I ngempucuko yasendulo owawuthandwa kakhulu eMesophothamiya. idolobha yaseMesophothamiya. eMesophothamiya yasendulo

"Konke kuyofika ndawonye ezindaweni eziningi eMesophothamiya,
Eden lapha, futhi lapha ekuqaleni
Kwake kwaba khona inkulumo evamile
IZwi likaNkulunkulu kwakuzwakala ... "

(Konstantin Mikhailov)

Nakuba ensimini ka-Europe lasendulo zazulazula abayimizulane zasendle, eMpumalanga ngokugcwele ithakazelisa kakhulu (ngezinye izikhathi simbe) izenzakalo. Mayelana nabo elimibalabala ebhaliwe eTestamenteni Elidala kanye nezinye izincwadi zomlando. Ngokwesibonelo, izindaba ezinjalo owaziwa eBhayibhelini ngokuthi uMbhoshongo WaseBhabhele NeSikhukhula, kwenzeka endaweni yase-Aramu Naharayimi.

EMesophothamiya yasendulo ngaphandle embellishment kungenziwa elibizwa ngokuthi isizinda sokucabanga impucuko. Kwaba kulomhlaba mayelana 4th ekhulwini BC, wazalwa impucuko yokuqala empumalanga. uthi ezinjalo phakathi kweMilambo (eMesophothamiya yasendulo ngesiGreki) njengoba Sumer futhi-Akkad, wanika abantu zibhalwe futhi amazing Ezakhiweni zesonto. Hamba uhambo kulomhlaba egcwele izimfihlo!

isikhundla ezindawo

Ubani igama phakathi kweMilambo? EMesophothamiya. Eyesibili igama eMesophothamiya - eMesophothamiya. Ungase futhi uzwe izwi Naharaim - liphinde kakhulu, kuphela ngesiHebheru.

EMesophothamiya - kuba indawo zomlando womhlaba elise phakathi kwemifula iTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe. Ubani kulomhlaba kukhona ezintathu zithi:-Iraq, eSiriya naseTurkey. Umlando impucuko yasendulo eMesophothamiya yasungulwa kule nsimu.

Akhiwe enhliziyweni esifundeni Middle East is iphahlwe ezisentshonalanga yesikhulumi Arabian, kusukela empumalanga - elaliphansi kwamagquma Zagros. Esikhathini eningizimu yase-Aramu Naharayimi, emngceleni amanzi Persian Gulf, futhi esisenyakatho ezintabeni ebabazekayo lase-Ararati.

Entre Rios kuyinto thafa eliyisicaba kuyoshaya emifuleni emibili okukhulu. Ngesimo ithi ayifane i kobujamo obusaqanda - lokhu kuyinto eMesophothamiya emangalisayo (ibalazwe kuqinisekisa lokhu).

Division yaba izifunda phakathi kweMilambo

Izazi-mlando evamile ihlukaniswe eMesophothamiya ku:

• Upper eMesophothamiya - engxenyeni esenyakatho yesifunda. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo (kusukela phakathi nenkulungwane 1st BC) wabizwa ngokuthi "i-Asiriya". Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi, endaweni kwakheka eSiriya lanamuhla, nenhloko-dolobha yalo edolobheni elihle lase Damaesku.
• EMesophothamiya Lower - engxenyeni eseningizimu owawuthandwa kakhulu eMesophothamiya. Kwakuthinta ezinabantu abaningi abantu ngaphambi kwesikhathi sethu esivamile. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, Southern eMesophothamiya nalo ihlukaniswe yaba izifunda ezimbili ezihlukene. Okungukuthi, ezingxenyeni wasenyakatho nowaseningizimu futhi. Eyokuqala (enyakatho) ekuqaleni ngokuthi Ki-Uri, bese-Akkad. Eyesibili (eseningizimu) laqanjwa ngokuthi Schumer. Ngakho-ke wazalwa igama amahle sonorous ka omunye nemibhede bokuqala impucuko - ". Sumer futhi Akkad" Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, kule ndawo mlando seyaziwa ngokuthi iBhabhiloni. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kukhona umbhoshongo ziyaphawuleka, ngokusho legend, ukufinyelela ukukhula kwabo kuze kube sezulwini.

