Izinhlobo izimpande kanye nezimpande izinhlelo. Amafomu kanye nezinhlobo izimpande

Umsuka - izitshalo komhlaba isici Axial, okuyinto ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu kubo, imizimba yabo eyinhloko vegetative. Ngenxa impande isitshalo fixed enhlabathini futhi lugcinwa khona ngesikhathi sonke umjikelezo wokuphila, kanye bephethe amanzi, kanye nezakhi amaminerali ezikuyo. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nezinhlobo izimpande. Ngamunye wabo has izici zayo siqu ehlukile. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola izimpande izinhlobo ezikhona, izinhlobo impande izinhlelo. Futhi, sithola ithuba lokwazana izici zabo.

Yiziphi izinhlobo izimpande?

impande Standard libhekene ifomu filamentous noma uzkotsilindricheskoy. Ngo izitshalo eziningi, ngaphezu eyinhloko (main) izimpande, asethuthukile nazo ezinye izinhlobo izimpande - ezilingene adventitious. Ake sicabangele lokho abayikho.

impande main

Lokhu umzimba isitshalo eba kusukela embryonic impande imbewu. Impande main ihlale ifana (ezinye izinhlobo isitshalo izimpande ngokuvamile ekhona chile plural). Wasindisa simila ukuphila kwayo umjikelezo.

Ukuze impande libhekene geotropism ofanele, okungukuthi ngenxa adonsela phansi eMhlabeni, uhamba ezijulile substrate thwi phansi.

izimpande adventitious

izimpande Adventitious ngokuthi nezitshalo ngokunganaki, okuyinto akhiwa ezinye izitho zabo. Lemigwamanda kungenzeka, amaqabunga, amahlumela, nokunye. Ngokwesibonelo, e okusanhlamvu kunezindatshana okuthiwa izimpande eyinhloko adventitious ukuthi esukela emuva le Isiqu umbungu imbewu. Batfutfukisa ngokuhamba ukuhluma kwezinhlobo imbewu kakhulu kanyekanye ne impande main.

Futhi, kukhona eluhlaza izimpande adventitious zinhlobo (okubangelwa ukhula lwenkohlakalo egcwele amahlamvu), noma stem ISIZINDA (ikhiqizwa rhizomes, aboveground noma ngaphansi komhlaba stem ISIZINDA) nokunye. On ISIZINDA aphansi akhiwa nezimpande eziqinile, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama air (noma inkomba).

Ukuvela izimpande adventitious kubangela umthamo isitshalo zokugaya vegetative.

izimpande lateral

Ngokuthi izimpande lateral, okuzovela njengoba igatsha side. Zingase zimiswe kokubili main futhi izimpande yesibili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kungenzeka branched, futhi kusukela ohlangothini, okuholela kwetinhlavu izimpande lateral oda ephakeme (sokuqala, sesibili nesesithathu).

Elikhulu emizimbeni ohlangothini zinezikhathi a geotropism transverse, isb ukukhula kwabo kwenzeka kakhulu ovundlile noma engela ebusweni inhlabathi.

Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi uhlelo impande?

Uhlelo impande ibizwa ngokuthi zonke izinhlobo kanye nezinhlobo izimpande, etholakala isitshalo esisodwa (okungukuthi, inhlanganisela yabo). Kuye ratio ekukhuleni izimpande main, ezilingene adventitious kunqunywa uhlobo yayo kanye nemvelo.

Izinhlobo impande izinhlelo

Kukhona umehluko kubalulekile endzaweni futhi fibrous uhlelo impande.

Uma impande main athuthukiswe kahle kakhulu futhi obonakalayo phakathi izimpande kwezinhlobo, okusho ukuthi isitshalo kuyinto uhlelo core. Kuyinto esivela ikakhulu dicots.

Uhlelo impande lolu hlobo zinezikhathi a ukuhluma ezijulile emhlabathini. Ngokwesibonelo, izimpande zezinye amakhambi akwazi ukungena kumuntu ka 10-12 amamitha (nihlwanyele somkhaya, alfalfa) ukujula. I sokungena lomuthi izimpande kwezinye izimo ukujula bengase bazikhandlele 20 m.

Uma Nokho, wazwakalisa izimpande enkulu adventitious ukuthi ukuthuthukisa ngamanani amakhulu, kanye main libhekene ukukhula kancane, kwamiswa uhlelo impande, okuthiwa fibrous.

uhlelo enjalo ebonakala, njengoba umthetho, monocots futhi abanye herbaceous. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izimpande fibrous kohlelo akusho ukungena ngokujulile njengoba kule umongo, zingabantu entwine inhlabathi izinhlayiya kangcono nalokho eduze. ryhlokustovye futhi esigaxeni Abaningi utshani ukwakha fibrillose amanani ezinkulu izimpande emihle, ngokuvamile esetshenziselwa nokubopha gullies inhlabathi emithambekeni nokunye. Phakathi kakhulu utshani zaderniteley zihlanganisa quack utshani, brome, fescue, Kentucky bluegrass nabanye.

izimpande soguquko lwegciwane singalawuleka

Ngaphandle ejwayelekile echazwe ngenhla, zikhona ezinye izinhlobo izimpande kanye nezimpande izinhlelo. Basuke elibizwa ukushintshwa.

Stocking up izimpande

Ukuze Thenga kakhulu zihlanganisa izimpande futhi korneklubni.

