Intelligence: IQ ku IQ ukuhlolwa

Umqondo "intelligence isici" wethula wezifo German Uilyam Shtern. Wasebenzisa IQ njengoba emelela igama elithi Intelligenz-Quotient - IQ. IQ kwaba amaphuzu etholwe ngesisekelo eziningi ukuhlolwa zifane olwenziwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa kadokotela wezengqondo ukuze kutholakale izinga intelligence.

Amaphayona ucwaningo intelligence

Ekuqaleni, odokotela bengqondo angabaze ukuthi umqondo womuntu kungaba, le kulinganiswa ngokunembe kakhudlwana. Nakuba inzalo ekulinganiseni intelligence ihlehlela emuva ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule, IQ test wokuqala lesiRotuma kuphela. Ngo-1904, uhulumeni waseFrance ebuzwa sokusebenza kwengqondo Alfred Binet ukusiza ukuthola okuyinto bafundi bayoba nobunzima esikoleni. Nesidingo sokuthola esikoleni intelligence lapho, zonke yayitholakala imfundo yamabanga aphansi ayimpoqo. Binet ebuzwa uzakwabo uTheodore Simon ukumsiza ukuba udale ukuhlolwa ukuthi ngabe igxile nezindaba esisebenzayo: inkumbulo, ukunakwa izinkinga - izinto izingane musa bafunde esikoleni. Abanye basabela ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi kuka kobudala bazo, ngakho-ke, ngokusekelwe idatha elibukelayo, kwakukhona manje umqondo classical ubudala engqondo. Umphumela umsebenzi bengqondo - esikalini we Binet - Simon - waba ngowokuqala zifane IQ-test.

Ngo-1916, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo at Stanford University Lyuis Terman ingashintshwa isikali Binet - Simon ukusetshenziswa e-United States. Ukuhlolwa Ushintshe ibizwa ngokuthi "Intelligence Scale Stanford - Binet," futhi amashumi eminyaka isibe ukuhlolwa okuvamile kwe-intelligence ukuhlolwa e-United States. I-Stanford - Binet ukumela Imiphumela ngazinye, usebenzise inombolo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-IQ - intelligence quotient.

Kanjani ukubala ingqondo?

IQ ekuqaleni kunqunywa sokuhlukanisa yobudala kwengqondo yomuntu ukuthatha isivivinyo, ngeminyaka yayo ngohlelo lokulandelana kwezenzakalo nokuma siphindaphindeka le quotient ngu-100 Akubuzwa, okusebenza (noma okungcono) kuphela izingane. Ngokwesibonelo, ingane nge yobudala ngokwengqondo zeminyaka 13.2 futhi kuqale inkathi ngokulandelana kwazo zonke izenzakalo 10 has a 132 IQ futhi unelungelo lokuthathwa njengomsulwa ukujoyina Mensa (13.2 ÷ 10 x 100 = 132).

Phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, ukuhlolwa ezimbalwa ukuthi ukukhethwa abasanda kubuthwa zakhiwa e-United States Army, efanelekayo izinhlobo ekhethekile. Army test "Alpha" yalotshwa nini, futhi "Beta" owawuse for the ukubuthela abafundile.

Lokhu nokunye ukuhlolwa IQ zisetshenziselwa uhlole osanda kufika ukufika e-United States ne -Ellis Island. Imiphumela yabo zazisetshenziselwa ukuzakhela ngokuvamile amanga mayelana "intelligence Akumangalisi ongaphakeme" kwabokufika esuka eningizimu Yurophu namaJuda. Le miphumela ngo-1920 kwaholela iziphakamiso "ubandlululo" Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo Goddard nezinye Congress zibeka imingcele wezifiki. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lokhu kuhlolwa kwenziwa kuphela ngesiNgisi, kodwa iningi kwabokufika abaqondi ke, uhulumeni wase-United States badingiselwa izinkulungwane eziningi zabantu ezinhle abaye ayekubiza ngokuthi "langakufanelekela" noma "engathandeki". Futhi kwenzeka eyishumi ngaphambi eJalimane lobuNazi baqala ukukhuluma ngaba- eugenics.

