Izinkanyezi White: igama, incazelo, izici

Uma ubuka eduze isibhakabhaka ebusuku, kulula ukuqaphela ukuthi izinkanyezi, abafuna kithi, ezahlukene ngombala. Bluish, mhlophe, zibe bomvu, zingabantu bushelelezi futhi kulokolokoza, sengathi isihlahla sikaKhisimusi lezimbali. Umehluko isibonakude umbala lacaca kakhudlwana. Isizathu okuholela zokwehlukahlukana kwesintu itholakala lokushisa photosphere. Futhi, naphezu nokucabanga okunengqondo, ezishisayo akuzona obomvu, neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okumhlophe nokuluhlaza futhi izinkanyezi ezimhlophe. Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala.

ngezigaba Spectral

Izinkanyezi - omkhulu amabhola akhazimula, ehlanganisa igesi. Ngenjongo yokuthi, njengoba sibabona kusukela Earth, kuncike nemingcele eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkanyezi musa empeleni asabela. Bheka lokhu kulula kakhulu: kwanele ukukhumbula ilanga. kulokolokoza umphumela kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi ukukhanya okuvela zasemkhathini kithi, kuyalinqoba naphakathi interstellar, egcwele uthuli negesi. Enye into - umbala. It is phetho Ukushisa amagobolondo (ikakhulukazi photosphere) okushisa ezithile. Umbala kweqiniso zingabi, kodwa umehluko ngokuvamile encane.

Namuhla, emhlabeni wonke basebenzisa Harvard ngezigaba Spectral zezinkanyezi. Kusekelwe izinga lokushisa futhi ifomu kwemibala eyisihlobo imigqa Spectral. Ikilasi ngalinye oluhambisana kwezinkanyezi umbala ethile. Ukwahlukaniswa kwaba eHarvard Observatory e 1890-1924 GG.

Umuzwa ohlanzekile ukushefa Izinsuku eyiNgisi ezokuhlafunwa njengoba izaqathe

Esiyinhloko Spectral amakilasi eziyisikhombisa: O-B-A-F-G-K-M. Lokhu ukulandelana sikhombisa ukwehla kancane kancane izinga lokushisa (kusuka O M). Ukuze wakhe, kukhona ekhethekile ngekhanda ngekhanda amafomula. NgesiRashiya, omunye wabo ethi: "Umuntu ohlanzekile ukushefa Izinsuku eyiNgisi ezokuhlafunwa njengoba izaqathi." La makilasi wengeze ezimbili. Izincwadi S futhi C ezikhonjiswe ukukhanya ebandayo metal oxides bands e bohlu nge. Cabanga amakilasi lezinkanyezi ngaphezulu:

• On ekilasini has izinga lokushisa emhlabeni eliphakeme (30 kuya ku-60 tysyach Kelvin). Izinkanyezi yalolu hlobo idlula ilanga ngesisindo 60, futhi radially - izikhathi 15. umbala okusobala - blue. Likhanya ngendlela efanayo zingabantu ngaphambi inkanyezi yethu abangaphezu kwesigidi izikhathi. Blue Star HD93129A, okuqondene nalesi sigaba, libhekene omunye exponents esikhulu kunazo zonke luminosity kwezindikimba zasezulwini ezaziwayo. Siwubeke izikhathi Sun 5 million. Blue Star itholakala at ibanga iminyaka 7500 ukukhanya kithi.
• Class B has lokushisa ayizinkulungwane ayi-10-30 UKelvin, mass izikhathi 18 njengengcebo enkulu kunemicebo ipharamitha efanayo ilanga. Lokhu izinkanyezi ezimhlophe futhi okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe. ububanzi wabo obukhulu kunobukaJohane Sun, izikhathi 7.
• Class A izinga lokushisa e 7.5-10 izinkulungwane Kelvin engaba kanye nenqwaba mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 2.1 3.1 izikhathi imingcele ngokulandelana efanayo ilanga. Lokhu izinkanyezi ezimhlophe.
• Class F: lokushisa 6000-7500 K. Massa welanga angaphezu izikhathi 1.7, engaba - 1.3. Emhlabeni, ezifana izinkanyezi avele emhlophe, umbala babo bangempela - aphuzi-white.
• Class G: lokushisa ayizinkulungwane 5-6 Kelvin. Lesi sigaba kuhlanganisa ilanga. Umbala nobumbi yangempela yalezi izinkanyezi - yellow.
• Class K: 3500-5000 K. lokushisa mass engaba ngaphansi solar bakha 0.9 nezikhathi 0.8 esihambelanayo ukukhanya ipharamitha. Kubonakala kusukela umbala phansi lezi zinkanyezi - ophuzi.
• Class M: izinkulungwane 2-3,5 Kelvin lokushisa. Ungqimba kanye engaba - 0.3 kanye 0.4 we efanayo Sun nemingcele. Uma uyikha phezulu le iplanethi yethu, babheka obomvu kanye orange. M ekilasini basonta Beta futhi Alpha Andromedae Chanterelles. Inkanyezi egqamile ebomvu, ijwayelekile eziningi - kuyinto Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis). Kungcono ulifune esibhakabhakeni ebusika. Red Star itholakala ngenhla futhi kancane kwesokunxele ibhande Orion sika.

