Amakilasi aphansi eRussia: umqondo, isimo somthetho. Yimaphi amaqembu ayeyingxenye yentela?

Izifunda eziphansi, ezikhokha intela (ukuhambisa) kuhulumeni. Ezweni lakithi, ukungalingani kwezomthetho kwaqhubeka kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX. Ezinye izintela ezikhokhelwayo, abanye bakhululwa kubo. Mayelana nokuthi yiziphi amaqembu abantu abafakwe ezigabeni zentela, lesi sihloko sizoxoxwa ngaso.

Umqondo we

I-Estate yiqembu labantu abanobuhlobo babo obuhlukile esimweni esingokomthetho. Njengomthetho, kufakwe emthethweni. Izakhiwo zitholakala kuphela emazweni ase-precapitalist. Umehluko wezindawo ezivela emakilasini ukuthi yisimo esingokomthetho esizuzwe njengefa. Umuntu akakwazi ukuhamba ukusuka komunye kuya komunye. Uhulumeni ulandela ngokucacile lokhu ngokusebenzisa imigomo esemthethweni, ngoba ekugcinweni kwesimo sezomthetho uzizwa uphephile. Yingakho uhlelo lwefa lutholakala kuphela ebukhosini obumele indawo yokuhlala emazweni ase-feudal, futhi luyabhidliza lapho ubuholi be-capitalism buqala.

I-monarch (emperor, tsar, sultan, njll) imise enhloko yombuso kuphela ngoba ivela emndenini ohloniphekile. Izimfanelo zakhe namakhono akhe azixhomeki kunoma yini. Ngakho-ke, ukuguqulwa kusuka ekilasini elilodwa kuya kwesinye kwakulokhu kubonwe kabi kakhulu: wonke umuntu wabona lokhu njengosongo ohlelweni olukhona. Abaqashi bazama ukugcina indawo yayo yonke indawo nangaso sonke isikhathi. Ukuguqulwa kusuka ohlelweni lweklasini kuya ohlelweni lweklasi kwakuhlale kuhambisana nokuqhuma komphakathi, izimpi zombango, ukuguqulwa.

Izinhlobo zomhlaba waseRussia

Ubuqotho bombuso waseRussia kanye negunya lamandla angaphansi kwamandla ahloniphekile kuxhomeke ekulondolozeni uhlelo lwezindlu. Ngokuvamile, zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amakhulu amabili: amakilasi akhokhelwa intela namalungelo. Owokuqala wayebizwa ngokuthi "omnyama", owesibili - "omhlophe". Isibonelo, "ukuhlala okumhlophe" yilapho kukhishwa khona intela; "Abalimi abamnyama" -abadlali abakhokha intela, njalonjalo.

Ukuguqulwa kukaPeter Omkhulu

Umqondo kanye "wezindawo ezikhokhiswayo" kubonakala ngaphansi kukaPeter Omkhulu. Ngaphambi kwalokho, wonke umuntu okwadingeka akhokhe intela abizwa ngokuthi "intela". UPeter the First ngokokuqala ngqa wasebenzisa uhlelo lwentela eRussia, olukhona namuhla: wafaka intela ngayinye. Ngaphambi kwakhe, akekho owayekopisha abantu. Abakwa-Elites babengazi ukuthi bangaki abantu abasesifundazweni. Intela yayibekwe endaweni yokuhlala, idolobhaneni, idolobhana, njll. Uhlelo olunjalo lwaluhluleka kakhulu futhi lungalungile. UPitrosi wafanisa namalungelo ngaphakathi kweendawo zakhe. Manje wonke umuntu kwakudingeka akhokhe imali efanayo, okuzobekwa uhulumeni.

Ngaphambi kokuba kulungiswe izinguquko, ukuhlolwa kwamabhuku kwenziwa - ukubalwa kwabantu. Imibhalo enezinhlu zabizwa ngokuthi "izingxoxo zokuhlola". Igama elithi "inganekwane" lingcono kakhulu kule dokhumenti, ngoba kwakungenakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kolwazi. Ngendlela, esikhathini sethu, emva kokubala kwabantu, kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze "Pokémon", "Teletubbies", "Jedi" nezinye izizwe ezingekho ezibalweni.