Udokotela wengqondo Devid Veksler bekagula, ngokombono wakhe, ukuhlolwa elilinganiselwe Stanford - Binet. Isizathu esikhulu salokhu kwaba amaphuzu kuphela, ukugcizelela yakhe mngcele, kanye neqiniso lokuthi isivivinyo lwenzelwe ngqo izingane, ngakho akuyona kulungele abadala. Ngenxa yalokho, ngesikhathi 1930, Wexler isungule isivivinyo entsha, okuyinto yaziwa ngokuthi Wechsler Intelligence Scale - Bellevue. Ngemva kwalokho, isivivinyo yabukezwa futhi waziwa ngokuthi Wechsler Intelligence Scale abadala, noma WAIS. Kunokuba kube ukuhlolwa jikelele, test ukudala isithombe mazombe kahle izimfanelo ezinhle nobuthakathaka isivivinyo. Enye inzuzo yokuhlinza lendlela ngukutsi futhi inikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo. Ngokwesibonelo, ezikhombisa izinga eliphezulu kwezinye izindawo futhi ongaphakeme kwabanye ibonisa ezinezinkinga zokufunda eziqondile.

WAIS kwaba isivivinyo lokuqala wezifo Roberta Vekslera, futhi WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale Ezinganeni) kanye Wechsler Intelligence Scale Preschool (WPPSI) ezakhiwa kamuva. okufushane Adult Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi liye elibuyekeziwe kathathu: WAIS-R (1981), WAIS III (1997) kanye ngo-2008 WAIS-IV.

Ngokungafani ukuhlolwa sisuselwe eminyakeni ngohlelo lokulandelana kwezenzakalo nokuma izikali engqondo namazinga, njengoba kunjalo-Stanford - Binet, zonke izinguqulo WAIS kubalwa ngokuqhathanisa imiphumela abantu wokuhlola idatha evela kweminye izikhonzi abangontanga efanayo. IQ Isilinganiso (emhlabeni wonke) samaphuzu 100 nemiphumela 2/3 ku "evamile" basukela 85 kuya 115. I WAIS kwezinkambiso babé elimisiwe ukuhlola IQ, ngakhoke isebenzisa Eysenck test Stanford - Binet, ngaphandle ukuthi Ukusuka emgomeni akusiyo 15 nengu-16 ukuhlolwa izifuyo ukuphambuka kuyinto 23,8 - wayevame inika ethopha kakhulu le IQ, okungase faka abantu lutho astray.

IQ High - intelligence okusezingeni eliphezulu?

IQ onesiphiwo kunqunywa usebenzisa ukuhlolwa ethize ezihlinzeka sebuningini bengqondo imininingwane ewusizo. Abaningi babo babe i score isilinganiso eqoshiwe ezingeni 145-150, futhi uhla egcwele - phakathi 120 futhi 190. Ngaleso Imiphumela yokuhlolwa 120 ngezansi akuhloselwe, futhi ezingaphezu kuka-190 amaphuzu kunzima kakhulu interpolate, nakuba kungenzeka.

Paul Kooijmans yeNetherlands kubhekwa umsunguli IQ-test uhla eliphezulu, futhi nguye uMdali Uvivinyo lokuqala kakhulu futhi manje zakudala yalolu hlobo. Wabuye wasungula futhi iqondiswa inkampani IQ super eliphezulu:. «Glia", "Giga" nesithi "Umoya Grail" Phakathi isivivinyo eyaziwa kakhulu futhi ethandwa Kooijmans - ". Multiple choice test Kooijmans" "Test of genius", "Nemesis Test" futhi EBukhoneni, ithonya kanye iqhaza Paula uyisidingo, kuba yingxenye ebalulekile umoya ultrahigh IQ ukuhlolwa nemiphakathi iyonke. Okunye guru zakudala ihlola intelligence okusezingeni eliphezulu - Ron Hoeflin Robert Lato, Loran Dyubua, Mislav Predavets futhi Dzhonaton Uay.

Kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokucabanga, okuyinto azibonakali ehlukile emazingeni ehlukene. Abantu babe amakhono ehlukene kanye namazinga intelligence: ngamazwi, standard, kwendawo, imicondvo yemagama zezibalo. the okunengqondo, lateral, convergent, komugqa, etshiyeneyo, ngisho ugqozi futhi ungungqondongqondo - Kodwa kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene ukubonakaliswa nazo.