Ikilasi ngalinye ihlukaniswe subclasses kusukela 0 kuya 9, okungukuthi, kusukela ezishisayo kuya enomoya. izinkanyezi Non zimele okuqondene uhlobo oluthile Spectral futhi degree of amalahle photosphere iqhathaniswa nezinye izinkanyezi eqenjini. Ngokwesibonelo, Sun libhekisela isigaba G2.

ezimhlophe ezibukwayo

Ngakho, inkanyezi amakilasi B ngokusebenzisa F angabukeka ezimhlophe ukusuka eMhlabeni. izinto kuphela ukuthi zihlobene A-hlobo, umbala empeleni. Ngakho, inkanyezi Saif (Orion) kanye Algol (Beta Persei) Ingqapheli, hhayi isibonakude ahlomile kubonakale emhlophe. blue and white - Bathi imibala yabo kweqiniso basonta Spectral ekilasini B.. Futhi avele Mifrak mhlophe futhi Procyon, inkanyezi bhá izibalo yasezulwini Perseus futhi Canis Minor. Nokho, umbala eduze kwabo kweqiniso ukuze ophuzi (F ekilasini).

Kungani izinkanyezi ezimhlophe ukuze ingqapheli emhlabeni? Umbala siphazamisekile ngenxa ibanga elikhulu ehlukanisa iplanethi yethu esuka nezinto ezinjalo, kanye ivolumu igesi nothuli amafu, ngokuvamile ihlangabezane emkhathini.

isigaba A

izinkanyezi White zinezikhathi lokushisa hhayi ngakho okusezingeni eliphezulu njengoba abameleli O ekilasini futhi B. photosphere yabo heats laya ezigidini ezingu-7.5-10 Kelvin. Star ekilasini Spectral inkulu kakhulu kunangendlela ilanga. likhanya ngendlela efanayo labo nokuningi - mayelana 80 izikhathi.

Esikhathini spectra ka izinkanyezi liphinyiselwe hydrogen imigca Balmer chungechunge. Okunye izakhi komugqa mancane kakhulu, kodwa iya ngokubaluleka kakhulu njengoba siqhubekela phambili kusukela A0 subclass ukuze A9. Ukuze Giants futhi supergiants eziphathelene ekilasini Spectral A imigqa kancane kancane evelele isici hydrogen ngaphandle main ukulandelana izinkanyezi. Uma lezi imigqa of okhela phathelana izinsimbi esikufezile esindayo.

Ngu Spectral ekilasini A osebenza eziningi izinkanyezi eyinqaba. Kulesi gama libhekisela ukukhanya unezici kubonakala spectrum, imingcele ngokomzimba, okwenza ukuthi kube nzima ukuze uhlukanise kubo. Ngokwesibonelo, sasivumela ezingavamile uhlobo lambda-Bootes izinkanyezi zinezikhathi ukuntuleka izinsimbi ezisindayo futhi ukujikeleza kancanekancane. Phakathi ukukhanya eyinqaba ingena futhi dwarfs emhlophe.

Class A ungumnikazi izinto ezifana eliqhakazile ebusuku esibhakabhakeni, Sirius, Menkalinan, Aliot, uCastor abanye. Ake jwayelana nabo eduze.

Alpha Canis

Sirius - bhá, nakuba ngaleso sikhathi, inkanyezi esibhakabhakeni. Kude kuso - iminyaka ukukhanya 8.6. Ukuze abe isibukeli eliwumhlaba kubonakala ayakhanya ngoba unamahlangothi umxhwele futhi engakasisusi hhayi kakhulu ngendlela abanye izinto eziningi ezinkulu futhi egqamile. Inkanyezi eliseduze weLanga - kuyinto alpha Centauri. Sirius kulolu hlu ekhona yesihlanu.