Ensimini yase-Aramu Naharayimi wasendulo ngezinye izikhathi ehlukahlukene kwakukhona imibuso emine lasendulo:

• Schumer;
• Akkad;
• eBhabhiloni;
• Asiriya.

Kungani eMesophothamiya kwaba sombuso impucuko?

Eminyakeni engaba ngu-6000 edlule, iplanethi yethu kwaba isenzakalo esimangalisayo: emhlabeni ngesikhathi esifanayo azalelwa impucuko ezimbili - Egypt futhi yaseMesophothamiya yasendulo. Imvelo kwempucuko kokubili efanayo hhayi efana umbuso wokuqala lasendulo.

Ukufana itholakala lokuthi ukuthi kokubili wazithatha ezindaweni izimo ezikahle ukuze umuntu aphile. Angiyithandi yokuthi ngamunye wabo indaba esiyingqayizivele (into yokuqala efika emqondweni: eGibhithe kwadingeka oFaro, futhi ezindaweni eziningi eMesophothamiya - samanje).

Nokho, isihloko sihloko, eMesophothamiya State. Ngakho-ke, ngeke kuwo.

Ancient eMesophothamiya - uhlobo samanzi ogwadule. Kuzo zombili izinhlangothi endaweni ebiyelwe yimifula. Futhi kusukela enyakatho - ezintabeni ukuthi ukuvikela oasis emimoyeni olumanzi kuthabathela ecaleni Armenia.

Lezi zici zemvelo ezikahle senze lokhu ezweni kukhanga ngabantu basendulo. Ngokumangalisayo sezulu ukhululekile ehlangana ikhono bahlanganyele kwezolimo. Umhlabathi wakhona evundile ngakho futhi ecebile umswakama, okuyinto etholakala izithelo namanzi esekhulile futhi lihluma ubhontshisi - okumnandi.

Okokuqala wakuphawula lokhu yamaSumer asendulo, azinza endaweni eminyakeni engaba ngu-6000 edlule. Baye bafunda ngekhono sikhule ezihlukahlukene izitshalo bashiya umlando ocebile, okuyinto udida abantu ngomdlandla anqume namuhla.

Nasi itulo ithiyori: umsuka Sumerians

Umlando wanamuhla akusho ukuphendula umbuzo, lapho benza Sumerians cha. Kuningi ukuhlawumbisela okushiwoyo ngokuphathelene ngalokhu, kodwa ukuvumelana wezesayensi, ayikatholakali kuze kufika. Kungani? Ngenxa Sumerians kakhulu ivelele lonke izizwe abahlala eMesophothamiya.

Omunye umehluko osobala - ulimi: Akufani yimiphi zezigodi ezazikhulunywa abakhileyo kulezi zindawo engumakhelwane. Okungukuthi, alinaso ukufana ngolimi Indo-European - eyandulela izilimi eziningi zalezi zinsuku.

Futhi Sumer lasendulo abakhileyo ukubukeka akuyona ejwayelekile kwabakhileyo lezo zindawo. On amapuleti zibonisa abantu ovals abushelelezi lawo mehlo amakhulu ngokumangalisayo, izici obucayi ukukhula okungaphezu kwe-avareji.

Elinye iphuzu lapho mlando unake - lokhu kuyinto isiko engavamile i ngempucuko yasendulo. Omunye umbono uthi Sumerians - abayikho abameleli empucukweni ephambili, ofike ngendiza yisikhala eplanethini yethu. Lokhu umbono kuyinto ngempela ongaziwa, kodwa unalo ilungelo lokuthatha khona.

Njengoba empeleni - akucacile. Kodwa ongasho ngokuqiniseka - Sumerians wanikeza okuningi ukuze impucuko yethu. Omunye wabo impumelelo ukwamukeleka ngaphandle kokungatshazwa - kuyinto kokusungulwa lokubhala.