Standard futhi test IQ ephakeme kwembula isici jikelele intelligence; kodwa ukuhlolwa ephezulu ezingeni, kunqunywa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.

Ngokuvamile bekhuluma okusezingeni eliphezulu IQ izikolo, ababiziweyo IQ geniuses, kodwa empeleni lokho ukumela lezi zinombolo kanye indlela beka phezulu? Yini amaphuzu IQ kuwuphawu ubuhlakani?

• IQ High - yiliphi isikolo ngenhla 140.
• Genius IQ - ezingaphezu kuka-160.
• Wayeyisazi omkhulu - Isilinganiso zilingana noma idlula amaphuzu 200.

IQ okuphezulu ngqo ahlobene yokuphumelela esikoleni, kodwa ukuthi yimina kunemtselela elinganiselayo iyophumelela ekuphileni ngokuvamile? Indlela ubuhlakani luckier abantu IQ ephansi? Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto, kuhlanganise imizwelo IQ has ziwubala.

Lapha kuhlaziywa IQ izikolo

Ngakho, indlela ncamashi zibhekwa IQ izikolo? Isilinganiso IQ-test isikolo 100. 68% imiphumela IQ-test ewela ngaphansi emgomeni kusukela nje. Lokhu kusho ukuthi IQ kakhulu abantu esiphakathi 85 futhi 115.

• Kufika amaphuzu 24: komqondo ngokujulile.
• 25-39 amaphuzu: ukukhubazeka kakhulu engqondweni.
• 40-54 amaphuzu: komqondo ngokulinganisela.
• 55-69 amaphuzu: ukukhubazeka omnene engqondo.
• 70-84 amaphuzu: iziyaluyalu Borderline engqondo.
• 85-114 amaphuzu: intelligence isilinganiso.
• 115-129 amaphuzu: ngenhla avareji.
• 130-144 amaphuzu: ithalente ngokulinganisela.
• 145-159 amaphuzu: ithalente okusezingeni eliphezulu.
• 160-179 amaphuzu: ithatha onesiphiwo.
• ezingaphezu kuka 179 amaphuzu: ithalenta ezijulile.

Kuyini IQ?

Lapho abantu bakhuluma ngokuthuthukisa intelligence izivivinyo, IQ abizwa ngokuthi "amaphuzu giftedness." Yini abakubonisayo kokuhlaziywa IQ? Ukuze uqonde lokhu, kubalulekile kuqala ukuqonda test iyonke.

ukuhlolwa Namuhla ukucacisa Coefficient intelligence ngokuyinhloko esekelwe Uvivinyo lokuqala ithuthukiswe 1900s zakuqala ngu wezifo French Alfred Binet ukuhlonza abafundi abadinga usizo olwengeziwe.

Ocwaningweni lwabo Binet bahlakulele umqondo ubudala engqondo. Izingane amaqembu athile yobudala ukuphendula ngokushesha zemibuzo ngokuvamile wanika izimpendulo izingane ezindala - abo amakhulu engqondo yobudala kwezenzakalo. Binet IQ nesilinganiso esekelwe amakhono Ngokwesilinganiso izingane leqembu ezithile zeminyaka yobudala.

IQ-ukuhlolwa zenzelwe ukukala ikhono lomuntu ukuze uxazulule izinkinga futhi isizathu. Ukuhlolwa intelligence quotient yisikali intelligence zeselula esitheni. Amaphuzu ukukhombisa indlela yokuhlola uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye abantu kuleli qoqo leminyaka batholakale waphasiswa kahle.

ukuqonda IQ

Ukusatshalaliswa IQ izilinganiso iyaphendula Krivoy Bella - insimbi-ijika isiqongo okuhambelana yisibalo esikhulu sabasebenzi esingakaze imiphumela yokuhlolwa. Insimbi ke eyehlisiwe ohlangothini ngalunye - ngakolunye uhlangothi izikolo kukhona ngezansi isilinganiso, futhi ngakolunye - ephakeme.

Inani isilinganiso ngaleyo ndlela lilingana score isilinganiso, kubalwa ngokungeza yonke imiphumela kanye sokuhlukanisa ngenani ingqikithi amaphuzu.