It libhekisela umlaza Canis futhi uhlelo izingxenye ezimbili. Sirius Sirius A no B zihlukaniswe ibanga 20 AU kanye ijikelezwe nenkathi Eminyakeni engaphansana nje kwengu-50. Uphiko sokuqala kohlelo - main ukulandelana inkanyezi, kungokwalabo Spectral ekilasini A1. isisindo salo sikhulu ngokuphindwe kabili ilanga, futhi engaba - izikhathi 1.7. It kungabonakala ngeso lenyama ukusuka eMhlabeni.

Eyesibili ingxenye uhlelo - umboniso wezinsiza. Inkanyezi Sirius B cishe elilingana inkanyiso yethu ngesisindo, okuyinto engajwayelekile izinto ezinjalo. Ngokuvamile, dwarfs ezimhlophe zinezikhathi mass 0.6-0.7 welanga. Kulokhu, usayizi Sirius B eduze umhlaba. Kusolwa ukuthi elimhlophe esiteji yemifino kwaqalwa le nkanyezi cishe izigidi ezingu-120 edlule. Lapho Sirius B yayisethafeni ukulandelana main, kungenzeka kwaba isisindo ukukhanya nge 5 futhi iphathwa solar Spectral ekilasini B.

Sirius A, ngokososayensi, kuzoya esigabeni esilandelayo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo abacishe babe yizigidi 660 iminyaka. Wabe iphenduke giant elibomvu, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana - oyisichwe kumhlophe njengoboya umngane walo.

Alfa Eagle

Thanda Sirius, abaningi white izinkanyezi, amagama abalwe ngezansi, ngenxa ukukhanya futhi livamile ukukhuluma ngazo emakhasini yesayensi ujwayelene akusebenzi nje kuphela kubantu ngubani ziyazithanda astronomy. Altair - omunye izinkanyiso. Alfa Eagle kutholakala, isibonelo, Ursuly Le Guin futhi Stivín King. Isibhakabhaka ebusuku, le nkanyezi kuyabonakala ngenxa ukukhanya kanye ukusondela isihlobo. Ibanga phakathi Ilanga Altair, uneminyaka engu ukukhanya 16.8 kude. Yezinkanyezi Spectral uhlobo A is closer kuze us Sirius kuphela.

ngesisindo sezinti Sun Altair idlula izikhathi 1.8. Sici Its sici kuyinto Ukujikeleza fast kakhulu. Omunye revolution emhlabeni ahlangene inkanyezi kwenza emahora langaphasi kulangu-nesishiyagalolunye. ijubane ukujikeleza enkabazwe - 286 km / s. Ngenxa "smart" Altair isicaba-pole. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa ukuma okweqanda kusukela izingongolo nenkabazwe lokushisa lehla futhi ukukhanya izinkanyezi. Lo mphumela ibizwa ngokuthi "amandla adonsela phansi ukuhwalala".

Esinye isici Altair ukuthi ucwebezela ngendlela ekhangayo yayo nge isikhathi ushintsha. It kungokwalabo uhlobo variable Delta Shield.

-alpha Lyrae

Vega - inkanyezi okucwaningwa ngawo kakhulu ngemva kokushona kwelanga. Alpha Lyra - inkanyezi yokuqala, okuyinto eye wabeka ibanga. Waba yesibili ngemva Sun inkanyezi, afanekiselwa esithombeni. Vega wangena omunye izinkanyezi ngowokuqala lapho kulinganiswa ibanga by parlaksa. Phakathi nenkathi ende yeminyaka ukukhanya ukukhanya athathwe njengoba 0 sokunquma sobukhulu yezinye izinto.

Ajwayelekile Alpha Lyrae nesezinkanyezi amateur, futhi abe isibukeli. Kuyinto owesihlanu bhá phakathi kwezinkanyezi, engena Summer Triangle asterism nge Altair futhi Deneb.

Ibanga eLangeni ukuze Vega - 25,3 laya light-years. engaba layo enkabazwe kanye mass elikhulu nemingcele ezifanayo inkanyiso yethu 2,78 nezikhathi 2.3, ngokulandelana. umumo Star ikude kube nezwe eliphelele. I ububanzi enkabazwe inkulu kakhulu kunangendlela-pole. Isizathu - ngesivinini omkhulu. Enkabazwe, ifinyelela 274 km / s (for the Sun, lokhu kukhetha kancane kuka amakhilomitha amabili ngomzuzwana).