Impucuko yaseMesophothamiya yasendulo

abantu abehlukahlukene ngokwezinga zensimu owawuthandwa kakhulu eMesophothamiya. Thina ukuhlukanisa ezimbili ezinkulu (umlando eMesophothamiya ngaphandle kwabo kwakungeke kube ocebile ngakho)

• Sumerians;
• Semites (ukuba eqonde kakhulu, izizwe isiJuda Arabhu, Armenia amaJuda).

Ngokusekelwe lokhu, sizoxoxa izenzakalo ezithakazelisayo kakhulu futhi emlandweni.

Ukuze ugcine uhlaka jikelele indaba yethu, siqala indaba yamandulo kusukela nesi umbuso.

Schumer: emfushane nomlando

Kwakuthinta impucuko eyaphakama eningizimu-mpumalanga yase-Aramu Naharayimi kusukela 4th ekhulwini 3rd BC lokuqala ebhaliwe. Manje kule ndawo iyisimo yesimanje Iraq (eMesophothamiya yasendulo, ibalazwe futhi kusisiza ukuzulazula).

Sumerians - kuphela abantu non-lwamaSemite endaweni owawuthandwa kakhulu eMesophothamiya. Lokhu kufakazelwa ucwaningo oluningana kwezilimi namasiko. Umlando olusemthethweni uthi Sumerians eMesophothamiya babevela ezinye elinezintaba Asian.

Baqala nohambo lwabo empumalanga Entre Rios: ixazululwe eduze zemifula kanye yingcweti ngenkasa ukulima. Umuzi wokuqala, okuyinto imise bale ngempucuko yasendulo kwaba Heredia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Sumerians wathutha ezijulile ethafeni: bona yayinqoba bendawo futhi kufakwe; ngezinye izikhathi ngisho yabusa abanye impumelelo yamasiko izizwe ngonya.

Umlando yamaSumer - a Inqubo ethakazelisayo umzabalazo phakathi amaqembu ahlukene abantu ngaphansi kobuholi inkosi. usadlondlobele yakhe ifinyelele esimweni ngaphansi kokubusa neUma Lugalzagesse.

mlando waseBhabhiloni uBerossus emsebenzini wakhe ihlukaniswe umlando nesi izinkathi ezimbili:

• ngaphambi kukaZamcolo (okusho kwaba KuZamcolo Omkhulu futhi indaba kaNowa, kuchazwe ngokuthi iTestamente Elidala);
• ngemva kweSikhukhula.

Isiko Naharayimi Lasendulo (Sumer)

Imizana lokuqala Sumerians okwakhe - ke laliwumuzi amancane azungezwe izindonga zawo zamatshe; Sasihlala kubo esuka kubantu 40 kuya kwezingu-50. Umuzi obalulekile eningizimu-mpumalanga yezwe kwaba se-Uri. Maphakathi umbuso nesi ubelokhu eqashelwa emzini eNippur, e-maphakathi nezwe. It is ethempelini ezinkulu kaNkulunkulu Enlil ezaziwayo.

Sumerians babe impucuko sasivumela eziphambili, sibale lokho abanakho izuzwe eziphakeme.

• Kwezolimo. Lokhu kufakazelwa lwencwadi esekhona wezolimo. Lichaza ngokuningiliziwe indlela yokutshala izitshalo lapho kudingeka uyophuziswa, indlela alime umhlabathi.
• Esikhathini izikebhe. Sumerians Sakwazi ukwakha indlu futhi wayekwazi ukusebenzisa isondo a sombumbi.
• Ngokubhala. On kuzoxoxwa esahlukweni esilandelayo.

Legend of ngokubhala kwenzeka

ezisunguliwe Okubaluleke nakakhulu zenzeka ngempela ngokungajwayelekile, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ezikhathini zasendulo. Ukuvela lokubhala iyathinteka.

Wagomela umbusi ezimbili lasendulo nesi bodwa. Lokhu wavezwa yokuthi banayo ukuqagela nomunye puzzle futhi sabelane nabo nge amanxusa abo. Omunye umbusi kwaba evelele kakhulu futhi necebo iphazili eziyinkimbinkimbi yokuthi inxusa lakhe wayengakwazi ukuthi uyikhumbule. Khona kwadingeka benze lokubhala.