Ukusuka emgomeni isilinganiso kokuhlukana sabantu. A ongaphakeme emgomeni ibonisa ukuthi iningi amaphuzu idatha basondelene kakhulu kwenani elifanayo. I okusezingeni eliphezulu emgomeni ibonisa ukuthi amaphuzu idatha ngokuvamile asuswe kusho. Ngo ukuhlola IQ ejwayelekile ukuphambuka 15.

IQ inyuka

Nge isizukulwane IQ inyuka ngamunye. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa ubizwa ngokuthi Flynn umphumela, yaqanjwa wamazwe Jim Flynn. Kusukela ngo-1930, lapho ukuhlolwa zilandele izilinganiso ezithile ezisetshenziswa kabanzi, abacwaningi baye baphawula ukwanda komthwalo futhi okuphawulekayo test izikolo e okuhlaziya zabantu emhlabeni wonke. Flynn wasikisela ukuthi lokhu kwanda kungenxa ngcono ikhono lethu lokuxazulula izinkinga, ukucabanga ngendlela yazo esabalele, futhi usebenzise logic.

Ngokusho Flynn, isizukulwane wokugcina uye wasebenzelana ikakhulu nezinkinga eziphathekako ezithile imvelo yabo ngokushesha, njengoba abantu yesimanje ukucabanga kabanzi mayelana nezimo longeke watibona netintfo yezinto. kusondela nokufundisa kule minyaka engu-75 edlule Akukhona lokho kuphela, kodwa kwashintsha kakhulu, futhi abantu abaningi umshado, njengoba umthetho, abasebenzi engqondo.

Yini ihlola ngesilinganiso?

IQ ukuhlolwa ukuhlola logic, umcabango kwendawo, ukucabanga ngamazwi okunengqondo namakhono ezibukwayo. Bona azihloselwe ukuchaza ulwazi ngendaba ezindaweni ezithize, vivinyo intelligence akuyona into kungafundwa ukuze uthuthukise isikolo sakho. Kunalokho, lolu vivinyo ukuhlola ikhono lokusebenzisa indlela yokucabanga ukuze uxazulule izinkinga, ukubona amaphethini usheshe wenze ukuxhumana phakathi ulwazi ahlukene.

Nakuba ungakwazi ngokuvamile ukuzwa ukuthi nabantu abavelele ezifana no-Albert Einstein futhi Stiven Hoking, ube IQ, 160 noma ngaphezulu, noma ezinye ukhetho KaMongameli babe okukhethekile IQ, isibalo siphakeme nje ilinganisela. Ezimweni eziningi abukho ubufakazi ukuthi laba bantu abadumile wake lidlule okwakha IQ-test kanye ngaphezulu ekhashelwa Imiphumela nendlela umphakathi.

Kungani le score isilinganiso 100?

Psychometrician zisebenzisa inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi Standardization, ukuqhathanisa abuye ahumushe amagugu amaphuzu IQ. Le nqubo ibizwa ezenziwa test isampula elimela usebenzisa imiphumela ukudala ejwayelekile noma amazinga ngazo ukuqhathanisa kokuhlaziywa ngabanye. Njengoba le score isilinganiso 100, ochwepheshe kusheshe qhathanisa ukuhlolwa ngabanye nge-avareji ukunquma ukuthi kuwela ngaphakathi komqondo sokusabalalisa okuvamile.

Ukwahlukanisa izinhlelo zingahluka kusuka ummemezeli oyedwa ukuba abe omunye, nakuba abaningi bathambekele ulandele efanayo uhlelo okuhlaziya. Ngokwesibonelo, esikalini we Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test kanye Stanford - Binet izikolo in the ezahlukene 85-115 abhekwa "ngokwesilinganiso".

Yini kahle hle ukuhlola ukuhlolwa?

