Yiziphi izici eziyinhloko iyona uqweqwe? Kuyini e ungqimba lomhlaba?

Ngaphambi sikhuluma ngalokho ungaphakathi ungqimba lomhlaba, singakhumbula ukuthi mhlawumbe siyingxenye ye yonke imbulunga. Kucatshangwa - ngoba umuntu oye azikakwazi ezikwazi ukuhlaba zingene shí lokhu uqweqwe maphakathi umhlaba. Ngisho lonke ukushuba cortex namanje ubengase "thatha ngesikhathi".

Ososayensi basikisela imicabango ngesisekelo imithetho physics, i-chemistry nezinye izinhlobo zesayensi, futhi ngokuhambisana nale idatha, siba nombono isakhiwo le planethi, kanye ukuthi izakhi ezinye enkulu uqweqwe. Isimo sendawo 6-7 amakilasi inikeza abafundi zalezi zinkolelo-mbono impumuzo nezingqondo beya efomini.

Ngenxa Ingxenye ongaphakeme idatha futhi eminingi kwemithetho ezahlukene ngendlela efanayo ukwakha model of the isimiso sonozungezilanga amaplanethi, ngisho nezinkanyezi ikude nathi. UPetru uqhubeka athini kulokhu? Ikakhulu ukuthi une ilungelo eliphelele kukho konke lokhu ukungabaza.

Izendlalelo Umhlaba iplanethi

Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi ungqimba lomhlaba yakhiwa izingqimba, lonke izwe futhi siqukethe izingqimba ezintathu. A inhlobo Puff wobuciko Culinary. Eyokuqala wabo - nengaphakathi; kuwo kukhona ingxenye kanzima futhi ketshezi ingxenye. Kuyinto ukuhamba ketshezi nucleus, mhlawumbe kudala Amandla kazibuthe omhlaba. Kukhona zharkovato - izinga lokushisa ifinyelela amagugu afika ku 5000 degrees Celsius.

Eyesibili ungqimba umhlaba yilona nesiphuku. It uxhuma umnyombo futhi koqweqwe. Isiphuku futhi inezendlalelo eziningana, okungukuthi ezintathu, futhi phezulu ezakhelene ungqimba lomhlaba, i-magma kuyinto. It has sihlobene ngokuqondile umbuzo lokho izakhi enkulu uqweqwe, kusukela ngombandela kungenxa ke "iflothi" izakhi ngobukhulu. Mayelana ukhona angakhuluma ucishe izinga eliphakeme okungenzeka, kusukela mlilo lokho evutha izidakamizwa ashisayo kuziwa kwamanzi, wabhubhisa bonke yezitshalo nezilwane, esemgwaqweni emithambekeni intaba-mlilo.

Futhi, ekugcineni, ungqimba okwesithathu komhlaba - lena uqweqwe: ungqimba kanzima ngayo le planethi, engaphandle ye "izibilini" ashisayo Zomhlaba lapho Sasivame ukuhamba, ukuhamba futhi bahlala jikelele. I ukushuba ungqimba lomhlaba, uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye ezimbili zamatshe umhlaba, azinakwa, kodwa nokho lingachazwa, kusukela lapho izakhi eziyinhloko i ungqimba lomhlaba, kanye ukuqonda ngezithako zawo.

Yikuphi zogqinsi nobuntu uqweqwe eMhlabeni. izakhi zayo chemical main

I uqweqwe futhi siqukethe izingqimba - kukhona basalt, egwadle futhi sedimentary. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi 47% Kuthatha oksijini Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali uqweqwe eMhlabeni.

Ingqikithi etholakala okokuqala, okuyinto gas ingena ukuxhumana nezinye izakhi futhi ukhiqiza uqweqwe okuqinile. izakhi Okunye kulokhu - kuyinto Silicon, aluminium, yensimbi ne-calcium, ezinye izakhi ekhona izingxenye ezincane.

I division zibe izingxenye ukujiya ezithe ukuhluka ezindaweni

Kuye kuthiwe ukuthi uqweqwe kuba ohlabayo okuningi kuka isiphuku aphansi kanye core. Uma uza umbuzo ukuthi izakhi eziyinhloko i ungqimba lomhlaba, kuba ukujiya isihlobo, kungenzeka ukuba ulwahlukanise ku wasolwandle kanye nasemazweni. Lezi zingxenye ezimbili bahluke kakhulu endleleni abadalwe ukujiya, nolwandle imayelana ezintathu izikhathi kanye nezindawo, kanye izikhathi eziyishumi (uma sikhuluma isilinganiso) is ohlabayo kuka-mpumalanga yezwe.

Yini enye engingabuye ezahlukene phakathi uqweqwe yezwekazi futhi wasolwandle Zomhlaba

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo ezweni nasolwandle ziyehluka izingqimba. emithonjeni ehlukene ukhombise idatha ezahlukene, sethula enye indlela. Ngakho, ngokuvumelana nalezi idatha, uqweqwe yezwekazi siqukethe izingqimba ezintathu, phakathi lapho kukhona ungqimba basalt, egwadle ungqimba futhi ungqimba inzika. uqweqwe Plain emhlabeni leli zwekazi ifinyelela 30-50 km aminyene ezintabeni, lezi zibalo zingase nivukele 70-80 amakhilomitha. Ngokwalo mthombo ofanayo, uqweqwe wasolwandle siqukethe izingqimba ezimbili. ibhola Granite uwela, kusale kuphela yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi inzika-basalt. I ukushuba we uqweqwe endaweni ocean kusuka amakhilomitha angaba ngu-5 kuya ku-15.