Sumerians ubhale amabhodi ubumba mhlanga unamathela. Ekuqaleni izinhlamvu kusenzo ifomu ezibonakaliso hieroglyphs, bese - ngesimo amaqoqo axhunyiwe. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-cuneiform.

Isiko Naharayimi sidilizwa kakhulu ukukholelwa ngaphandle nesi. Izizwe eziseduze waboleka ukubhala namakhono kule impucuko.

IBhabhiloni (eBabele)

State kwavela zasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesibili yeminyaka BC e aseningizimu yeMesophothamiya. Njengoba sekungamakhulu ngamakhulu eminyaka zikhona-15, ushiye ngemuva umlando onothileko izakhiwo ezithakazelisayo.

abantu zamaSemite abahlala ensimini yama-Amori uMbuso waseBhabhiloni. Bamukela isiko ngaphambili yamaSumer, kodwa kukhulunywa kakade ngolimi Akkad, elingelakwaJuda iqembu zamaSemite.

IBhabhiloni lasendulo kwavela esizeni i ngaphambili edolobheni nesi Kadingir.

Isibalo esemqoka yomlando wayeyiNkosi uHammurabi. Phakathi nomkhankaso wakhe empi linqotshiwe emadolobheni amaningi angomakhelwane. Futhi wabhala umsebenzi esekhona - "eMesophothamiya imithetho (uHammurabi)."

Sitshele okuningi mayelana eqoshiwe inkosi imithetho abahlakaniphile imphilo yesive. imithetho kaHammurabi ebhubhisa zibhaliwe umusho sobumba esiqinile, elawula zamalungelo neembopho WaseBabiloni isilinganiso. Izazimlando ziye phambili ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi nalowo oyobhekwa futhi isimiso 'iso ngeso "yaqale washayelwa njengoba kanye uHammurabi.

Ezinye umbusi izimiso yasungulwa yena, abanye - ukukopishwa imithombo nesi ngaphambili.

UHammurabi Kuthiwa ngempucuko yasendulo empeleni athuthukile njengoba abantu bathobele imithetho ethile futhi kakade kwadingeka umbono walokho phakathi kokuhle nokubi.

Umsebenzi okokuqala Louvre, nge ikhophi esiqondile kungatholakala kwezinye Museum eMoscow.

UMbhoshongo WaseBhabhele

idolobha yaseMesophothamiya - kuyinto nesihloko omunye umsebenzi. Sizogxila yaseBhabhiloni, wangena lapho kukhona izenzakalo ezithakazelisayo kuchazwe ngokuthi iTestamente Elidala.

Okokuqala, tshela indaba ezithakazelisayo we Tower kweBhayibheli Babel ke - umbono we wezesayensi ngalolu daba. Le nganekwane of ukwakha uMbhoshongo WaseBhabhele - indaba ukubukeka ngezilimi ezahlukene Emhlabeni. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala butholakala Encwadi KaGenesise: umcimbi kwenzeka ngemva kweSikhukhula.

Ngalezo zikhathi lasendulo, isintu siye abantu olulodwa, ngakho-ke, bonke abantu abakhuluma ulimi olufana nolwabo. Bathuthela eSifundazweni eningizimu, wafika sifinyelela engezansi iTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe. Banquma wathola idolobha (iBhabhiloni), bese wakha nombhoshongo osiqongo esibhakabhakeni. Umsebenzi kwaba ngawo ugcwaliseka ngokugcwele ngaso sonke ... Kodwa ke uNkulunkulu wangenela kule nqubo. He qamba ngezilimi ezahlukene, ngakho abantu ayisekho baqonde nomunye. Kuyacaca ukuthi maduzane ukwakhiwa basembhoshongweni wayekwa. Siphetfo umlando waba Izindawo zabantu emakhoneni ezahlukene iplanethi yethu.