Ukuhlolwa ukucacisa IQ eklanyelwe ukukala intelligence esitheni neselula. Esitheni kuhlanganisa ilwazi namakghono atholwe konke ukuphila kwabo, futhi mobile - lokucabanga, uxazulule izinkinga futhi wenze umqondo ulwazi abstract.

intelligence ezithathekayo kubhekwa ezimele yokufunda futhi avame wehlise lapho usukhulile. Acacisa njengoba kuhlobane ngokuqondile Ngokuqeqeshwa nangokuhlangenwe nakho futhi njalo okwandisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Test osomaqhinga uqhutshwa ngodokotela ilayisensi. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ukuhlolwa, eziningi zazo zihilela eziningi subtests yakhelwe ukuhlola amakhono zezibalo, amakhono olimi, inkumbulo, amakhono, ukucabanga nesivinini information processing. Imiphumela yabo ke zakha amaphuzu ingqikithi IQ.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi, nakuba ngokuvamile ukukhuluma mayelana ongaphakeme isilinganiso kanye IQ of genius, ukuhlolwa olulodwa ezingeni intelligence alikho. Namuhla zisebenzisa ezihlukahlukene izivivinyo, kuhl Stanford - .. Binet Intelligence Scale abadala Wexler test Eysenck kanye nokuvivinywa amakhono lolwazi Ithendele - Johnson. Ngamunye wabo kuhlukile ukuthi nendlela alinganiswa ngayo, nokuthi imiphumela zibhekwa.

Ngalokho okubhekwa 'njengempi IQ ongaphakeme?

I IQ, ilingana noma ngaphansana amaphuzu 70, kubhekwa ongaphakeme. Esikhathini esidlule, ukuvaleka kwegebe ezifana intelligence kubhekwa lokuma retardation engqondo, akahlakaniphile libhekene abalulekile nawokuphazamiseka kokusebenza kwengqondo.

Nokho, namuhla le IQ ngokwalo esetshenziselwa sitholakele akahlakaniphile. Kunalokho, umbandela we uphethwe IQ ongaphakeme ukuze ubufakazi ukuthi lezi ukulinganiselwa engqondweni yethu yayikhona kweminyaka eyi-18 kanye abathintekayo ezindaweni ezimbili noma ngaphezulu oluhambelana, ezifana zokuxhumana kanye zokuzisiza.

Mayelana 2.2% wabo bonke abantu babe amaphuzu IQ ngezansi 70.

Ngakho lokho Kusho ukuthini - ukuba i IQ isilinganiso?

IQ level kungaba inkomba enhle jikelele lokucabanga futhi uxazulule izinkinga, kodwa odokotela bengqondo abaningi baye basikisela ukuthi ukuhlolwa musa embule lonke iqiniso cha.

Phakathi kwezinto ezimbalwa ukuthi singenakulinganiswa - ezisebenzisekayo ezibonakalayo neziphiwo zami. Umuntu nomuntu IQ isilinganiso kungaba umculi omkhulu, umpendi, umculi noma umakhenikha. Udokotela wengqondo Howard Gardner ithuthukiswe imfundiso yokuziphendukela intelligence amaningi, eklanyelwe ukulungisa lokhu yokusilela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi IQ Ungashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ucwaningo kuthomba nge-gap bokusungula iminyaka 4 luthele izithelo ezibonakalayo imiphumela, amagugu zazo nhlobonhlobo ngamaphuzu angu-20.

IQ ukuhlolwa futhi musa ezihlobana kokuhlaziywa kwamathenda ilukuluku, kanye umuntu uyaqonda ukuthi imizwelo futhi ungumnikazi kubo kahle kanjani. Abanye ochwepheshe, kuhlanganise umbhali Daniel Goleman kusikisela ukuthi imizwelo (EQ) kungenzeka kubaluleke kakhulu ukudlula ngisho IQ. Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi IQ okusezingeni eliphezulu ngempela kungasiza abantu ezicini eziningi zokuphila, kodwa isiqinisekiso sempumelelo empilweni asipheli.

Ngakho ukhathazeke ulahlekile wayeyisazi akudingekile, kusukela iningi labantu akuzona geniuses. Njengoba izinga eliphezulu IQ akuqinisekisi impumelelo, medium noma IQ ongaphakeme akuqinisekisi ukwehluleka noma ingakuvumeli ukucabangela nokuqhwandela. Ezinye izici, ezifana umsebenzi onzima, ukuphikelela, uyaphikelela kanti sengqondo esivamile kukhona izingxenye ezibalulekile puzzle.