Amakilasi aphansi aseRussia

Iklasi lonke lazakhamuzi zasezindaweni zasemaphandleni, umbusi wezimbungulu ezincane, abasebenzi bezitolo babeyizigaba zokukhokha intela. Bangase babhekiselwe kubantu abalahlekelwe ukuhlolwa kwamabhuku futhi bangangeni "kuhlaziywa kabusha", kanye nababaleki. Futhi izintela zazilinganiselwe:

• Ama-Foundings;
• Abantu abangakhohlwa ukuhlobana kwabo;
• Izingane ezingekho emthethweni, naphezu kwesimo somthetho somama.

Ngayinye yalezi zindawo zahlukaniswa ngezigaba namaqembu. Isibonelo, ngaphansi kukaPetru Abadayisi bokuqala baqala ukuhlukanisa emabandleni. Owokuqala waba "abathengisi abahloniphekile abanesitokisi esikhulu", kanye nabasokhemisti, odokotela, odokotela. Abakwazanga ukuhlukaniswa ekilasini elihlukile kusukela ekilasini lesikhamuzi, ngoba isimo sezomthetho senziwa ngokuzalwa, hhayi ngomsebenzi. Inhlangano yesibili yabathengisi yayihlanganisa abadwebi abancane, abadayisi abancane, kanye "nabo bonke abantu abathintekayo abaqashayo, emisebenzini emnyama nokunye." Abahwebi abazange bakhokhe ukuthungathwa. Uhulumeni wabatshela ukuthi "bangena" inhlangano. Lolu hlelo lufana nelayisensi yanamuhla: ukhokha imali - uthola ilungelo lokuhlanganyela emisebenzini ethile.

Imithombo ayibi ngeze ngaphandle abanye abathengisi "abantu ababi." Kube nomthetho emthethweni: abanye babo abazange bahlanganyele ekuhwebeni, okwenyusa uhulumeni. Kusuka kubo kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthi ukuqoqa intela yokuthunjwa noma ukuyidlulisela ngokwemithetho yenqubo ye-feudal-estate kwenye indawo.

Ibheyili yesiyingi

Umphakathi wawuqaphele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abakwazi ukukhohlisa umbuso ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwezinganekwane. Ukupha umoya akusho neze ukuthi wonke umuntu ohlala kuyo unesibopho sokuza emzimbeni wezimali futhi azikhokhele yena. Ukwakha uhlelo olunjalo udinga izimali ezinkulu kanye nesikhathi esiningi. Umbuso wenza kube lula: kwaletha abantu ohlwini lwama-"story stories", bakhokhisa intela eyisisekelo emakilasini akhokhela intela kuye ngokuthi inani lenani elikhokha intela futhi likhokhiswa umphakathi wonke. Lokhu kubizwa ngebheyili yesikhala. Uma othile ekhetha ukukhohlisa isimo - ngoba ukhokhele ezinye izakhamuzi. Uhlelo olunjalo lufana nokukhokhwa kwanamuhla kwezinsiza zomphakathi ngokubala izindlu ezakhiweni eziningi zeyunithi: isikweletu esiphelele sihlukaniswe bonke abahlali.

Amakilasi aphansi ekhulwini le-19: inkinga yenqubo yefa

Uhlelo lweklasi luyaqedwa ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwe-capitalist. Isibonelo esivelele salolu daba sachazwa ngu-A. P. Chekhov e-Cherry Orchard. Abahlengikazi nabadayisi babenemali enkulu kakhulu yezezimali, kodwa bevinjelwe emalungelweni abo, kuyilapho abahlonishwayo bebehloniphekile benemalungelo enkantolo phambi kwabo. ERussia, le nkinga inzima kakhulu kusukela phakathi nekhulu le-19 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kodwa-ke, kuze kufike ngo-1918, leli zwe lisebenza i-Code of Law of the Empire of Russia, okugcina uhlelo lwezindlu.

Ngo-May 15, 1883, uMbusi Alexander the Third wasusa iManifesto yentela ye-poll. I-Russia yiyona kuphela yombuso waseYurophu okhulule izakhamizi zawo ezikhokhweni zomuntu siqu. Ngakho-ke, kwakungalungile neze ukusho ukuthi "umbuso wama-tsarist" wanyuka ezifundweni ezimbi "zonke amajizi" ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kwekhulu lama-20.