Ukuwa yoMbuso WaseTurkey: umlando, izimbangela, imiphumela kanye namaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, owanikhipha nobunzima obungachazeki ukuba abantu yeYurophu, wenza wokugoqa ngenakugwemeka yoMbuso WaseTurkey amakhulu eminyaka wabusa phezu izindawo ezinkulu, okuyinto baye baba yisisulu nokwanda kwalo elinganeliseki lempi. Ephoqelekile ukuba ujoyine Central Amandla, ezifana eJalimane, e-Austria-Hungary futhi Bulgaria, kuba nabo nokuhlangenwe nakho okumuncu ukunqotshwa, ayikwazanga ukusho kabanzi mayelana ngokwami njengoba ehola umbuso womhlaba wonke.

Umsunguli yoMbuso WaseTurkey

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XIII, u-Osman Gazi mina njengefa kusukela ubaba Bey Ertogrul amandla phezu ezingenakubalwa izindimbane Turkish ayehlala naseFrigiya. Ukumemezela ukuzimela kulendawo elincane nokuthatha isihloko Sultan, wakwazi ukuphinde anqobe ingxenye enkulu ye-Asia Minor futhi wathola umbuso onamandla kangaka, ogama lakhe behlonipha yakhe WaseTurkey. Yena wayemiselwe ukuba zidlala indima ebalulekile emlandweni wezwe.

Kakade phakathi kwekhulu XIV amabutho Turkish wafikela ogwini aseYurophu futhi iqala nokwanda kwalo isikhathi eside, kwenze isimo xv-XVI eminyaka omunye kunabo bonke emhlabeni. Nokho, ekuqaleni wokugoqa yoMbuso WaseTurkey, sekube kakade ekhulwini XVII, lapho engazi ukunqotshwa phambi kwakhe futhi wacabangela esinganqobeki ibutho Turkish wahlupheka buhlungu kabuhlungu izindonga inhlokodolobha Austria.

Ukunqotshwa lokuqala baseYurophu

Ngo-1683, amabutho WaseTurkey baphuthuma Vienna wathatha umuzi wavinjezelwa. izakhamuzi zakhona, ngezwa okuningi ngani imikhuba zasendle futhi ononya lezi namaqaba yabonisa izimangaliso ubuqhawe, ukuze bakwazi ukuzivikela futhi nabathandekayo babo lokufa. Ngokusho kwamaphepha zomlando, impumelelo abavikeli ngokuyinhloko lula yokuthi kwakukhona abaholi abaningi abavelele lempi leyo minyaka phakathi izinduna ikhanda abaphuma ngokuphumelelayo futhi ngokushesha amanyathelo wonke afaneleyo ukuzivikela.

Lapho kuyoba isiphetho abahlaseli isixazululiwe ukusiza ovinjezelwe efika, inkosi yase-Poland. Babe sebebaleka, kusale amaKristu empangweni. Lokhu kunqoba, olwaqala lapho kuwa uMbuso WaseTurkey, kwadingeka abantu yeYurophu, ngaphezu kwakho konke, i-value ngokwengqondo. Yena kungaqedwa inganekwane ayenganqobeki amatheku onguMninimandla onke, njengoba babevame ukwenza baseYurophu shayela ngokuvukela uMbuso WaseTurkey.

Qala ukulahlekelwa indawo

Lokhu ukunqotshwa, kanye eziningi ukwehluleka okwalandela ziye zabangela ukuba isiboshwa ngoJanuwari 1699 Karlovitskogo emhlabeni. Ngokusho kwale dokhumenti Porta walahlekelwa ngaphambi ilawula indawo yaseHungary, eTransylvania futhi behambela Timisoara. kwemingcele yayo baye saya eningizimu amabanga amade uma liya. Kwaba kakade ngempela ukushaywa kakhulu ukuba ubuqotho walo.

Trouble ekhulwini XVIII

Uma engxenyeni yokuqala ka olandelayo, ngekhulu XVIII, kwaphawulwa impumelelo ethile lempi yoMbuso WaseTurkey, siwuvumele siqala nge ukulahlekelwa okwesikhashana Derbent, kodwa ukugcina ukufinyelela Black futhi Azov iziLwandle, engxenyeni kwekhulu lesibili waletha inani kwezithiyo, futhi ukunquma wokugoqa esizayo yoMbuso WaseTurkey.

