Umthetho malus, kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona imisebe yokukhanya polarizers

1809 kuye kwaletha ushintsho umphakathi wezwe ngokwesayensi. Kuvele unjiniyela kusukela French by E. malus wathola indlela entsha nokwehlukana ukukhanya. Through ucwaningo, ngephutha yabhekisela yokuthi uma crystal ijikeleziswa emhlabeni ugongolo kubonakala kusukela ingilazi, umfutho ukukhanya can ngezikhathi kokubili ukwanda nokuncipha. Kodwa zonke ukukhanya akusho ukuphuma, kodwa NGOBHOJWANA kuphela noma kulwenze buthaka, kodwa kuphela ukuthi likuphi crystal. Ukwamukelwa uye wabizwa ngokuthi "umthetho malus," liye eyaziwako wezesayensi.

Kusukela physics siyazi ukuthi ukukhanya kungenziwa iguqulwe ukuze uvumelanise indiza-lihlukaniswe. Lokhu kwenzeka uma usebenzisa amadivaysi ekhethekile, ezingasetshenziswa ukudlula kuphela isiqondiso iyehla iyenyuka ezithile. Isibonelo salokhu kungenzeka elise parallel endizeni oscillation, transmissive ukukhanya ngokufanele perpendicularly nomculo ukubambezeleka. Njengoba polarizer esetshenziswa anisotropic abezindaba mayelana vibration vector, ezifana zinhlayiya. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke odabuka yemvelo kuyinto tourmaline. Futhi unamandla ngokwanele ukuba adonse ukukhanya misebe Vector yayo kagesi perpendicular eksisi ezibukwayo, nakho elandelayo njengoba malus umthetho esiphethweni. Kodwa ukukhanya lapho kuhambisana, cishe ngeke ugxile. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi ukukhanya yemvelo sidlula ipuleti crystal ugxile uhhafu kuphela yemigqa lihlukaniswe nge kagesi Vector parallel tourmaline ahlelwe axis awo ezibukwayo.

More elula ukusingatha crystal has ncamashi ezifanayo kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba Polaroid. Siqukethe eyayenziwe okulungiselelwe amafilimu colloidal, okuyizinto ezidingekayo ukuze bathole indawo ngamaza okukhanya. Njengasekhulwini tourmaline, isimiso yokusebenza kusekelwe chip olulodwa, olubamba ukukhanya perpendicular isiqondiso vibration. Futhi lesi simo akuyona uzwakalise emthethweni malus. Cabangela esinye isibonelo.

Kodwa lapho nokwehlukana imisebe yokukhanya kwenzeka lapho kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona reflection ekusebenzisaneni nge Kwe-dielectric Heating isotropic - ke ngumlayo malus. Wakulungisa ambalwa imihlola ngokomzimba elihlobene ne kunyakaza kagesi yokukhanya.

Kodwa umthetho malus, isiphetho okuyinto washayelwa ngenhla, akasho ukuthi indlela ezinjalo nokwehlukana kwamakhamera ocingo kuphela. Zikhona nezinye.

Noma iyiphi idivayisi ukuthi isetshenziselwa imisebe polar yokukhanya ibizwa ngokuthi polarizer. Kodwa wafunda futhi uphenyo usebenzisa analyzer.

Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona zinhlayiya ezimbili, okuyinto ahlelwe elilodwa ngemuva nezinye ukuze izimbazo yakha engela. Eyokuqala miss ukukhanya Vector kabani kagesi iqondiswa parallel axis awo. Uphiko umfutho ugongolo izobanjezelwa crystal yesibili. Futhi emva ezimbili Polaroid kuzoba ubude efanayo zithwala kagesi. Ngamanye amazwi, isilinganiso lezi kwemibala kuyinto wakhona esigcawini kwawo namandla awo.

Ngakho-ke lokho kusho ukuthi ukukhanya edabula analyzer, ngamandla alo lingamandla ugongolo, silibangise ngokusebenzisa polarizer futhi iphindwe cosine ye-engeli phakathi kwabo esigcawini. Lesi isilinganiso iyisici echaza umthetho malus.

Lokhu kungenzeka futhi ihlanganisa futhi kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona kabili imisebe yokukhanya, okuyinto impahla eziyisisekelo lapho sidlula zinhlayiya. Lokhu kuchazwe izici zikhona imvelo anizatropa wokusakazeka ukukhanya. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuthumela crystal Spar ewumngcingo ukukhanya ugongolo, wadabula ke, kuzoba imishayo ezimbili ezihlukene ukuthi kukhona parallel nomunye. Lokhu kuzokwenzeka noma kunjalo, ngisho noma ukukhanya ngesenzakalo crystal ngendlela evamile. Omunye wabo okuthiwa ezivamile futhi iwukuqhutshwa ugongolo eyinhloko, kanti eyesibili - engavamile ngoba ukuphambuka impahla.