Lula futhi kuba khona isilinganiso sabangu idatha njengesisekelo yokufunda

Lena incazelo ezivamile futhi lula, ngoba ososayensi njalo sisebenzela cwaningo izici zezwe, futhi idatha yamuva zibonisa ukuthi koqweqwe ezindaweni ezahlukene has a isakhiwo okuningi kuyinkimbinkimbi evamile scheme esezingeni ungqimba lomhlaba, sifundela esikoleni. Nazi izindawo eziningi koqweqwe Continental, isibonelo, kukhona elinye ungqimba - diorite.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lezi izingqimba akuzona bushelelezi kahle, njengoba schematically kusenzo atlases eklanywe njengomumo womhlaba noma eminye imithombo. ugqinsi ngalunye lungashintshelwa elalibambeke kwesinye, noma zixutshwe abanye esigabeni. Imodeli ekahle emhlabeni circuit kungaba ngokomthetho, ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo, owawuthi kukhona izintaba-mlilo: lapho, ngaphansi kuqweqwe, into njalo motion futhi izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu.

Konke lokhu ungathola ukuthi ukuphila kwabo sciences yokwakheka komhlaba kanye Geophysics. Ungazama ukulandela intuthuko yesayensi ezincwadini zesayensi kanye izihloko. Kodwa ngaphandle wemithwalo ulwazi oluthile kungaba umsebenzi onzima kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho kukhona isisekelo ethile, lokuyintfo lefundziswa ezikoleni ngaphandle incazelo, ukuthi lesi kuphela isibonelo okuyisibonelo.

Cishe uqweqwe liqukethe "zingcezu"

Ososayensi baye umbono wafakwa phambili ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ungqimba lomhlaba akuyona Monolithic. Ngenxa yalokho, singafunda ezinye izakhi ezinkulu ungqimba lomhlaba okuvumelana nala theory. Kusolwa ukuthi lithosphere - amapuleti eziyisikhombisa ezinkulu eziningana ezincane ukuthi ukuntanta kobuso magma kancane. Lezi izimo ukudala uhlobo inhlekelele imihlola ezenzeka ezweni lethu ngamandla ezindaweni ezithile. Kunezindawo phakathi amapuleti lithospheric, ezibizwa ngokuthi "indawo zokuzamazama komhlaba". Kuyinto kule mikhakha eliphakeme ukungahlaliseki, uma mina bangase basho kanjalo. Ukuzamazama komhlaba kanye nemiphumela umphumela lokhu - omunye izimpawu ezicacile ebonisa ukuthi ukuhamba amapuleti lithospheric.

Effect ukufuduka amapuleti lithospheric kwi ukwakheka impumuzo

Lokho, kwanoma iyiphi izakhi enkulu uqweqwe, yiziphi izingxenye ezinyakazayo kukhona uzinze futhi ube mobile ngaphezulu kulo lonke kokudalwa komhlaba impumuzo ithonya imfundo yakhe. Lithosphere isakhiwo kanye izici umbuso zokuzamazama komhlaba ukusabalalisa yonke lithosphere Square okusimeme kanye amabhande ephathekayo. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka zinezikhathi izindiza flat ngaphandle izigodi omkhulu, amagquma kanye ukuhluka efanayo wokukhululeka. Zibizwa ngokuthi emathafeni abyssal. Ngomqondo onabile, lena impendulo yombuzo othi lokho izici ezinkulu ungqimba lomhlaba yilokhu izinto zomdabu esimeme kwakhiwa. uqweqwe eMhlabeni amapuleti lithospheric umsuka zonke amazwekazi. Imingcele yalezi slabs ibhekwe kalula nge esishintshashintshayo kumiswa ezintabeni, kanye degree of amandla okuzamazama komhlaba. Izindawo ezimatasa ezweni lethu lapho kukhona emaphaketheni lokuzamazama komhlaba nezintaba-mlilo eziningi ezisebenzayo, Japan indawo, i-Indonesia Islands, Aleutian esijwayelekile Islands, i-South American Pacific ogwini.

Amazwekazi ezingaphezu kuka sasivame ukucabanga?

Okungukuthi, impela nje, yini e ungqimba lomhlaba, ngakho kuba izingcezu lithosphere, okuyizinto wathutha ucishe yi magma. Futhi njalo imingcele lezi "izingcezu" luqondane imingcele amazwekazi. Ngokomthetho, yibona ngokuvamile ungalokothi okufanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sasivame ukuzwa ku-akhawunti izilwandle cishe 70% kwamanzi, ezwekazini ingxenye -% 30 kuphela. Ayisebenzi, kunjalo, kodwa yilokho ezihlekisayo - ngokuya nokwakheka emazwekazini cishe 40%. Abantu abangamaphesenti ayishumi koqweqwe yezwekazi imbozwe amanzi olwandle futhi ulwandle.