Omunye izici Vega - ezizungezile yayo disk ezinothuli. Kucatshangwa ukuthi kuba umphumela inqwaba ukushayisana lezinkanyezi ezinomsila kanye emkhathini. Uthuli disk ijikeleza emhlabeni inkanyezi, futhi ukufuthelana ngu isenzo yokukhishwa kwemisebe. Ngenxa yalokho, it kwandisa umfutho amaza okushisa kaVega. Hhayi kudala eziye zatholakala e-asymmetry we disc. I kungenzeka incazelo ngabo - khona izinkanyezi e iplanethi okungenani oyedwa.

-alpha Twins

Okwesibili into bhá e umlaza Gemini - Castor kuyinto. Wabuye, efana izibani langaphambilini, libhekisela Spectral ekilasini A. Castor - omunye izinkanyezi ezikhanya esibhakabhakeni ebusuku. Ohlwini okuhambisanayo, itholakala endaweni 23.

Castor uhlelo amaningi akhiwa izingxenye eziyisithupha. Amabili isici esiyisisekelo (Castor Castor A no B) kuthiwa uzungeza isikhungo ezivamile mass nge nenkathi eyiminyaka engu-350. Ngamunye izinkanyezi ezimbili kuyinto kanambambili spectroscopic. Izingxenye Castor A no-Castor e esikhanyayo kancane futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi yibona okufanele ekilasini Spectral M.

Nge-Castor ke akazange asheshe elihlobene ne ohlelweni. Ekuqaleni, kwathiwa eyabizwa ngokuthi liyinkanyezi ezimele YY Gemini. Ngo inqubo yocwaningo kulo mkhakha liye laziwa esibhakabhakeni, it is ngokomzimba elihlobene ne inkanyezi Castor uhlelo. Inkanyezi is uzungeza isikhungo ezivamile uyaca ukuze zonke izingxenye nenkathi eziningana amashumi ezinkulungwane eminyaka kanti futhi kanambambili spectroscopic.

beta Aurigae

WaseZulwini Auriga sibalo sihlanganisa "amaphuzu" mayelana 150, abaningi babo - kungcono izinkanyezi ezimhlophe. Amagama izinkanyezi kancane athi indoda zikude ukufunda izinkanyezi, kodwa lokho akusho inciphe ukubaluleka kwabo isayensi. Into bhá figure yasezulwini noma oluphathelene naye lowo Spectral ekilasini A, kuyinto Menkalinan noma i-Beta Aurigae. igama Star ngesi-Arabhu elisho ukuthi "umnikazi we ihlombe izinso."

Menkalinan - uhlelo kathathu. izingxenye zalo ezimbili - subgiants ekilasini Spectral A. ukukhanya ngamunye wabo idlula ipharamitha afanayo izikhathi Sun 48. Basuke ahlukaniswe ibanga 0.08 iyunithi yezinkanyezi. Esesithathu ingxenye - oyisichwe obomvu elikhishwe pair of 330 a. e.

Epsilon Ursae

Bhá "ichashazi" e mhlawumbe edume kakhulu zenyakatho isibhakabhaka umlaza (i-Ursa Major) - ke Aliot, futhi okuqondene A. ekilasini Inani sobala - 1,76. Ohlwini bhá ezinhlwini kwezinkanyezi 33rd. Aliot liyingxenye asterism Big Dipper nezinye izinkanyiso eliseduze isitsha.

Alioto spectrum libhekene imigqa engavamile, ushukunyiswa esiyizinsuku ezingu 5.1 ka. Kusolwa ukuthi izici ezihambisana nethonya amandla kazibuthe inkanyezi. Iyehla iyenyuka bohlu, ngokuvumelana idatha yakamuva, kungenzeka ngenxa yelungiselelo esekuficile umzimba yangaphandle ngongqimba-15 wt Jupiter. Ngakho noma ngabe namanje akwaziwa ukuthi waphelelaphi. Wakhe, kanye nezinye izimfihlo izinkanyezi, izazi zezinkanyezi uzame ukuqonda nsuku zonke.

dwarfs mhlophe

Indaba mayelana izinkanyezi ezimhlophe kuyoba akuphelele Ukhulumé esiteji kwemvelo izinkanyezi, okubhekiselwa kulo ngokuthi "inqola umboniso wezinsiza." Igama layo izinto ezifana kwaba ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi u-Andrisi wafumana wabo ingeyamakhosi Spectral ekilasini A. Kwaba Sirius B no-40 Eridani B. Kuze kube manje, i-umboniso wezinsiza ibizwa ngokuthi okufana esigabeni sokugcina ukuphila inkanyezi.

Ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe ngaphezulu ngibone umjikelezo wokuphila kwe-luminaries.

kwemvelo Stellar

Ngobusuku obubodwa, izinkanyezi Asizalwa: somunye wabo sidlula izigaba eziningana. Okokuqala, ifu Igesi nothuli siqala ukufinyela ngaphansi ayo amandla elanga adonsela phansi. Kancane kancane ke ozuza umumo eyindilinga, amandla adonsela phansi iguqulwe ibe ukushisa - inyuka lokushisa into. Ngaleso sikhathi, uma sifinyelela ukubaluleka kwezigidi ezingu-20 UKelvin, Fusion zenuzi ukuphendula iqala. Lesi sigaba kubhekwa ekuqaleni ukuphila inkanyezi agcwele.

Esikhathini esiningi ukukhanya oku ukulandelana main. Ngo ekujuleni zabo kukhona ukusabela njalo lomjikelezo hydrogen. Temperature inkanyezi ngaleyo ndlela ziyahlukahluka. Lapho bonke nucleus hydrogen uphela, iqala isigaba esisha yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Manje fuel iba helium. Kulokhu, inkanyezi uqala ukwandisa. likhanya ngendlela efanayo ukwanda, futhi izinga lokushisa kwamanzi, kunalokho, incipha. Inkanyezi siyeza off ukulandelana main futhi iba giant ebomvu.

helium core mass kancane kancane kwandisa, futhi siqala ukufinyela ngaphansi isisindo ayo. I-red giant esiteji uphela isheshe kwalowo odlule. Indlela eliphuma kwemvelo phambili incike mass kokuqala into. Low-mass izinkanyezi ezibomvu giant esiteji ziqala ukuba sikhukhumale. Le nqubo kusetha kabusha into igobolondo. Kwakheka esigaxeni kwamaplanethi kanye nengaphakathi nqunu lale nkanyezi. Laba abayingxenye ebalulekile igcwaliswe zonke ukusabela zamagama. Ubizwa ngokuthi i-yemifino helium emhlophe. Okuningi imidondoshiya omkhulu obomvu (kufika ku umkhawulo othile) nokuguquguquka carbon dwarfs emhlophe. Lezi nuclei kukhona izakhi abakhona ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho helium.

izici

dwarfs White - isisindo somzimba, njengoba umthetho, esondelene kakhulu ilanga. Nokho, ubungako bawo oluhambisana umhlaba. I kwabantu okukhulu kwalezi cosmic futhi indawo yabo yembathani izinqubo kukhona ofuna ukuphumela obala kusukela umbono physics classical. Izimfihlo izinkanyezi wasiza wambule quantum Mechanics.

dwarfs White izidakamizwa kuyinto plasma-electron-izikhali zenuzi. Yakha ngisho ezimweni zaselebhu cishe kungenakwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, eziningi izici izikhungo ezinjengalezi ahlale akucacile.

Ngisho noma ukufunda zonke izinkanyezi ebusuku, ukuthola okungenani oyedwa umboniso wezinsiza ngeke isebenze ngaphandle imishini ekhethekile. likhanya ngendlela efanayo wabo ngokuphawulekayo esingaphansi welanga. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi dwarfs emhlophe cishe 3 kuya ku-10% azo zonke izinto e Galaxy yethu. Nokho, kuze kube manje, labo kuphela olutholakele akhiwe ubhekisise ibanga 200-300 parsecs ukusuka eMhlabeni.

dwarfs White ziyaqhubeka ziphenduke. Ngokushesha ngemva imfundo banayo lokushisa eliphezulu ebusweni, kodwa ngokushesha selehlile. Ngemva ambalwa achitha izinkulungwane zezigidi zeminyaka imfundo, ngokuvumelana ithiyori, a umboniso wezinsiza uguqulwe ube yemifino omnyama - bungakhiphi umzimba ebonakalayo ukukhanya.

White, inkanyezi obomvu noma oluhlaza umuntu obuka kuhluke ngokuyinhloko ngombala. Isazi sezinkanyezi ubheka ekujuleni. Umbala ngaye once more liyakhuluma ngokuphela lokushisa, ubukhulu nesisindo into. Blue noma ukukhanya inkanyezi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka - umdondoshiya elikhazimulayo ibhola ezicini zonke kahle ngaphambi kwelanga. izibani White, izibonelo zalo ezingenakususwa echazwe esihlokweni abanye okuyingcosana. Non-izinkanyezi izinhlu ezahlukene nokunye ukutshela ochwepheshe, kodwa hhayi wonke. A semali ulwazi mayelana nokuphila ezikude izinto cosmic, noma angakawamukeli incazelo, noma ngisho itholiwe.