Yini umphakathi yisayensi ngezingozi ukwakha uMbhoshongo WaseBhabhele? Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi ukwakha uMbhoshongo WaseBhabhele kwaba lamathempeli lasendulo ukuze bagcine izinkanyezi emikhosini yenkolo. izakhiwo ezinjalo ngokuthi ziggurats. Ithempeli eliphakeme (bawo bafinyelela 91 metres) kwaba eBhabhiloni. Igama lakhe linjengezwi "Etemenanki". I kuhunyushwa igama - ". House, lapho izulu iyafana Zomhlaba"

umbuso-Asiriya

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala Asiriya usuku kusukela 24 leminyaka BC. Isimo sekuneminyaka eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili. Futhi lashabalala ngekhulu lesikhombisa BC. UMbuso Wase-Asiriya neyaziwayo njengoba kuqala emlandweni wesintu.

State kumi osenyakatho yeMesophothamiya (e-Iraq yanamuhla). militancy ezahlukene: eziningi emadolobheni anqotshwe futhi wabhubhisa izinduna-Asiriya. Balithatha hhayi kuphela insimu yase-Aramu Naharayimi, kodwa futhi insimu koMbuso Israyeli futhi isiqhingi saseKhupro ngakwesobunxele sogu. Kube ngomzamo niwunqobe nabaseGibhithe lasendulo, kodwa akazange aphumelele - ngemva kweminyaka engu-15, izakhamuzi kulelo zwe ngasibuyisela ukuzimela.

Ngu sabantu ethumba esetshenziswa izinyathelo ngesihluku: Asiriya ziye zaphoqeleka ukuba akhokhe intela nyangazonke.

Amadolobha amakhulu-Asiriya kwakuyilawa:

• Ashur;
• neKala;
• Dur-Sharrukin (Sargona Palace).

isiko Asiriya inkolo

Nalapha futhi, ungakwazi ukulandelela uxhumano ne isiko nesi. Asiriya babekhuluma ngolimi esenyakatho Akkad. Ezikoleni safunda etemibhalo imisebenzi Shumers nabaseBhabhiloni; ezinye izinkambiso zokuziphatha impucuko yasendulo ziye abase-Asiriya. On the izigodlo nezingadi emathempelini abaklami wendawo kuvezwa ingonyama abanesibindi njengoba iwuphawu impumelelo lempi umbuso. izincwadi-Asiriya, futhi, ixhunyiwe nemikhankaso ababusi bendawo: amakhosi njalo wachazwa ngokuthi abantu abanesibindi, ume isibindi, futhi abaphikisi babo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhombisa ngobugwala futhi ngobala (lapha kungenzeka ukuqaphela ukwamukela sobala ze nesimo).

Inkolo eMesophothamiya

Impucuko yaseMesophothamiya yasendulo inikeze ixhunyaniswe wenkolo yendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhamuzi zakhona ngokuqinile bakholelwe konkulunkulu futhi qiniseka ukwenza ezicini ezithile. Ukukhuluma kakhulu ngokuvamile, kuba polytheism (inkolelo ethile kulokhu onkulunkulu abahlukahlukene) kuhlukile yaseMesophothamiya yasendulo. Ukuze uqonde kangcono inkolo yase-Aramu Naharayimi, kudingeka ufunde nendumezulu wendawo. Omunye imisebenzi evelele kunazo kwezincwadi isikhathi - kuyinganekwane ka Gilgamesh. Ukufundwa Ngale yale ncwadi isikisela ukuthi umbono Lokudabuka ezisemkhathini yamaSumer akuyona isisekelo.

Impucuko yaseMesophothamiya yasendulo wasinika ezintathu izinganekwane eziyisisekelo:

• Nesi-Akkad.
• Babel.
• -Asiriya.

Ake sihlole kabanzi ngamunye wabo.

inkolo ngesiSumerian

Lihlanganisa abantu bonke izinkolelo shumeroyazychnogo. Kuhlanganisa inkolo Akkadians. onkulunkulu yaseMesophothamiya united kunemibandela: wonke amadolobha amakhulu kwadingeka onkulunkulu ayo kanye amathempeli abo. Nokho, ukufana kungatholakala.