Ukunqotshwa kwe-impi Turkish, okuyinto uCatherine II kwaholela Ottoman Sultan, wenza isibonakaliso sokugcina Julayi 1774 ukuthula isivumelwano, eRussia sathola ngaphansi kwazo umhlaba esisuka phakathi Dnieper kanye Bug Southern. Ngonyaka ozayo kuletha inhlekelele entsha - Port ulahlekelwa yanika ukuba Austrian eBukovina.

Kwaphela i-Ottoman XVIII leminyaka inhlekelele. ukunqotshwa Final empini Russian-Turkish kwaholela ephetha ezingezinhle kakhulu futhi ilulaza Jassy emhlabeni, owawuthi imfucuza eRussia zonke enyakatho Black Sea sifunda, okufaka enhlonhlweni yaseCrimea.

Isiginesha kwi esiqinisekisa idokhumenti khathesi kuze kube phakade eCrimea yethu, ukubeka Prince Potemkin mathupha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMbuso WaseTurkey waphoqeleka ukuba nginikeze emazweni Russian phakathi Bug Southern futhi Dniester, kanye bakwemukele ekulahlekelweni isikhundla esivelele eCaucasus kanye Balkans.

I ekuqaleni kwekhulu entsha lezinhlupheko entsha

Ukuqala kokuwa koMbuso WaseTurkey ekhulwini le-19 wayemiselwe wakhe nomunye kokunqotshwa empini Russian-Turkish ka 1806-1812. Waba yini umphumela walesi kwaba ukusayinwa e Bucharest lomunye, eqinisweni, umonakala iSivumelwano Izimbobo. Uhlangothi Russian ukuthi ikakhulukazi ogunyaziwe Mihail Illarionovich Kutuzov, futhi isi-Turkish - Ahmed Pasha. Yonke indawo kusukela Dniester kuya Prut wamuka Russia futhi waziwa ngokuthi esifundeni lokuqala eBessarabia ke esifundazweni eBessarabia, manje elaziwa ngokuthi iMoldova kuyinto.

Umzamo ngu abaseTurkey e 1828 ngomzamo ukuthatha yokuziphindiselela Russian ngoba ukunqotshwa esidlule waphenduka ukunqotshwa entsha nomunye esisayinwe unyaka ozayo Andreapol ukuthula isivumelwano, phuca ke insimu kakade kuhle skimpy we somfula iDanube. Kumi esiqongweni sezindawo izinkinga ngesikhathi esifanayo imemezele ukuzimela kwayo Greece.

impumelelo esifushane, futhi ushintsho izilonda

Okuwukuphela kwesikhathi inhlanhla Ottoman phakathi neMpi YaseCrimea ka 1853-1856, ineptly elahlekile Nicholas I. Esikhundleni sakhe sobukhosi sombusi Russian u-Alexander II waphoqeleka ukunikezela eBessarabia Porte ephawulekayo, kodwa eminyakeni okwalandela 1877-1878 impi entsha sebebuyela ezihlalweni zabo.

nokwahlukana okuqhubekayo ngokuvukela uMbuso WaseTurkey. Sibambe isikhashana evumayo, lowo nyaka yena ahlukaniswe baseRomania, iSerbia neMontenegro. Wonke amazwe amathathu imemezele ukuzimela yabo. Yaphela ngekhulu XVIII inyunyana abaseTurkey enyakatho Bulgaria futhi insimu okuqondene nabo umbuso, okuthiwa Southern Rumelia.

