe, futhi indlu yobukhosi ibuyisa, kodwa ayithathi izinqumo zombuso futhi isebenza njengezithombe zezwe. Amaqembu amabili ase-UK - Conservatives and Laborites - alwela ilungelo lokwakha inhlangano kahulumeni.

Ezinye eziningi zaseYurophu ziye zakhetha intando yeningi yephalamende ngokwazo njengendlela kahulumeni. Le-Italy, eNetherlands, eJalimane, kanye nabanye abaningi.

Intando yeningi ePhalamende eRussia

Uma sikhuluma ngeRussia, ke, ngokusho kwezosayensi zezombangazwe, namuhla ezweni lethu kukhona uhlobo olunjalo lukahulumeni njengongameli. Kodwa-ke, abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi iRussia Federation yindawo yokuxuba, lapho iphalamende likhona ngokubambisana no-presidentialism, lokhu kuphethwe. Intando yeningi ePhalamende eRussia iboniswa ukuthi i-State Duma inelungelo lokuqeda iphalamende, kodwa kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile - kungakapheli unyaka ngemuva kokhetho.

Lolu hlobo lwenkululeko yentando yeningi luhloswe ngokutadisha ososayensi bezombangazwe. Ososayensi babhala iziqephu zesayensi kanye nama-monographs ngalesi sihloko. Isibonelo ngumsebenzi wesazi-mlando wezwe u-Andrei Borisovich Zubov "Intando yeningi ePhalamende kanye nesiko lezombusazwe saseMpumalanga." Umsebenzi uhlolisisa izikhungo zentando yeningi emazweni asempumalanga. Ubheka isibonelo samazwe ayisikhombisa ngokuqondile: eJapane, Turkey, Lebanon, Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka naseThailand.