Sibala onkulunkulu ezibaluleke nesi:

• Kuvele (Anu - Akkad.) - unkulunkulu kwesibhakabhaka, unesibopho isikhala nezinkanyezi. Thina yayilazisa kakhulu yamaSumer asendulo. Kubhekwe umbusi yokwenziwa, okungukuthi, hhayi ukugxambukela ezimpilweni zabantu.
• Enlil - inkosi emoyeni, unkulunkulu okubalulekile Sumerians yesibili. Kuphela, u-Ana ngokungafani kuyinto unkulunkulu asebenzayo. Wayelethwa ohlonishwa njengomholi kumuntu ophathiswe umthwalo wokunakekelwa okuzala, isivuno kanye nokuphila okunokuthula.
• Ishtar (Inanna) - a Goddess ayisihluthulelo inkolo nesi. Ulwazi mayelana kuba ephikisana kakhulu: kulolu hlangothi, nguye kanye umvikeli wenzalo ubudlelwano obuhle phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane, futhi ngakolunye - iqhawe abanolaka. kuphakama nokushintshashintsha enjalo, ngenxa yesibalo esikhulu emithonjeni ehlukene, aqukethe kuyo.
• Uma (version nesi yalo ehlukahlukene yokubiza amagama) noma uShamash (okufana Akkad, okubonisa ukufana ulimi nge isiHeberu ngokuthi "Shemeshi" kusho ilanga).

ezathathwa ezinganekwaneni zabaseBabiloni

Uhlele kabusha imicondvo lemcoka wenkolo yakhe, eyamukelwa Sumerians. Nokho, nge yezinkinga abalulekile.

Inkolo waseBhabhiloni sasisekelwe okholweni yomuntu ukuzisiza yakhe phambi konkulunkulu ababaziwa. Kusobala ukuthi i-amafilosofi enjalo waphumula yokwesaba futhi kuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa phansi ekhuluma ngabantu basendulo. Thanda isakhiwo bakwazi ukwakha abapristi: yenziwa ngendlela ziggurat (okusezingeni eliphezulu amathempeli ngokubabazekayo) manipulations ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise umhlatshelo eziyinkimbinkimbi isiko.

EBhabhiloni onkulunkulu ohlonishwayo zazimi kanje:

• UTamuzi - the ongumvikeli ezolimo, izimila nenzalo. Uxhumano ihlelo efanayo nesi kabusha nabafayo unkulunkulu kwezimila.
• Adad - umxhasi kwezulu nemvula. izingqongqo kakhulu nonkulunkulu okubi.
• UShamash Nesono - abashisekeli izindikimba zasezulwini: ilanga nenyanga.

izinganekwane-Asiriya

Inkolo Asiriya empini okufana kakhulu waseBhabhiloni. Iningi amasiko amasiko legends sebefikile abantu Northern eMesophothamiya libhujiswa abaseBhabhiloni. Kugcine waboleka, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, inkolo yabo kusukela Sumerians.

onkulunkulu Okubalulekile kwakuyilawa:

• Ashur - unkulunkulu oyinhloko. Patron yonke imibuso yase-Asiriya, uye wadala hhayi kuphela zonke ezinye namaqhawe basezinganekwaneni, kodwa futhi yena.
• Ishtar - unkulunkulukazi impi.
• Ramman - unesibopho impumelelo kule izimpi lempi, kuletha inhlanhla kwabase-Asiriya.

EMesophothamiya kubhekwe onkulunkulu namahlelo abantu basendulo babengazi - ngesihloko esithakazelisayo, nigxilile endulo kakhulu. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi abaqambi eyinhloko inkolo babe Sumerians, ogama imibono waboleka ezinye izizwe.

I amagugu ecebile zamasiko nezomlando kwesokunxele kithi abantu basendulo abahlala eMesophothamiya.

Ukuze ukufunda impucuko yaseMesophothamiya yasendulo uyintokozo, ngoba zihlotshaniswa izinganekwane ezithakazelisayo futhi uyafundisa. Futhi zonke ohlobene Sumerians, - konke imfihlakalo enkulu eyodwa, izimpendulo lapho ungazange esatholakele. Kodwa mlando nabavubukuli bayaqhubeka "umbe phansi" kulesi siqondiso. Noma ubani angajoyina kubo futhi ukuhlola lokhu impucuko ezithakazelisayo futhi lwasendulo.