Impande impande bead core ngokuqondene sebethule yawo izakhamzimba. Omunye owaba nengxenye ekwakhekeni ingxenye impande kwezitshalo engezansi stem. Ehlanganisa ikakhulukazi Stocking nezicubu ecashile. Izibonelo impande izitshalo zingakhiqiza parsley, radishes, izaqathe, beet, nabanye.

Uma uqweqwe ukuze isitokwe izimpande izimpande ezilingene adventitious, bebizwa impande nezilimo eziyizigaxa (Izigaxa). Zasungula amazambane, ubhatata, dahlia, njll

izimpande zasemoyeni

Lokhu izimpande lateral, okhulele ephakeme ingxenye. Kunezindlela eziningana izitshalo ezishisayo. Bona amunce amanzi abese-oksijini evela emoyeni. Kube kufanele izitshalo tropical ezikhulayo izimo yokuntula namaminerali.

izimpande zokuphefumula

Lolu hlobo ohlangothini izimpande ezikhula phezulu, ngivuka ngaphezu kobuso substrate, lamanzi. Lezi zinhlobo izimpande akhiwa zimbali ezikhula enhlabathini olumanzi kakhulu, izimo izimbuku. Ngalezi izimpande yezimila ephuma emoyeni ngenxa ukuntula umoya-mpilo.

Ukusekelwa (ipulangwe-eNqutshini) izimpande

Lezi zinhlobo nezimpande zezihlahla ejwayelekile izinhlobo ezinkulu (beech, Elm, Poplar, ezishisayo m. P.) Ingabe protuberances mpo esingunxantathu kwakheka izimpande ezilingene esukela ebusweni inhlabathi noma ngenhla ke. Babuye ngokuthi ipulangwe-eNqutshini, njengoba ziyafana amabhodi ukuthi walunguza ngokumelene esihlahleni.

Roots-sucker (haustoria)

Kubonakala izitshalo yisinanakazana, abangakwazi photosynthesize. Umsoco ezidingekile ukusebenza evamile, basuke ezivezwa elikhulayo stem noma impande ezinye izitshalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo babe ayaqalwa kanye phloem futhi xylem. Plant izinambuzane izibonelo dodder, broomrape, Rafflesia.

Haustorium-semiparasites izitshalo kokuba amakhono photosynthesis, ezimila kuphela xylem, ukuthatha lesi sitshalo aphethe kuphela amaminerali (willow-kakolweni, Mistletoe, njll).

Izimpande izingwegwe

Lolu hlobo izimpande ezengeziwe adventitious ukuthi ukuthuthukisa ku isiqu sama ukugibela izitshalo. Ngosizo lwabo izitshalo unekhono unamathisele futhi asekele ukwanda ezithile (umzila) phezulu. Lezi izimpande ayatholakala, isibonelo, olukhuni ficus, ivy kanye m. P.

Retractable (contractile) izimpande

Isici zalesi sihlahla, umsuka okuyinto ngqo kwehliswa isiqondiso longitudinal base. Izibonelo izitshalo ama. izimpande retractable Roots kanye ama ukunikeza imbobo phansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwabo kubange Ukuthokomala kufanelekile enethiwekhi (isib dandelion) phansi isikhundla mpo i komhlaba esigaxeni kanye impande esiphikeni.

Mycorrhiza (gribokoren)

Ngokuthi Symbiosis mycorrhizal (letihlomulisa co-khona) izimpande zezitshalo ephakeme nge hyphae fungal, okuyinto entwine kubo, enza umsebenzi impande izinwele. Amakhowe ukunikeza izitshalo ngamanzi kanye nezakhi yahlakazeka kuwo. Izimila zona, nika isikhunta ezidingekayo ukuze baphile izinto eziphilayo.

izimpande Mycorrhizae esivela eziningi izitshalo ephakeme, ikakhulukazi bok.

Izigaxana webhaktheriya

Lokhu Ushintshe izimpande lateral, okuyinto ingashintshwa ukuze zihlale iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana nitrogen amagciwane. Nodulation kungenxa Ukungena amagciwane i-nitrogen ibe izimpande abasha. Lokhu kuvumela uhlelo kuhlalisana Okusizayo izitshalo akhiqiza nitrogen kuwo amagciwane zidluliselwa kusukela emoyeni ngendlela etholakalayo kubo. Kamuva amagciwane futhi inikeza engokwemvelo ekhethekile lapho bangakwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle ukuncintisana namanye izinhlobo zama-bacterium. Ngaphezu kwalokho, basebenzisa izinto ekhona izimpande kwezimila.

Libhekene Izigaxana webhaktheriya ngoba imidumba ngokuvamile esetshenziselwa ukwenza njengoba ameliorants rotations ukuze avundisa umhlabathi nge nitrogen. The best izitshalo i-nitrogen ezibhekwa nge kampompi imidumba utshani, njenge-alfalfa blue and yellow, clover pink, obomvu kanye clover esimhlophe, sainfoin, Lotus corniculatus nabanye.

Ngaphandle yokuguqukela kwesinye isimo ngenhla, zikhona ezinye izinhlobo izimpande, struts impande-like (isandla ekuqiniseni stem), izimpande enokuziphakamisa (isize izitshalo ungehleli odakeni) kanye amaswidi (adventitious efihlekile futhi ahlinzeke esiphelweni vegetative).