Impi ne Balkan Union

XX leminyaka sihlehlela emuva kokuwa yokugcina yoMbuso WaseTurkey kanye Turkish imfundo Republic. Lokhu kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe uchungechunge lwezenzakalo, eyaqala ngo-1908, Bulgaria imemezele ukuzimela kwayo futhi ekupheleni nokuzosiza angamakhulu ayisihlanu Turkish. Lokhu kwalandelwa yi-Amagedoni ngesiHebheru 1912-1913, wamemezela Porte Balkan Union. Lalihlanganisa Bulgaria, Greece, iSerbia neMontenegro. Inhloso yalezi uthi kwaba ukuthunjwa ezindaweni okuqondene ngenkathi abaseTurkey.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abaseTurkey ukubeka kwamabutho amabili anamandla, aseNingizimu naseNyakatho, empini, nokuyinto eyaphela ngo-ukunqoba Balkan Alliance, okwaholela ukusayinwa omunye sivumelwano eLondon, phuca sikhathi yoMbuso WaseTurkey cishe lonke nhlonhlo Balkan, emshiya ingxenye encane nje kuphela Istanbul kanye yaseThrace. Ingxenye esemqoka ezifundeni ezinabantu Uthole, Greece neSerbia, futhi lokho kwenza ngezithukuthuku endaweni yabo sikhiqize inani eliphindwe kabili. Ngalezo zinsuku, futhi kwakheka umbuso omutjha - Albania.

Ukumenyezelwa-Republic of Turkey

Mayelana nendlela wokugoqa yoMbuso WaseTurkey e Eminyakeni eyalandela, ungavele ukucabanga, alandela inkambo yokungenisa kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Efuna uphinde uthole okungenani ingxenye elahlekile kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ezindaweni, ePort waba nengxenye ubutha, kodwa lweshwa lakhe, on the amandla wokulahlekelwa uhlangothi - eJalimane, e-Austria-Hungary futhi Bulgaria. Kwakuwusuku ukugadla okokugcina, ebhidliza umbuso owawuke waba namandla, ngokuletha ukwesaba emhlabeni wonke. Angizange ukulisindisa ayinqobe 1922 ukumehlula Greece. Inqubo lokubola kwaba kakade engelapheki.

IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yaphela lapho kusayinwa umthetho-Ports ngo-1920 Sèvres Treaty, ngaphansi kwayo nomfelandawonye ifike pilfered esidlule, wahlala ngaphansi kolawulo Turkish zensimu iwine. Konke lokhu kwaholela ukuwohloka ngokuphelele futhi isimemezelo wabo wamhlaka 29 Okthoba 1923 Republic of Turkey. Lesi senzo kwaphawula ukuphela izindaba ezingaphezu kuka angamakhulu ayisithupha ngokuvukela uMbuso WaseTurkey.

Abacwaningi abaningi ukubona isizathu nciphisa yoMbuso WaseTurkey, ikakhulukazi backwardness umnotho walo, ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu embonini, azikho imigwaqo ngokwanele kanye nezinye izindlela zokuxhumana. Ezweni okungukuthi ezingeni feudalism ephakathi, cishe bonke abantu ukufunda. Ngu izinkomba eziningi umbuso kwakukubi esithuthuke kunamanye amazwe kwesikhathi.

ubufakazi Inhloso ukuthi kuwa umbuso

Ukukhuluma ngalokho izici yabonisa nokwahlukana yoMbuso WaseTurkey, kufanele ukhulume okokuqala kwezithelo zonke izinqubo zezepolitiki ezenzeka kuwo ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX futhi kuba cishe engenakwenzeka ezinkathini ngaphambili. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi Young Turk Yenguquko 1908, ngesikhathi lapho ashaqe amandla amalungu ezweni inhlangano "Union futhi Inqubekela". Bona wagumbuqela Sultan wafaka umthethosisekelo.

Abavukeli eside zigcinwe ngokwabo ngamandla, esikhundleni abasekeli Sultan wagudluzwa. isikhathi Landela-up wagcwala igazi kubangelwa ukushayisana ezilwayo qembu ushintsho kubabusi. Konke lokhu nobufakazi obungenakuphikiswa iqiniso lokuthi amandla eqinile eyodwa aphelile, kwavela wokugoqa yoMbuso WaseTurkey.

Kafushane efingqa, kumelwe kushiwo ukuthi Turkey kuqede indlela, kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka olungiselwe zonke States, ashiye uphawu lwawo kumlando. Lona lokuzalwa, izimbali ngokushesha futhi ekugcineni wenqaba, ngokuvamile kuholela yokuqothulwa yabo. I uMbuso WaseTurkey yaqashelwa ngokuphelele, ekubeni Namuhla, nakuba udlubulunda, kodwa hhayi ilunga evelele emphakathini wonke.